Childhood Violence Research Articles

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, CHILDHOOD TRAUMAS, ALEXITHYMIA AND COPING STYLES WITH STRESS

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics, childhood traumas, alexithymia and coping methods with stress in women exposed to intimate partner violence and to examine the relationship between these characteristics and intimate partner violence in comparison with women who were not exposed to violence. Method: The study included 42 women who had been exposed to intimate partner violence in the last year and 42 women as the control group who applied to the Behavioral Sciences Center in our center. Sociodemographic data form, DSM-5 oriented diagnostic interview guide, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Childhood Trauma Scale (CTS) and Stress Coping Styles Scale (SCS) were applied to all participants and the data obtained were compared. Results: The rates of income level, education level of the partner and employment status of the partner were lower in the case group compared to the control group, while the rates of divorce, separation, elopement, forced marriage, witnessing domestic violence in childhood and inflicting violence on their children were higher in the case group. It was found that 97.6% of the women in the case group had experienced recurrent violence and 33.3% had been subjected to violence in their past relationships. Significant differences were found between the groups in the total scores of the TTS, the total scores of the CFTQ, and the scores of the SBTQ. There was a relationship between alexithymic characteristics and preferred stress coping methods. Alexithymia and childhood traumas were found to have a predictive effect on partner violence. Conclusion: The fact that the level of alexithymia and the use of ineffective methods to cope with stress are higher in women who are victims of violence is important in therapeutic studies to be conducted with these women. Variables affecting intimate partner violence should be evaluated in a larger population with longitudinal follow-up.

Cognitive synthesis of violence in children and youth

Cognitive synthesis of violence in children and youth

Revisão narrativa sobre a relação entre estresse tóxico e desempenho ocupacional na primeira infância

Abstract Introduction Early childhood is a crucial stage for human development during which the environment significantly influences brain formation and functioning. Adverse experiences during this period can trigger toxic stress, which in turn may hinder the achievement of developmental milestones. Objective This study aims to describe the main adverse childhood experiences that lead to toxic stress in children aged 0 to 6 years, also considering their implications for mental health and occupational performance. Method A narrative review was conducted using the databases Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, and Psychology Database. Ten relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results The search revealed that poverty, child violence, and discrimination are the three most common adverse experiences generating toxic stress. Additionally, protective factors that can mitigate the impact of these adverse experiences, thereby strengthening childhood resilience, were identified. Among these factors, positive parenting characteristics stand out as the primary protective element. Conclusion Although a direct relationship between toxic stress and occupational performance was not found in the reviewed literature, it is concluded that the latter is indirectly affected because of its connection with mental health and child development – key aspects of participation in daily activities. This underscores the importance of expanding research in the field of occupational therapy, as it can significantly contribute to the promotion and prevention of mental health in childhood.

Psychophysical and cognitive adverse effects of smart phones overuse on children and adolescent

Abstract Background: The excessive use of smartphones is seen as a source of child and adolescent violence and probably impacts cognitive function. As the world of mobile phones are continuously evolving, the violence factor is an endless argument. Smart mobile can cause problems other than violence which might be physical, cognitive, or psychological. Objectives: The study aims to clarify the dangers of smartphones overuse on psychophysical and cognitive function. Materials and Methods: A prospective follow-up study was conducted that included 100 children. A convenient sample of participants and their parents were interviewed directly and were asked about their children’s smart phones habit, causes of cellular phone overuse, school performance. Participants behavior was assessed by Modified overt aggression scale, whereas cognitive function by Montreal Cognitive Assessment test was done in 1, 6, and 12 months interval. Results: 50% of participants used smartphones for more than 3 hours per day, as well as most of the cases who used smartphones for a longer duration were children (25%) as compared to other age groups, children used smartphones mainly for violent and nonviolent games than in social applications, excessive mobile phone usage for more than 3 hours daily associated with significant health problems like neck pain (68%), headache (52.1%), eye tearing (51%), sleep problems (47.6%), and backache (47.1%). Children and adolescents who used smartphones for less than 1 hour daily show an increment in their scores, whereas those who used smartphones for more than 1 hour daily gradually decreased their scores with the time used. Conclusion: Smartphone overuse had a significant impact on behavior, school performance, and cognitive function.

Анализ изменений структуры насильственной смерти детей и подростков в Саратовской области за период 2018–2022 гг.

Abstract. The analysis of violent child mortality is important in developing preventive measures to reduce this indicator. Aims and Tasks. The research purpose is to analyze the structure of violent death among children in the Saratov Region in 2018–2022. Materials and Methods. The research materials include the results of forensic medical examinations of the corpses of 314 children under the age of 18 who died from external causes. Results/Discussion. We establish decrease in the rate of violent death among children from 17.7 to 12.2 per 100 thousand of the population. There is a prevalence of blunt trauma (35.7 %), asphyxia (34.7 %) and poisoning (22 %) in violent death causes among children. The dynamics showed a tendency towards an increase in the proportion of blunt trauma. We note the peak of deaths from asphyxia in 2020 (45.8 %), reveal an increase in the proportion of hangings. Asphyxia is the leading cause of death in children under 1 year old, asphyxia and blunt trauma with a high percentage of falls from high altitude (40 %) – in the 1–3 year old group. In the 4–6 years old group the main types of death are blunt trauma (38.6 %) and poisoning (36.4 %). In the 7–11 years old group asphyxia is in the lead (40.4 %), followed by blunt trauma (36.5 %) with a high percentage of traffic accidents. In 12–17 years old group blunt trauma is in the first place (38.5 %), asphyxia with a predominance of hangings is in the second place. Conclusions. As we note a decrease in the violent death of children in general, we establish a tendency of increasing the proportion of blunt trauma and a change in the structure of asphyxia with a significant increase in the proportion of hangings. Differences in the structure of causes of death in different age groups were revealed.

A Study on the Representation of Child Violence in Avant-Garde Novels

A Study on the Representation of Child Violence in Avant-Garde Novels

Overview of Child Violence in the Family in Padang Indonesia.

Violence against children within the family context is a global issue that has serious implications for children's well-being. In Indonesia, like the tip of an iceberg, this violence is often underreported. However, this issue is prevalent in many countries worldwide. It is estimated that up to 1 billion children aged 2-17 years experienced physical, sexual, and emotional violence in the past year. Most of this violence occurs within the family, and this trend is also apparent in Indonesia. This research aims to describe the types, forms, and perpetrators of violence against children in Padang, Indonesia. This study utilizes a descriptive design with a population of elementary school-age children in Padang City. The population consists of 16,747 individuals, with a margin of error of 3%. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in a sample of approximately 1000 individuals. Data were collected from October to December 2022 through two types of questionnaires, one describing respondent demographics and the other containing questions about the forms of violence perpetrated by parents. Data collection was facilitated by enumerators from elementary school teachers who had undergone training. The study involved 1200 participants, with 1000 providing complete data. The results showed that 95.1% of children had experienced violence within the family, including physical violence (94.60%), psychological violence (95.10%), sexual violence (22.10%), and social violence (31.60%). Mothers were the most common perpetrators (80%), followed by fathers (61.3%), grandfathers (14.8%), brothers (35.4%), and uncles (13.1%). This research underscores the alarming prevalence of violence against children within the family context in Padang. Addressing and preventing violence against children should be a priority to protect their rights and create a safe environment for their development.

Comparative Study of Death Penalty Against Crimes of Sexual Violence in Children and Causes of Crimes of Sexual Violence in View of Differential Association Theory

Kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dianggap sebagai kejahatan yang sangat serius di Indonesia, pemerintah memberlakukan hukuman mati bagi pelaku kejahatan semacam itu. Namun, meskipun penerapan hukuman mati, jumlah kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak belum sepenuhnya mengalami penurunan. Oleh karena itu, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kekerasan seksual terhadap anak harus dikaji secara mendalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi perbandingan penerapan hukuman mati di Indonesia dengan negara-negara yang tidak menerapkannya dalam kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan untuk menemukan faktor-faktor penyebab kejahatan tersebut dengan menggunakan teori asosiasi diferensial. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan perbandingan. Objek penelitian adalah studi perbandingan mengenai hukuman mati terhadap kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan faktor-faktor penyebab kekerasan seksual yang dilihat dari teori asosiasi diferensial. Sementara itu, data sekunder diperoleh dari buku, jurnal, dan studi kasus hukum. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hukuman mati untuk kekerasan seksual terhadap anak di Indonesia telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan pelaksanaannya juga telah dilakukan di beberapa negara seperti India dan China. Namun, ada negara-negara seperti Norwegia, Belanda, dan Kanada yang tidak memberlakukan hukuman mati. Adanya kebutuhan akan kepastian hukum terhadap hukuman mati muncul dari peningkatan tindakan kejahatan seksual yang dilakukan terhadap anak-anak. Sexual violence against children is considered a very serious crime in Indonesia, the government imposes the death penalty for perpetrators of such crimes. However, despite the implementation of the death penalty, the number of cases of sexual violence against children has not fully decreased. Therefore, the factors causing sexual violence against children must be studied in depth. This research aims to explore the comparison of the application of the death penalty in Indonesia with countries that do not apply it in cases of sexual violence against children and to find the factors causing such crimes using the differential association theory. The research method used is normative research with a statute and comparative approach. The object of research is a comparative study of the death penalty for sexual violence against children and the factors causing sexual violence viewed from the differential association theory. While secondary data comes from books, journals, and legal case studies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods. The findings show that the death penalty for sexual violence against children in Indonesia has been regulated in Law Number 1 of 2023 and its implementation has also been carried out in several countries such as India, and China. However, there are countries such as Norway, the Netherlands, and Canada that did not impose the death penalty. The need for legal certainty toward the death penalty emerges from an increase in sexual offenses committed against minors.

Combating Child Sexual Violence And Exploitation: Psycho-Legal Experience Of Ukraine And The World

Summary. The article examines issues related to Ukrainian and international experience in combating sexual violence and exploitation of children. At the same time, the book highlights that crimes related to sexual violence and child exploitation can cross borders when the perpetrator lives in one country and the victim in another. In cases of child sexual exploitation, the service provider is often a resident of another state. Therefore, legal approaches aimed at preventing and combating sexual violence and exploitation of children should be coordinated and coordinated as much as possible, in order to avoid that perpetrators of sexual crimes against children direct their efforts towards countries where children are more vulnerable, as such people know.
 The authors note that ending violence against children requires both primary prevention and effective countermeasures. Primary prevention aims to address underlying beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, inequalities, risks and drivers of violence at the level of the individual, family and relationships, community, organization /institution and the broader social and political context.
 Therefore, in order to combat sexual violence and exploitation of children, it is necessary to develop and implement in the life of the Ukrainian community effective strategies to end violence against children, which should include all forms of violence, whether physical, emotional, psychological, sexual violence or outrage.

Association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood: A population-based analysis of Peru

ObjectiveTo assess the association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood. Study designAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The independent variable was the condition of witnessing physical violence by the father against the mother during childhood. The dependent variable was IPV, defined by the presence of some subtype of violence (physical, psychological, and sexual) against the respondent in the last year by her husband or partner. To assess this association, generalized linear models of the Poisson Family with a logarithmic link function were performed to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). ResultsData from 17,911 Peruvian women between 15 and 59 years of age were analyzed. Most women were between 30 and 49 years old (71.4%), were cohabiting (65.0%), and had secondary education (43.2%). The prevalence of IPV in the last year was 16.0%, and the history of witnessing domestic violence against the mother during childhood was 42.0%. In the regression models, those with the studied exposure showed a higher prevalence of experiencing an episode of IPV in the last year (any IPV [aPR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.50–1.91]; physical IPV [aPR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.43–2.02], psychological IPV [aPR: 1.64; 95% CI:1.42–1.88], and sexual IPV [aPR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.22–2.32]). ConclusionsWomen with a history of domestic violence towards their mothers were likelier to have had IPV in the last year than women who did not report violence towards their mothers during childhood. Approximately two in ten Peruvian women reported having had IPV in the past year, and nearly half reported witnessing domestic violence against their mother as a child.

Books: The Unofficial Guide to Therapeutic Parenting for Childhood Aggression and Violence: Creative ways to tackle aggressive behaviour.

Books: The Unofficial Guide to Therapeutic Parenting for Childhood Aggression and Violence: Creative ways to tackle aggressive behaviour.

Support Group Intervention on Self-Awareness and Parental Coping Strategies as an Effort to Prevent Sexual Violence in Children

Background: The victims, primarily female children, have suffered sexual abuse, often perpetrated by individuals known to them, such as neighbors or acquaintances. In interviews with concerned parents regarding ongoing cases of sexual abuse, they expressed fears about their children falling victim to such incidents.. The research aim was to assess the effectiveness of support group interventions in enhancing self-awareness and parental coping strategies as preventive measures against child sexual abuse. Methods: The study's main objective is to evaluate the impact of Support Groups in improving Self-Awareness and Parental Coping Strategies. It employed a quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent group pre-test and post-test methodology, with one group as the control and the other as the experimental group. The study included 70 respondents in the intervention group and an equal number in the control group, selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments comprised the Revised Ways of Coping Scale questionnaire for coping strategies and a self-awareness questionnaire. Non-parametric data analysis was conducted using SPSS, specifically the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Results of the normality test indicated that both the intervention and control groups had p-values of less than 0.05 for coping strategies (0.002 for the intervention group and 0.003 for the control group) and self-awareness (0.000 for both groups), suggesting non-normal data distribution. Consequently, non-parametric statistical analysis was applied with SPSS, and a significance level was set at p < 0.05. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results for the intervention group were 0.000 (coping strategies) and 0.000 (self-awareness), signifying a significant difference in average pretest and posttest scores within the intervention group. Conversely, the control group's Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results were 0.953 (coping strategies) and 0.317 (self-awareness), indicating no significant difference in average pretest and posttest scores within the control group. Conclusion: Based on the research findings and discussion, it can be deduced that support group interventions positively impact the enhancement of parental coping strategies and self-awareness in the endeavor to prevent child sexual abuse.

Changing the mindsets? Education and the intergenerational spread of tolerance for physical violence against women in Zimbabwe

We investigate the relationship between childhood exposure to interparental violence and adult tolerance for violent beliefs against women. For individuals who have witnessed parental violence in childhood, our analysis suggests a 14.3–15.2 percentage point (pp) increase in tolerance, highlighting the transmission of violent beliefs across generations. Leveraging Zimbabwe’s 1980 education reform as a natural experiment through a regression discontinuity design, we explore the potential of increased education to disrupt this intergenerational transmission. The reform led to an approximately two-year increase in female education, with a more pronounced impact in rural areas. This educational boost is associated with an estimated 4.1–7.9 pp reduction in tolerance for violence, especially among those who witnessed parental violence in childhood. We identify four primary mechanisms contributing to this reduction in tolerance: enhanced access to information, increased help-seeking behaviours, improved labour market outcomes, and higher educational levels among partners. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of educational policies in reducing tolerance for violence against women within low-income contexts such as Zimbabwe, thereby disrupting its intergenerational transmission. Moreover, these results emphasise the potential of education-based interventions in addressing the broader issue of violence against women in low-income countries.

Peran Layanan Konseling Pusat Pembelajar Keluarga (PUSPAGA) Dalam Mencegah Kekerasan Anak Usia Dini

The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of family learning center counseling services (PUSPAGA) in preventing early childhood violence. This research was motivated by the high problem of cases of violence in early childhood in Indonesia. The rise of cases of violence against children shows the need for effective protection and prevention efforts. PUSPAGA acts as the frontline in providing information, education, and counseling to prevent violence in early childhood. This study used the Library Research method with a literature review approach. Data collection techniques carried out are by reading, analyzing, and evaluating the results of existing research. The results of this study show that the factors causing an act of violence in children are economic factors and broken homes or divorce that can occur due to early marriage that causes parents not to have a mature emotional state in parenting. In the prevention of early childhood violence, PUSPAGA (Family Learning Center) will hold role playing classes, counseling programs for children and families, and premarital assistance for minors.

Stress and resilience in professionals of basic health units in the context of child abuse

Child abuse is a challenge for Primary Health Care professionals from perception to management, requiring their direct action and exposing them to critical emotional burdens. The objective was to identify factors of resilience and occupational stress and aspects involved in the management of cases of child abuse. Cross-sectional quantitative exploratory study carried out in a city in greater São Paulo with 119 Primary Health Care professionals working in direct care for families through the application of the identification questionnaire on child violence by Basic Health Units professionals, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale for Brasil-25BRASIL and Lipp's Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults. The results demonstrated the prevalence of feelings and emotions, an inversely proportional relationship between resilience and stress factors, aggravated by a personal history of child abuse. It is concluded that the development of resilience is essential for reducing the harmful factors of occupational stress and developing strategies for welcoming and caring for these professionals.

Evaluasi Program Puspaga Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Kekerasan Anak Di DP3APPKB Surabaya

Violence against children still often occurs in the city of Surabaya. Families still face obstacles in solving problems due to parents' lack of understanding in caring for children. Families need a place for consultation and support as well as learning processes so that the scope of the family can be maximized. The Surabaya city government is trying to protect children. One of the efforts of the Surabaya City Government is that the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (PPPA) has the best Family Learning Center (PUSPAGA) program. PUSPAGA services are under the auspices of the Surabaya City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, Population Control and Family Planning (DP3APPKB) Service. PUSPAGA Surabaya City is present in the community for those who need services related to family problems, including childcare information. The aim of this research is to find out how the PUSPAGA program is evaluated in efforts to prevent child violence in DP3APPKB Surabaya (Counseling Service Case Study). This study uses a qualitative method. The theory used belongs to the PUSPAGA Program using Ripley's 7 evaluation indicators (Purwanto & Sulistyastuti, 2012), namely access, coverage, frequency, bias, service delivery, accountability, suitability of the program to needs. The PUSPAGA program for Surabaya City Counseling services has been running well in every indicator. Even so, the Surabaya City Government should be more proactive in informing the public about the existence of PUSPAGA services in the City of Surabaya.

Mitigating the impact of intimate partner violence in pregnancy and early childhood: A dyadic approach to psychotherapy

AbstractIntimate partner violence (IPV) is often considered an adult problem despite profound consequences for the children who are exposed toviolent relational patterns. About a third of children and adolescents report past exposure to parental IPV, and a majority were first exposed as infants. Exposure to IPV during pregnancy through the first 5 years of a child's life has consequences ranging from adverse birth outcomes to diagnosable emotional problems and lasting physiological dysregulation. This article reviews risks and consequences of IPV in pregnancy and early childhood and discusses a relational psychotherapeutic treatment approach (Child–Parent Psychotherapy) applied to both developmental stages to mitigate the adverse consequences of family violence on parents and their children. Research evidence for the effectiveness of Child–Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) among IPV‐exposed families is reviewed as are specific treatment components which seek to restore relational safety following familial violence. Additionally, clinical considerations unique to families with histories of or ongoing exposure to IPV are discussed. Finally, recommendations are presented to improve the integration between medical and early childhood behavioral health systems for families at highest risk for chronic IPV.

Design and Validation of Instruments for the Study of Exposure to Violence in Children and Adolescents

Design and Validation of Instruments for the Study of Exposure to Violence in Children and Adolescents

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KEKERASAN SEKSUAL PADA ANAK DIKOTA PALEMBANG MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2002 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK

Abstract
 Sexual violence is a legal issue that is very important to study because in this case it involves the human rights of victims which result in traumatic psychological and physical trauma. The phenomenon of sexual violence against children in Indonesia has a problem. Sexual violence in Indonesia continues to increase significantly. However, many victims of sexual violence against children do not have the courage to report to the obligatory parties or child protection agencies about criminal acts of sexual violence. The above is what motivated the writer to be interested in writing this thesis and research. This research aims to find out how far the application and protection of the law against sexual violence against children in the city of Palembang Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law No. 23 of 2002 About Child Protection. In this study the authors used qualitative research. The research method used is an empirical juridical research method with data collection techniques through library research and field studies, namely conducting direct interviews with related parties. From the results of this study it will be known how the implementation of "Legal protection against sexual violence against children in the city of Palembang according to Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. And also explain the causes of the occurrence of criminal acts of sexual violence against children.
 Keywords: Legal Protection, Sexual Violence in Children, Social Symptoms

Childhood and adolescent factors shaping vulnerability to underage entry into sex work: a quantitative hierarchical analysis of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya

ObjectiveTo explore factors associated with early age at entry into sex work, among a cohort of female sex workers (FSWs) in Nairobi, Kenya.BackgroundYounger age at sex work initiation increases the...