Violence Programs Research Articles

성장기 청소년들의 학교폭력 예방 및 대책마련을 위한 태권도 수련효과 탐색; 태권도 지도자를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to listen to the Taekwondo (TKD) leaders’ opinions in order to prevent school violence and prepare for the countermeasures. To achieve the research goals, in-depth interviews were conducted with the seven TKD masters. The results of this study are as follows. First, mostly, young age students attend TKD program as a sport activity for the first time in their life, which means that the TKD master could be a very important person as an educator to the young kids. Second, the TKD masters must understand the current situations of school violences through various school violence programs, and they need to become an educational counselor. And, third, they also felt that the educational values of TKD in terms of courtesy, considerations of others, cooperation, etc., are very important teaching aspects for the schoolers.<BR>TKD is a world wide sport, and should be a necessary regular curriculum to teach important educational components to the students from the elementary to the secondary schools to prevent from the school violence.

Child-to-Parent Aggression and Dating Violence: Longitudinal Associations and the Predictive Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas

Violent family relationships exhibit different forms that tend to co-occur and perpetuate over time. Research that leads to a better understanding of the concurrence of adolescent perpetration of child-to-parent violence [CPV] and dating violence [DV] is necessary for the development and improvement of interventions. Thus, this three-year longitudinal study seeks to fill a gap in the literature by exploring the mutual influence of CPV and DV throughout adolescence, as well as the predictive role of potential common and modifiable cognitive risk factors. Participants were 673 high school students (54% girls; mean age 14.33 years, SD = 0.88) from Bizkaia (Spain), who completed self-report measures about CPV and DV perpetration, and the early maladaptive schemas of mistrust, grandiosity, and insufficient self-control at three time points with a one-year interval between them. Path analysis showed that CPV and DV were cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated. Moreover, DV at T2 mediated the longitudinal association between CPV at T1 and T2. Regarding the predictive role of early maladaptive schemas, the mistrust schema predicted an increase of DV perpetration at T2 and T3, whereas the grandiosity and insufficient self-control schemas predicted an increase of CPV at T2. Adolescents’ perpetration of violence towards parents and dating partners tends to co-occur, influencing each other throughout adolescence. Early maladaptive schemas play a relevant role in the explanation of these two forms of family and intimate violence, although intervention and prevention programs should consider those schemas that have shown greater influence on each type of violence.

A Field Test of Opportunities for Teen Dating Violence Disclosure in School-Based Relationship Education Programs.

School-based relationship education programs offer an opportunity to identify youth who are experiencing teen dating violence (TDV), support their safety, and connect them with individualized services or referrals. However, no research has tested the feasibility or accuracy of approaches to create opportunities for TDV disclosure in the context of school-based programs. The current study presents the results of a field test comparing three tools used to provide opportunities for TDV disclosure (two questionnaire-style tools and one universal education discussion guide). High school students from two federally funded healthy marriage and relationship education (HMRE) program sites (N = 648) were offered the three tools in random order over the course of the HMRE program, which lasted between 3 weeks and 3 months and took place during the school day. Onsite qualitative interviews with HMRE program staff and their local domestic violence program partners assessed how service providers saw the tools and the process of implementing them. Latent class models examined the accuracy of the tools in identifying TDV. Sensitivities of the tools were low and specificities were high; the questionnaire-style tools tended to have higher sensitivities and fewer classification errors than the universal education tool. Several three-item combinations from across the tools performed better than any intact tool, suggesting that shorter assessments may be effective, provided they include items on sexual coercion and physical violence. Qualitative findings suggested that implementation of TDV assessment and universal education in school settings is a viable strategy, provided programs are able to gain support from school staff, adapt to tight time constraints, and plan procedures for protecting student privacy and confidentiality.

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Youth Police Academy for Experiential School Violence Program

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Youth Police Academy for Experiential School Violence Program

Self-silencing Mediates the Relationship Between Rejection Sensitivity and Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence, including physical, psychological, and sexual violence, affects over one-third of Americans and is particularly common among college students. Previous work has found links between rejection sensitivity and aggressive or hostile behavior (i.e., perpetration) in intimate relationships, but this construct has only been tested as a predictor of violence in an all-male sample. A related body of work has found relationships between self-silencing and rejection sensitivity, and between self-silencing and both hostile and ingratiating behavior. The purpose of this study was to bridge these related literatures and examine the relationship between rejection sensitivity and intimate partner violence experiences and the role of self-silencing as a possible mediator. To test these relationships, we collected survey data from a sample of college students (N = 410) at a large university in the northeast United States. Using mediation analyses, we found that rejection sensitivity predicted intimate partner violence victimization (i.e., being the target of violence) through self-silencing. Similarly, rejection sensitivity predicted intimate partner violence perpetration (i.e., being violent toward one's partner) through self-silencing. Neither gender nor race significantly moderated either path of the models. Implications of this study include incorporating individual difference variables in intimate partner violence research and programming.

The Elder Abuse Policy Landscape in the United States

AbstractElder abuse has been seen as a complex problem of potentially severe consequence to its victims for more than a half century. Therefore, not surprisingly, it is believed that only a multidisciplinary response is appropriate. The background and perspective of no single discipline or system alone seems sufficient. In the decades that followed initial problem recognition, elder abuse policy evolved, taking on the philosophies and approaches of the various disciplines or systems that assumed key roles in addressing the issue, namely social work, Aging Network, family violence programming, justice, and health care and promotion. This article, along with identifying and describing representative elder abuse policies, presents each of these disciplines or systems. Later two sets of policy recommendations are cited—National Policy Summit on Elder Abuse and Elder Justice Roadmap—that have been instrumental in providing elder abuse policy direction since 2000. Finally, challenges and opportunities are listed for current and future policy efforts, followed by special notation on the necessity of securing adequate funding for effective policy implementation.

SCHOOL BULL SCHOOL BULLYING IN THE CON YING IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCI TEXT OF SOCIAL PEDAGOGY

Background. This article attempts to describe school bullying in the context of social pedagogy. The purpose of this article is to concretize the algorithm of social pedagogy in organizing support groups for victims of school bullying. Methods. The study of scientific papers by scientists allowed us to understand that the main method of organizing support groups is to restore a favorable atmosphere in the classroom by involving children themselves. The method of prevention of bullying - "Without blame" - is based on humanistic ideas of innocence of all bullying participants. The technology of appropriate social pedagogical work is a clearly structured process that consists of seven stages. Results and discussions. An approximate algorithm of activities for creating anti-bullying support in an educational organization is recommended for social teachers. Key components of the prevention and response to school violence program are described. Analyzing the above methods, we can highlight core components. Programmes to prevent and respond to school violence: the school director should demonstratively follow the program.

Kainga (families) experiences of a Tongan-Indigenous faith-based violence-prevention programme

Christianity is an embedded value system within Pacific cultures that is now being employed to inform efforts to address social issues such as family violence. This article chronicles a Tongan woman’s cultural immersion with 49 Tongan church kainga (families) who participated in the Tongan faith-based Kainga Tu’umalie (Prosperous families) family violence programme. Talanoa (Pacific-Indigenous way of engaging families in research) with three kainga is drawn upon to highlight the impact of the programme in re-awakening the need to rebuild positive familial relationships based on core Tongan Christian values. More broadly, accounts from the kainga foreground the importance of interweaving spiritual faith and Indigenous knowledge in efforts to address family violence. This research also speaks to the importance of leveraging collaborative partnerships between community-based agencies and faith-based communities in addressing social issues.

COVID-19 pandemic and violence: rising risks and decreasing urgent care-seeking for sexual assault and domestic violence survivors

BackgroundThere is little information on care-seeking patterns for sexual assault and domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to examine the changes in emergency department (ED) admissions for sexual assault and domestic violence since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared.MethodsObservational ED admissions data from The Ottawa Hospital were analyzed from March 4 to May 5 (62 days) in 2020 (COVID-19 period) and compared to the same period in 2018 (pre-COVID-19). Total and mean weekly admissions were calculated for all-cause ED admissions and for sexual and domestic violence cases. A Poisson regression (without offset term) was used to calculate the weekly case count ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the two time periods. Case characteristics were compared using chi-square tests, and percent differences were calculated.ResultsCompared to pre-COVID-19, total ED admissions dropped by 1111.22 cases per week (32.9% reduction), and the Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Program cases dropped 4.66 cases per week. The weekly case count ratio for sexual assault cases was 0.47 (95% CI 0.79–0.27), equivalent of 53.49% reduction in cases, and 0.52 (95% CI 0.93–0.29), equivalent to a 48.45% reduction in physical assault cases. The characteristics of presenting cases were similar by age (median 25 years), sex (88.57% female), assault type (57.14% sexual assault, 48.57% physical assault), and location (31.43% patient’s home, 40.00% assailant’s home). There was a significant increase in psychological abuse (11.69% vs 28.57%) and assaults occurring outdoors (5.19% vs 22.86%).ConclusionThis study found a decrease in ED admissions for sexual assault and domestic violence during COVID-19, despite societal conditions that elevate risk of violence. Trends in care-seeking and assault patterns will require ongoing monitoring to inform the provision of optimal support for individuals experiencing violence, particularly as countries begin to re-open or lock-down again.

Predictors of family violence through the COVID-19 pandemic: Structural equation modeling.

There has been much talk, globally and locally, about family violence during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Family violence has received increasing interest from the researchers in many different fields, while family violence during the COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak still needs researchers' attention to investigate its predictors and detect the prevalence among family members through this health crisis. This study aimed to investigate the spread of family violence and detect the predictors of it with the applied advanced statistical procedure, structural equation modeling (SEM). The researchers prepared the family violence scale that consisted of 21 items, and applied it in a random sample that consisted of (312) individual. The finding indicated that there are high levels of family violence, violence between spouses, violence from parents to children, and sibling violence. As well as, the findings found that the years of marriage are statistically significant of violence between spouses, violence from parents to children, and sibling violence, and the total score of the family violence. As well as, sex is a statistically significant predictor of violence between spouses. While the educational level, age, and income level did not predict violence (total score or dimensions). Based on the results of the current study, counseling programs to reduce family violence and psychotherapy programs to reduce the negative effects of family violence on parents and children must be planned. Therefore, the role of traditional and online family counseling and psychotherapy must be activated in light of the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Fight Navigator: Exploring the Feasibility of a Retaliatory Violence Prevention Program to Help Youth Manage the Code of the Street

Violence remains the leading cause of injury and death for people between the ages of 15 and 24 and presents a challenge for communities of color. Better understanding of the context surrounding violence is critical in order to develop effective prevention interventions. We conducted a two-phase, qualitative, feasibility study to develop and initially evaluate a retaliatory violence program, Fight Navigator. Focus groups (n=20) and semi-structured case vignette interviews (n=20) were conducted with the target population that were analyzed using a consensual qualitative research approach. Findings suggest that participants were more likely to believe that conflicts could be resolved without violence and were better able to identify specific face-saving techniques to respond to threats after participating in the intervention. Our results demonstrate the value of incorporating youth perspectives into violence prevention efforts and pave the pathway for future research and practice.

Combating Domestic Violence in Eastern European Countries

The analysis of legal regulation of counteraction and prevention of domestic violence in the countries of Eastern Europe was carried out on the example of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. A number of positive decisions were highlighted, which are contained in the legislation of the above-mentioned countries. The relevance not only of the introduction of general psychological programs for offenders who have committed domestic violence and educational programs in schools for teaching students the topic of benevolent tolerant coexistence of family members, but also development of methodology of teaching of this topic was indicated. It was noted that the use of the experience of the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the systematic approach to combating domestic violence is extremely important for Ukraine. Having studied the practice of combating domestic violence in Eastern Europe, we have drawn the following conclusions. In general, the National Action Plans for the Prevention of Domestic and Gender-Based Violence are based on four topics, namely: actual assistance to victims of domestic violence by ensuring the availability of specialized social services; work with offenders; educational work for workers who have contacts with victims of domestic violence; dissemination of information on the state of domestic violence in order to prevent it and change the attitude of society to domestic violence, as well as on the bodies and services that can be contacted in case of domestic violence. The value of the Czech experience in combating domestic violence lies in its systematic nature. The main directions of measures include: legal reform on this issue, improving the activities of law enforcement agencies, development of social services; educational programs, rehabilitation programs. The Czech experience is relevant not only for the introduction of mandatory psychological programs for abusers and educational programs in schools to work with students on the promotion of friendly and tolerant coexistence of family members, but also the development of methods for teaching this issue. Slovakia’s positive experience is the development of the Methodology for Police Officers’ Response to Domestic Violence

Personality Assessment Inventory’s Utility in Pre-Treatment Assessment for Violent Offenders

Domestic Violence programs are often mandated to treat perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV), yet ways to improve the effectiveness of these programs are needed. One possibility is to provide a more comprehensive assessment and screening so that group facilitators can be better prepared to serve their clientele from the very beginning of treatment. To that end, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) was administered to 154 IPV perpetrators as part of pre-treatment assessment for group treatment programs. After the treatment groups were finished, Interviews were conducted with group facilitators to determine if the facilitators of groups for men who engage in IPV perceived the PAI as an effective pre-treatment assessment tool. The majority of the program facilitators believed the PAI to be a useful tool and discussed various ways they were able to use the results in a positive manner. Those who did not find it useful were likely not to take the time to use the PAI at all, indicating there was not enough time because of the arduous nature of the job. The PAI protocols collected from program participants are also presented and compared to those currently published in the literature for this population. PAI profiles for this group differed from the comparison groups in two ways. Within the clinical scales, this group scored higher than the community norms and the published norms for men engaging in IPV on negative relations, antisocial behaviors and alcohol problems. On the validity scales, they had a significantly higher number of invalid profiles, mainly due to higher levels of positive impression management.

Factors Associated with #MeToo Involvement Among College Students

Sexual violence is a topic that has received increasing national attention and has been identified as a commonly occurring social issue. In response to the failure of the criminal justice system (and society at large) to adequately respond to the prevalence of sexual victimization, the #MeToo movement (which involves posting the #MeToo hashtag on social media) has acted as a mechanism to expose systemic oppression and abuses of power, while also holding perpetrators of sexual violence accountable for sexual abuse and harassment. There is growing popularity in utilizing the internet to raise awareness about social issues and to generate participation in collective action. While most research investigating factors associated with social movement participation has been primarily confined to collective identity as a precursor to in-person activism, less is known about other predictors (e.g., demographic characteristics) of social and, more specifically, digital activism. Using data collected from 626 undergraduate college students, the current study examines the impact of various demographic characteristics, collective identity, self-esteem, self-control, and attitudes towards sexual coercion on participation in the #MeToo movement in various forms (i.e., posting the #MeToo hashtag on personal social media accounts; signing a #MeToo petition; attending a #MeToo protest or rally). Results indicate that demographic characteristics, collective identity, Greek membership/collegiate athletics, and sexual violence programming are significantly associated with #MeToo involvement. Policy implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Bride Price Payment and Justification of Sexual Violence Among Women in Ghana*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Although insights on bride price and domestic violence have been explored in Ghana, very little is known about payment of bride price and the justification of sexual violence. We investigated the payment of bride price and justification of sexual violence among women (N = 4,222) in Ghana, dwelling on the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Two binary logistic regression models were fitted. We adjusted for significant sociodemographic variables. The findings revealed that women whose partners had paid their bride price had higher odds [OR = 1.54; CI = 1.174, 2.00] of justifying sexual violence, compared to those whose partners had not paid. We found that women with primary [AOR = 0.55; CI = 0.44-0.71] and secondary/higher [AOR = 0.47; CI = 0.36-0.60] levels of education had lower odds of accepting sexual violence. Women in the rich wealth quintile [AOR = 0.32; CI = 0.22, 0.46] had lower odds of justifying sexual violence. Our study has illustrated the need for women to appreciate that payment of bride price does not imply that their fundamental human rights have been bought by men, but they rather become partners. This information can form part of premarriage counselling and human rights initiatives by the Ministry of Gender and Social Protection. That is, the content of marriage counselling may be expanded to include issues on IPV, its implications, and legal consequences. Such information can develop personal realization and urge women to report any violent advances to the police and appropriate authorities for the required legal action to be taken. This may deter others to desist from violence perpetration against women. At the community level, chiefs and other leaders of high repute can be made anti-IPV ambassadors. The Ministry of Health and other nongovernmental anti-violence organizations can also collaborate to strengthen education on anti-sexual violence programs by using the mass media.

Client Experiences of the Strength at Home Intimate Partner Violence Program: A Qualitative Analysis

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent issue among veteran populations. Strength at Home (SAH) is a 12-week cognitive behavioral and trauma-informed group intervention shown to reduce IPV among veterans via a randomized controlled trial and several implementation and pilot studies. The program is currently being implemented nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs, with initial data showing that clients evidence significant reductions in physical and psychological IPV, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and alcohol misuse. The present study explored the subjective experience of veterans who participated in SAH during this rollout. Following their final group session, participants completed a treatment satisfaction survey. A qualitative thematic analysis of 291 surveys was conducted to evaluate (a) if SAH led participants to pursue other intervention; (b) what participants perceived as most beneficial about the program; (c) what participants perceived as least beneficial about the program; and (d) the ways in which SAH impacted their lives. These evaluations shed light on which aspects of the program may be most and least impactful, which may be utilized to modify and enhance the SAH program to best address the needs of individuals using and experiencing IPV.

Examining the Appropriateness of Gender-Inclusion as a Humanitarian Response Mechanism for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence against Men

This review examines the appropriateness of including men within the existing sexual and gender-based violence programming in armed conflict settings rather than providing services explicitly designed to address their needs. A central premise of the paper is that men experience sexual violence differently to women and that the way they seek help also varies. This gender-specific difference calls into question why humanitarian organisations pursue a ‘gender-inclusion’ approach, which simply extends services designed for women to men. There is a need to reconsider this approach, and specifically its implementation. The paper reviews relevant secondary sources and argues that current practices of sexual and gender-based violence programming fail to translate into actionable responses suited for and sensitive to men.

Determining the Existence and Strength of Teen Dating Violence Policy: Testing a Comparative State Internal Determinants Model.

Research demonstrates that Teen Dating Violence (TDV) programs impact TDV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, decreasing the odds of TDV victimization and perpetration. Studies indicate that students who do not complete a TDV intervention have significantly higher odds of physical and emotional TDV victimization and emotional TDV perpetration. This study uses multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression to examine predictors of the presence and the strength of state legislation addressing TDV education and school policies. Results indicate some success in predicting the existence of TDV laws but less support for forecasting the strength of the policies passed. Dominant political party and state median income were found to be potentially important determinants of TDV state school policies. A state's political culture influenced the strength of states' TDV policies. Showing that policy existence and strength are related to different processes is important for advocates to understand. Future research should look at additional variables and explore legislative histories.

Evaluating Human Trafficking Service Programs: What Can Be Learned from Domestic Violence Service Program Evaluations

ABSTRACT Evaluations of human trafficking service programs are necessary to determine if they are effective and to document how they are working. Yet, human trafficking programs have only recently begun to be evaluated and little is known about the most effective approaches. To evaluate human trafficking programs, evaluators can learn from field-tested evaluation designs and methodologies of similar service programs. Domestic violence programs have many parallels to human trafficking programs and have an extensive evaluation literature base from which to draw. This paper documents the current status of human trafficking and domestic violence service program evaluations, identifies areas in which human trafficking program evaluations can build on domestic violence program evaluations, and provides recommendations for future human trafficking program evaluations.

Outcome measures of risk and recovery in Broadmoor High Secure Forensic Hospital: stratification of care pathways and moves to medium secure hospitals.

Placements within high secure forensic hospitals consist of wards providing various different levels of relational security. They should form a coherent pathway through secure care, based on individual patient risks and needs. Moves to less secure wards within high secure forensic hospitals and moves on to lower secure hospital settings have rarely been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to ascertain if placements within Broadmoor High Secure Hospital and moves from Broadmoor to medium secure hospitals corresponded to measures of violence risk, programme completion and recovery. A 13-month prospective cohort study was completed. Patients (n = 142) were rated at baseline for violence risk (Historical, Clinical and Risk - 20), therapeutic programme completion and recovery (DUNDRUM tool) and overall functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning). Placements on the care pathway and moves on to medium secure hospitals were observed. Placements on the care pathway within the high secure hospital were associated with dynamic violence risk (F = 16.324, P<0.001), therapeutic programme completion (F = 4.167, P = 0.003), recovery (F = 2.440, P = 0.050) with better scores on these measures being found in the rehabilitation wards and the poorest scores on the highest levels of dependency. Moves to medium secure hospitals were associated with better scores on dynamic risk of violence (F = 33.199, P<0.001), therapeutic programme completion (F = 9.237 P<0.001), recovery (F = 6.863, P = 0.001). Placements within Broadmoor Hospital formed a coherent pathway through high secure care. Moves to less secure places were influenced by more than reduction in violence risk. Therapeutic programme completion and recovery in a broad sense were also important.