Rule Violations Research Articles

Strangeness-correlations on the pseudocritical line in ( 2+1 )-flavor QCD

We present some lattice QCD results on first (χ1i) and second (χ2i) cumulants of and correlations (χ11ij) among net baryon-number (B), strangeness (S) and electric charge (Q) along the pseudocritical line [Tpc(μB)] in the temperature (T)–baryon chemical potential (μB) phase diagram of (2+1)-flavor QCD. We point out that violations of sum rules among second order cumulants, which hold in the isospin symmetric limit of vanishing electric charge chemical potential, are small along the Tpc(μB) for the entire range of μB covered in the RHIC beam energy scan. For the strangeness neutral matter produced in heavy-ion collisions this leads to a close relation between χ11BS and χ11QS. We compare lattice QCD results for χ11BS/χ2S along the Tpc(μB) line with preliminary experimental measurements of χ11BS/χ2S for collision energies 7.7 GeV≤sNN≤62.4 GeV. While we find good agreements for sNN≥39 GeV, differences are sizeable at smaller values of sNN. Moreover, we compare lattice QCD results for the ratio of the strangeness (μS) to baryon (μB) chemical potentials, which define a strangeness neutral system with fixed electric charge to baryon number density, with experimental results obtained by the STAR collaboration for μS/μB using strange baryon yields on the freeze-out line. Finally, we determine the baryon chemical potential at the freeze-out (μBf) by comparing χ1B/χ2B along the Tpc(μB) with the experimentally measured net-proton cumulants χ1p/χ2p. We find that {μBf,Tpc(μBf)} are consistent with the freeze-out parameters of the statistical-model fits to experimentally measured hadron yields for sNN≥11.5 GeV. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Некоторые особенности осмотра места происшествия по уголовным делам о нарушении правил дорожного движения и эксплуатации транспортных средств

Currently, in conditions of intensive development of infrastructure, the main component of which is transport, one of the main tasks of the state remains to ensure road safety. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1-r dated 08.01.2018 approved the Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation for 2018-2024, which defines the foundations for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of road safety at various levels (federal, regional, municipal, intersectoral). Improving road safety and striving to achieve zero deaths in road accidents in 2030 is its goal. For 2024, the social risk indicator has been set as a target – no more than 4 deaths per 100,000 people. The article analyzes some features of the inspection of the scene of an accident in criminal cases of violation of traffic rules and operation.

Improving safe pedestrian behavior through virtual reality: an empirical study

INTRODUCTION. Over the last few years, the number of pedestrian fatalities on urban roads has increased, largely due to infractions associated with their behaviors (e.g., crossing when traffic lights are red). It is argued that these behaviors reflect a lack of risk perception. Road safety programs have tried to raise awareness through various methods, using quite often emotionally powerful experiences (e.g. testimonies of people who have experienced an accident themselves). Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) has been deployed with the aim of increasing the efficacy of these safety programs. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of VR to improve pedestrian safety, especially when it is accompanied bydebriefing and critical reflection. METHOD. A total of 43 participants (M = 24.5 years old; SD = 5.14; 65.12% female) were involved in an experimental study with a 2x2 factorial design and pre-post measures. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups (Experience a VR accident /Experience VR without an accident; having a debriefing after the VR experience/not having a debriefing after the VR experience). Pre-post measures were of two kinds, (a) self-report measures and (b)VR behavioral measures. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and general linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The main results revealed that (a) participants reported a general reduction in the number of rules violations, regardless of condition, and (b) there was a significant reduction in the number of violations committed in VR (i.e., crossing when the traffic light is red) in the condition where participants had previously experienced an accident. These results support the potential of using VR environments to improve pedestrian safety-related behavior. Implications for future research are delineated.

Singlet-Triplet Inversions in Through-Bond Charge-Transfer States.

Molecules where the lowest excited singlet state is lower in energy than the lowest triplet are highly promising for a number of organic materials applications as efficiency limitations stemming from spin statistics are overcome. All molecules known to possess such singlet-triplet inversions exhibit a pattern of spatially alternating but nonoverlapping HOMO and LUMO orbitals, meaning the lowest excited states are of a local character. Here, we demonstrate that derivatives of the bicyclic hydrocarbon calicene exhibit Hund's rule violations in charge-transfer (CT) states between its rings. These CT states can be tuned with substituents, so that the first excited singlet and triplet state are energetically inverted. This provides a conceptual connection between the emerging fields of inverted gap molecules and existing molecular design rules for state-of-the-art thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials.

Deep reinforcement learning for solving car resequencing with selectivity banks in automotive assembly shops

In the automobile manufacturing process, the complexity of the production environment and the different objectives of the upstream and downstream shops necessitate the resequencing of the car sequences using buffers. This paper addresses a car resequencing problem in automotive assembly shops by utilising selectivity banks to reshuffle the given upstream sequences to minimise the number of violations of sequencing rules in the downstream sequence. A new resequencing approach combining heuristics and deep reinforcement learning is proposed to solve the problem. Heuristics solve the automobile storage problem, while a deep reinforcement learning method based on proximal policy optimisation addresses the automobile release problem. Three state matrices, agent actions, and the reward function are designed based on the characteristics of the objective and selectivity banks. Additionally, a novel network structure combining convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks is proposed to train the agent. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms two efficient deep reinforcement learning algorithms and two heuristics and obtains better solutions in handling dynamic events.

Останется ли цена ключевым фактором формирования конкурентных стратегий в период цифровизации?

Having a significant impact on separate commodity markets, digitalization affects competitive relationship within these markets. The competitive strategies’ formation in the digital economy has a very specific nature. This concerns primarily the prices’ formation and the occurrence of pricing violations of competition rules. In this article different aspects of digitalization’s impact on pricing condition are examined; the author of the article proves that despite the specifics of price formation in separate commodity markets, primarily price in the digital markets is still the main mechanism of competitive struggle and pricing violation of competition rules can still have an extremely negative impact on these markets.

Peculiarities of Appointment and Production of Forensic Examinations in Criminal Cases for Violation of Safety Rules During Mining Works

This study analyses the peculiarities of appointment and production of expertise in the investigation of facts related to the violation of safety rules in mining operations. The relevance of the research topic is due to the increase in deaths and injuries at work and several legal problems. These include a) failure to comply with the requirement of Article 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan; b) the absence in the Order of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 27 March 2017 of a list of expertise to be appointed in the investigation of violations of safety rules during mining operations. The situation is further complicated by the absence of clear methodological guidelines for investigators regarding the procedure for appointing forensic examinations and formulating questions for experts. The authors assert that the national system of forensic examination must be modernised.

De-Escalation With Low-Intensity Antecedent Strategies: Implications for Disproportionate Disciplinary Outcomes

Research suggests that a cycle of misbehavior can escalate quickly from corrections over minor rule infractions to threats of serious disciplinary consequences. There is also evidence that Black youth may be especially at risk for these escalations due to subtle or implicit racial bias, or cultural mismatches that may lead teachers to believe that minor rule violations, especially those that require subjective judgments, convey willful defiance or disrespect. In this article, we provide a brief overview of data confirming that Black students experience disproportionate disciplinary outcomes, explore the idea that one contributor to disproportionality may be cultural disconnects between adults and the student population, and consider the idea that many punitive disciplinary actions evolve from relatively minor classroom conflict, disruption, or rule violations. We argue that fairly simple, low-intensity antecedent strategies that show promise in defusing problems rather than exacerbating them may offer mitigation against disproportionate disciplinary outcomes.

A - 37 ADHD-Related Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: Distinct or Overlapping Dimensions?

Abstract Objective It is debated whether hyperactivity and impulsivity should remain combined within the (DSM) hyperactivity/impulsivity domain or be separated. To address this dispute, we sought to determine whether hyperactivity and impulsivity are differentially related to executive functioning (EF), a common deficit area in ADHD. Method Participants included 120 children (ages 8–11; 89.9% White; 51.6% girls) from a community sample tested in a laboratory setting. To be included, they must have ADHD (59.4%) or be typically developing (40.6%). Hyperactivity and impulsivity scales were created from symptoms from a parent-report Behavior Assessment System for Children and DSM-IV questionnaire, ADHD section. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) Working Memory scale (WMsc) and the Children’s Memory Scale Picture Locations (visuospatial sketchpad), Numbers Forward (phonological loop), and Sequences (central executive) subtests were used to assess working memory (WM). Inhibition was assessed with the BRIEF Inhibition scale (Isc) and A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) Tower Rule Violations (RV). Emotional control (EC) was measured with the BRIEF’s EC scale. Results Confirmatory linear regressions (SPSS Enter method) with all EF measures as IVs revealed Isc and WMsc were significant predictors of impulsivity [F(7,120) = 24.85, p < 0.001]. For hyperactivity [F(7,120) = 21.40, p < 0.001], WMsc, Isc, and RV were significant predictors. Exploratory analyses revealed WMsc was related to hyperactivity in controls but impulsivity in ADHD. Conclusions Similarities and differences were found between hyperactivity and impulsivity in relation to EF. Whereas inhibition was similarly related to hyperactivity and impulsivity, WM’s relationships were dissociable between groups. Hence, further research is needed, including areas affected in ADHD besides EF.

Mining for antifungal agents to inhibit biofilm formation of Candida albicans: A study on green synthesis, antibiofilm, cytotoxicity, and in silico ADME analysis of 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives

Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm infections are quite difficult to manage due to their resistance against conventional antifungal drugs. To address this issue, there is a desperate need for new therapeutic drugs. In the present study, a green and efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile scaffolds 4a-i, 6a-j, and 8a-g by Knoevenagel-Michael-cyclocondensation reaction between aldehydes, malononitrile, and diverse enolizable C-H activated acidic compounds using guanidinium carbonate as a catalyst either under grinding conditions or by stirring at room temperature. This protocol is operationally simple, rapid, inexpensive, has easy workup and column-free purification. A further investigation of the synthesized compounds was conducted to examine their antifungal potential and their ability to inhibit the growth and development of biofilm-forming yeasts like fungus C. albicans. According to our findings, 4b, 4d, 4e, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 8c, 8d, and 8g were found to be active and potential inhibitors for biofilm infection causing C. albicans. The inhibition of biofilm by active compounds were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Biofilm inhibiting compounds were also tested for in vitro toxicity by using 3T3-L1 cell line, and 4b, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 8c, and 8d were found to be biocompatible. Furthermore, the in silico ADME descriptors revealed drug-like properties with no violation of Lipinski's rule of five. Hence, the result suggested that synthesized derivatives could serve as a useful aid in the development of novel antifungal compounds for the treatment of fungal infections and virulence in C. albicans.

Features of criminal liability for offences against road safety and transport operation

The relevance of this study was conditioned by to the need to investigate and comparatively analyse international legislation on criminal liability for violations of road safety, since this issue is one of the key problems of law and order in Ukraine. Comparison of the approaches of different countries allows examining possible areas of improvement for Ukrainian criminal legislation considering the elevated fatality and injury rates on the roads. The purpose of this study was to identify the specific features of criminal liability for encroachments on road safety and operation of transport in the laws of such countries as Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, Lithuania, Poland, Spain, France, and Turkey. The methodology of the study included a comparative legal analysis of the criminal codes of these countries, considering the systematisation and structure of the rules relating to traffic offences. It was found that most countries use a two-tiered system of codification of criminal offences, with general provisions covering public safety issues and separate chapters dedicated to road safety. The study found that in some countries, such as Lithuania and Moldova, criminal liability for negligent acts is stricter than in Ukraine. The analysis showed that intentional acts that do not lead to real consequences but pose a potential threat, as is the case in Spain and Poland, are also criminalised. It was concluded that foreign legislation tends to impose harsher penalties for violations that pose a risk of grave consequences for life and health. The practical value of this study lies in the possibility of using its findings to improve Ukrainian criminal legislation, specifically, to increase liability for violations of traffic rules and operation of transport, which will help reduce road accidents and increase the level of law and order in the country

Enhancing Operating Theatre Conduct through Virtual Reality Simulation

Abstract In hospital operating theatres, inadvertent violations of behavioural rules by novices may increase risk. Virtual reality (VR) can provide a training environment to ease the burden for healthcare professionals. Our work develops and tests a VR training program for correct operating room (OR) etiquette. The VR simulator incorporates realistic 3D models as well as corresponding character and object interactions. The simulator provides a comprehensive interactive educational game covering hand hygiene and disinfection, surgical attire and OR behaviour. 13 clinical trainees and experts assessed acceptance and perceived benefit of the simulator. This evaluation shows promise in supporting clinical staff education. Future developments aim to enhance effectiveness, including the integration of hand tracking and a more detailed selection of interactive tasks.

Conventional and microwave-assisted synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity evaluation with in silico studies of carbazole-thiazole-Schiff base hybrids

Conventional and microwave irradiation (MWI) methods were applied to synthesize a series of thirteen carbazole-thiazole-Schiff base hybrids (2a-2m). MWI assisted synthesis was a benign approach to green synthesis on account of its miniscule reaction time and use of solvent. The structures of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed by means of spectral analytical data. All the compounds were evaluated for dual biological potency i.e., antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The tested analogues had shown some modest antimicrobial activity and compounds 2f and 2i exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to standard ascorbic acid. Oral bioavailability and adverse effects of the new entities were considered from druglikeness descriptors, having no violation of Lipinski's rule of five and Veber's rule for the synthesized compounds except for 2i, 2l, and 2m. The compounds which exhibited relatively high activity were explored further for molecular docking studies to understand the mode of binding interactions with the receptor protein. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was further studied to predict the stability of selective compounds inside the receptors which was well agreed with in vitro results and antioxidant value.

2024 Election Reflections: Political Ambition and Legal Defeat

The 2024 election in Indonesia faces significant challenges related to political ambitions and legal defeats, which have impacted the integrity and implementation of the election process. Political ambitions from candidates and political parties often lead to violations of election rules, including the spread of misleading information and manipulation of voting results. Legal defeats, such as violations of campaign rules and the inability of law enforcement to handle these cases, undermine public trust in the democratic system and law enforcement institutions. This article examines the impact of these legal defeats and provides recommendations for reforms in election regulations, increased law enforcement, transparency, and political education. Comprehensive reform efforts are needed to ensure fair elections and increase public trust in the democratic process in the future

The Role and Place of Prosecutorial Supervision over the Activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the field of Antimonopoly Regulation within the Framework of the Functioning of the Eurasian Economic Space

Currently, taking into account the new circumstances in which the economy operates, greater importance is attached to such an economic association as the Eurasian Economic Union. The article analyzes one of the areas of authority vested in the Commission — the sphere of competition policy, since the Commission considers applications, conducts investigations, considers cases of violation of competition rules, sends appropriate requests for information to consider cases of violation of competition rules, if a violation or signs of a violation have been committed on the cross-border market of the Union. But who exercises control and supervisory functions over the activities of this body and should there be such control and supervision? This article will be devoted to these issues, which require analysis taking into account the scientific approach and law enforcement. The author analyzes the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the field of competition policy. Reveals such gaps in Union law as the lack of a mechanism for challenging determinations of refusal to initiate proceedings on violation of competition rules and other powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Taking Charge of Early Childhood Transitions: Preventing Challenging Behaviors Through Engaging Routines

During a school day, children make several transitions between activities, which can take away from instructional time and result in challenging behaviors. This study investigates the impact positive engagement and behavioral supports have on children’s behavior while transitioning. Participants ( N = 40; 77.5% Male; 92.5% Hispanic) were enrolled in the Summer Treatment Program for Pre-Kindergarteners, a school readiness program for children with externalizing behavior problems. Using a between-group, cross-over design, classrooms were randomly assigned to three conditions: (a) silent monitoring (i.e., children and counselors transitioned silently or quietly), (b) positive monitoring (i.e., counselors provided praise and children were allowed to talk), and (c) positive monitoring and engagement (i.e., counselors provided entertainment and praise). Results demonstrated significant differences in rule violations based on the transition condition, where groups receiving positive monitoring or engagement displayed fewer violations than those receiving silent monitoring. Implications for educator practices and school policies are discussed.

Robust adaptive control for dynamic positioning vessels with actuator faults via the multiport event-triggered mechanism

This paper presents a robust adaptive neural control algorithm for dynamic positioning tasks of full-actuated vessels using a novel multiport event-triggered mechanism. The proposed mechanism only updates control signals and feedback error signals upon violation of the multiport event-triggered rule. Therefore, the communication loads between the sensors and controller, as well as between the controller and actuators, are significantly mitigated. Furthermore, a fault-adaptive method is adopted by estimating the uncertain actuator faults, based on the proposed event-triggered mechanism, the fault-adaptive parameters will be updated at the triggering instant, eliminating the destabilizing effects of the closed-loop system. Besides, the dynamic surface control (DSC) and the robust neural damping technique are employed to address the problems of “complexity explosion” and system uncertainties. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, the closed-loop system is proved to satisfy semi-globally uniform ultimate bounded (SGUUB). Finally, a simulation experiment validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Platform Governance with Algorithm-Based Content Moderation: An Empirical Study on Reddit

Pratice- and Policy-oriented Abstract Volunteer (human) moderators have been the essential workforce for content moderation to combat growing inappropriate online content. Because volunteer-based content moderation faces challenges in achieving scalable, desirable, and sustainable moderation, many online platforms have started to adopt algorithm-based content moderation tools (bots). However, it is unclear how volunteer moderators react to the bot adoption in terms of their community-policing and -nurturing efforts. Our research collected public moderation records by bots and volunteer moderators from Reddit. Our analysis suggests that bots can augment volunteer moderators. Augmentation results in volunteers shifting their efforts from simple policing work to a broader set of moderations, including policing over subjective rule violations and satisfying the increased needs for community-nurturing activities following the policing actions. This paper has implications for online platform managers looking to scale online activities and explains how volunteers can achieve more effective and sustainable content moderation with the assistance of bots.

Electron Transport over 2D Molecular Materials and Assemblies.

ConspectusTwo-dimensional (2D) molecular materials, in which the major interactions are confined in 2D planes with contrasted force fields acting in between the planes, have been key electronic functional materials since the past decade. Even without referring to the functionals of graphene-based systems, 2D electronic conjugated systems are expected to show extrawide dynamic ranges in electronic density of states (DOS) tuning, effective electron mass, electron mobility, and conductivity. A major advantage of 2D electronic systems is their compatibility with the ubiquitous electronic devices designed using planar structures, such as transistors and memories, which is associated with the utility of 2D active materials. The mobility of electrons in 2D systems is the key to their utility, and various conjugated molecular and 2D materials have been designed to optimize the mobility. This Account begins with an introduction for mobility assessment: using noncontact time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements as a technique to probe differential conductivity upon transient charge carrier injection into the materials. Electronic transport over 2D electronic materials such as graphenes, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is discussed with a special emphasis on molecular building blocks, fine-tuning conducting species and linkages, topology of the framework, and controlling molecular doping. The superiority of β-ketoenamine-linked COF over imine-linked COF films in charge transport and dominant in-plane charge carrier mobility over out-of-plane mobility is also illustrated. Systematic molecular engineering of the building blocks of β-ketoenamine-linked COFs with varying degrees of donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugation, torsional angles, and reaction conditions resulted in the modulation of the efficiency of charge carrier generation/transport as well as exciton migration. The advantages of 2D systems are finally discussed in terms of the mobility interplaying with spatial arrangements of molecules as well as the substantial role of intermolecular interactions in stabilizing their condensed phases. The strong correlation between the dispersion of mobility and hierarchical intermolecular interactions sheds light on the way to overcome structural fluctuation on the optimization of charge transport in molecular electronic materials. The point of singularity in the dispersion at an intermolecular distance of d ∼ 0.3 nm is deduced from the overall mobility assessment in condensed phases of conjugated molecules, suggesting key roles of intermolecular electronic coupling: the new concept of electronic conjugation. Exceptional electronic coupling with relatively high charge carrier mobility was also observed, particularly in 2D spatial arrangements of chiral molecules in contrast to 3D analogues, where the reduction of gravitational density of the molecular condensates was impacting DOS: the Wallach's rule. 2D electronic systems are strong candidates for the violation of the long-lasting Wallach's rule in terms of DOS.

Legal responsibility for violation of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine

This article examines the specifics of legal liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine, as well as the main directions for improving the relevant legal regulation. Sanitary protective zones perform an important security function in separating potentially harmful objects from places of residence and stay of people. In this regard, a special legal regime is established on their territories, which provides for significant restrictions on their economic use. Non-compliance with the established requirements regarding the legal regime of sanitary protection zones is the basis for bringing guilty persons to legal responsibility. Currently, there are no special provisions in the current legislation of Ukraine regarding liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones. In this regard, legal responsibility for illegal actions in this area is covered by sanctions for committing violations in the field of environmental protection of a “general nature” (violation of sanitary standards; arbitrary occupation of a plot of land; violation of environmental safety rules; design or operation of structures without protection systems environment; violation of land use rules, etc.). Therefore, there is a need to formalize the composition of offenses that are already provided for in the normative legal acts on the regulation of the legal regime of lands of sanitary protection zones, the codification of legislation on administrative responsibility for violations in the field of environmental protection, the introduction of special sanctions for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones zones, as well as the unification of relevant provisions of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the countries of the European Union.