Ethical Violations Research Articles

Ethical and informative trials: How the COVID-19 experience can help to improve clinical trial design

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the race to find an effective vaccine or treatment saw an ‘extraordinary number’ of clinical trials being conducted. While there were some key success stories, not all trials produced results that informed patient care. There was a significant amount of waste in clinical research during the pandemic which is said to have hampered an evidence-based response. Conducting trials which could have been predicted to fail to answer the research question (e.g. because they are not large enough to provide a definitive result) is not only a waste of resources but also a breach of research participants’ trust and a violation of research ethics. The issues seen in COVID-19 clinical trials are symptomatic of a wider trial design crisis where many trials do not provide informative results. This paper examines the roles of key stakeholders in delivering ethical and informative trials and whether guidance published by ‘The Good Clinical Trials Collaborative’ could be used to align key stakeholder groups and enable a joined-up approach to improve clinical trial design.

Ethical issues of social media in Nigeria

This study sought to analyse ethical concerns of social media in Nigeria. The theoretical framework adopted is the Source Credibility Theory. The study employed Critical Discourse Analysis. The population of the study consisted of the top four (4) social networking sites in Nigeria. Out of these, Twitter was purposively selected for its widespread use for youth activism, particularly within the context of the #EndSARS protest; and for being the only social media platform the federal government had temporarily banned for ethical violations. A convenient sample of ten (10) tweets, which included retweets with text and images posted both during and within 18 months after the protest, was used to collect secondary data. Findings demonstrated a mix of ethical and unethical use of Twitter within the context of the protest. The result also revealed that although Twitter is a credible source of information, there were instances of anonymous tweets, which cast some doubts on the credibility of that specific source. The study recommends that beyond social media regulations, there is a need for the promotion of media literacy in Nigeria’s workplaces and educational system. In addition, the form of self-regulation inherent in African ethics should be applied by users of social media to facilitate harmonious communication. This study has made a modest contribution in the area of source credibility theory by proposing a conceptual framework within the context of the study.

Ethical Violations in Business Practices on Social Commerce: Insights from Quranic Verses

The advancement of technology has resulted in a decline in business ethical standards, particularly within the realm of online trading on social commerce. However, this phenomenon tends to be neglected in Islamic economic studies. This study responds to the shortcomings of existing studies by focusing on explaining and reflecting on how violations of Qur'anic business ethics occur in online trading on social commerce. In order to address these issues, this study employs a descriptive qualitative approach utilising the content analysis method. The findings of this study indicate three significant contexts in which violations of Quranic business ethics in online trading on social commerce occur. Firstly, ghorar, which occurs in misleading product descriptions and hidden fees, is employed to manipulate consumer behaviour through deceptive marketing tactics. Secondly, maisir, which takes the form of exploitation and the creation of a "viral trend" culture that could lead to impulsive and potentially unethical purchasing decisions, is a further issue. Thirdly, zolim, which takes the form of deceptive marketing practices, unfair pricing, or the exploitation of vulnerable consumers, is also a concern. These three findings collectively demonstrate that the advent of technology has negatively impacted the ethical standards observed in Qur'an business practices. Furthermore, this study recommends that further research be conducted to investigate the potential for technology to mitigate the negative consequences of online sales.

Code of Ethics Violations Due to Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 Towards the Dynamics of the 2024 Election in Indonesia

Code of Ethics Violations Due to Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 Towards the Dynamics of the 2024 Election in Indonesia

Moral courage of emergency nurses in care-limited environments: A mixed-methods study.

Professional ethics in nursing exist to guide care and allow for decision-making to be patient-centered. In the current medicolegal landscape post-Roe and in light of bans on gender-affirming care, the decision-making processes of emergency nurses in the clinical environment of care as informed by both professional and personal ethics are an important area of inquiry. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of moral courage to decision-making by emergency nurses. A mixed-methods exploratory sequential approach was used, using a standard demographics form and the Nurses Moral Courage Scale to collect quantitative data. These data were used to inform an interview guide for qualitative data collection. Situational analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Prior to recruitment, this study was reviewed and approved by the University of Massachusetts IRB (#00003909). Participants were provided with an informed consent document at the time of registration and at the time of interview; participants provided both signed consent and verbal assent. Participants were assigned study codes to maintain anonymity and data were maintained in a secure University cloud. US-based emergency nurses working in environments with care limitations. 70% of respondents reported that they would speak up if they were aware of a situation that was ethically challenging. Respondents reported that it was fairly easy or very easy to defend their values when addressing ancillary staff, coworkers, authorities outside the organization, patients, and patient families. Respondents reported challenges in defending their professional values to charge nurses, physicians, or administrators. In response to a serious ethical problem, 65.8% of respondents answered that they would bring up the problem for discussion, 21.1% would file an internal report, and 13.2% would report externally. Interview participants reported significant social and professional barriers to acting in response to an ethical violation. Willingness to act centered on personal values and not professional codes of ethics. While emergency nurses in this study reported high perceived levels of moral courage, they also reported low willingness to act directly, citing burnout and significant social and professional barriers. Adherence to professional codes of ethics is not the primary driver of moral courage.

Pemahaman Hadis Al-Ghazali Tentang Menasihati Pemimpin: Studi Kasus Pejabat Negara di Indonesia

This research examines Al-Ghazali's understanding of advising leaders and its relevance to the context of leadership in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study method, data was gathered through documentation of Al-Ghazali's works, case studies of corruption and ethical violations among Indonesian state officials, and in-depth interviews with experts in Islamic leadership, academics, and legal practitioners. The findings indicate that Al-Ghazali's teachings on character, integrity, and morality in leadership are highly relevant to addressing leadership challenges in Indonesia, such as corruption and abuse of power. Ulama (Islamic scholars) play a crucial role in advising leaders to enhance leadership quality and governance. This research also contributes theoretically to the study of Islamic leadership ethics, demonstrating that ethical principles derived from hadiths can develop an ethical and effective governance model in diverse cultural contexts. By implementing Al-Ghazali's leadership principles, it is hoped that more just, transparent, and people-oriented leadership can be established in Indonesia.

The undeclared use of third-party service providers in academic publishing is unethical: an epistemic reflection and scoping review.

There is a substantial body of scientific literature on the use of third-party services (TPS) by academics to assist as "publication consultants" in scholarly publishing. TPS provide a wide range of scholarly services to research teams that lack the equipment, skills, motivation, or time to produce a paper without external assistance. While services such as language editing, statistical support, or graphic design are common and often legitimate, some TPS also provide illegitimate services and send unsolicited e-mails (spam) to academics offering these services. Such illegitimate types of TPS have the potential to threaten the integrity of the peer-reviewed scientific literature. In extreme cases, for-profit agencies known as "paper mills" even offer fake scientific publications or authorship slots for sale. The use of such illegitimate services as well as the failure to acknowledge their use is an ethical violation in academic publishing, while the failure to declare support for a TPS can be considered a form of contract fraud. We discuss some literature on TPS, highlight services currently offered by ten of the largest commercial publishers and expect authors to be transparent about the use of these services in their publications. From an ethical/moral (i.e., non-commercial) point of view, it is the responsibility of editors, journals, and publishers, and it should be in their best interest to ensure that illegitimate TPS are identified and prohibited, while publisher-employed TPS should be properly disclosed in their publications.

Determinan Niat Whistleblowing Pada Mahasiswa Akuntansi

The aim of this research is to analyze and test the determinants of whistleblowing intentions among accounting students at UPN "Veteran" East Java. The approach used is a quantitative approach, with primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed. The research population consisted of 288 accounting students and a sample of 74 respondents was taken. The hypothesis test and data analysis techniques used is multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS 29.0 software. The results of this study indicate that attitudes and religiosity contribute to whistleblowing intentions, and gender does not contribute to whistleblowing intentions. This research is expected to contribute to knowledge and information related to whistleblowing in the university environment, as well as become a reference for developing policies and internal complaint platforms at the university, and can help increase student awareness of the importance of disclosing fraud or ethical violations around them.

Analisis Podcast Close The Door Tentang Pelanggaran Etika Episode Catheez

The purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis of possible ethical violations contained in the episode "CRAZY KAYA GINI TURNS OME TV⁉️ - CATHEEZ - WHERE IS THE BOCIL OME TV!?" from the "Close the Door" podcast narrated by Catheez. This research uses a qualitative approach to identify and evaluate ethical aspects that appear in the conversations and narratives in the podcast. This research also integrates feminist discourse theory with Vand DJik which is divided into 3 structures, namely macro structure, super structure and micro structure to explore the influence of this episode on gender construction and social norms in the context of conversation. The results of the research identified several forms of ethical violations which were emphasized in the episode including gender stereotyping, verbal harassment, as well as the use of derogatory language. With a feminist discourse perspective, this research also reveals the ways in which these episodes may strengthen or undermine gender norms in society. The results of this research provide important insights regarding the influence of podcasts on understanding ethics and social norms, taking into account gender and feminist perspectives. This research makes an important contribution to understanding the ethical issues that arise in the world of podcasts and also how feminist discourse theory can be applied to analyze the impact of audio media such as podcasts in the social and cultural realm.

Etos Kerja Pedagang Cabai di Pasar 46 Jalan Baru Sejinjang Jalan Baru Kecamatan Jambi Timur Kota Jambi di Tinjau dari Etika Bisnis Islam

The aim of this research is to find out about the work ethic of chili traders at market 46 along Jalan Baru, East Jambi District, Jambi City. and can reveal the causes of violations of business ethics in the work ethic of market 46 chili traders. This research model uses a qualitative descriptive research model. From the results of this research, it was found that seven out of eight traders had implemented and had a good work ethic and were in accordance with the provisions of Islamic business ethics. However, in this case, one trader was found who did not comply with Islamic business ethics, namely in terms of serving and responding to complaints.

Analysis of the Types of Retracted COVID-19 Articles Published in PubMed-Listed Journals.

Periodically, medical publications are retracted. The reasons vary from minor situations, such as author attributions, which do not undermine the validity of the data or the analysis in the article, to serious reasons, such as fraud. Understanding the reasons for retraction can provide important information for clinicians, educators, researchers, journals, and editorial boards. The PubMed database was searched using the term "COVID-19" (coronavirus disease 2019) and the term limitation "retracted publication." The characteristics of the journals with retracted articles, the types of article, and the reasons for retraction were analyzed. This search recovered 196 articles that had been retracted. These retractions were published in 179 different journals; 14 journals had >1 retracted article. The mean impact factor of these journals was 8.4, with a range of 0.32-168.9. The most frequent reasons for retractions were duplicate publication, concerns about data validity and analysis, concerns about peer review, author request, and the lack of permission or ethical violation. There were significant differences between the types of article and the reasons for retraction but no consistent pattern. A more detailed analysis of two particular retractions demonstrates the complexity and the effort required to make decisions about article retractions. The retraction of published articles presents a significant challenge to journals, editorial boards, peer reviewers, and authors. This process has the potential to provide important benefits; it also has the potential to undermine confidence in both research and the editorial process.

Legal and Ethical Issues in the Constitutional Court Decision Concerning Minimum Age Limits for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates

This article aims to explain the basic considerations of Constitutional Court Judges in deciding case Number.90/PUU-XXI/2023 and analyze the existence of controversial issues in this decision. The background to this writing is a decision by the Constitutional Court which is considered unusual. There are new things out of the ordinary in deciding cases and the momentum approaching the 2024 general election has become a sensitive and interesting study. The research method used in this writing is a normative juridical method with a legal philosophy approach. This is in accordance with the main problem of analyzing the judge’s decision from a philosophical perspective. Material in the form of library data in the form of statutory regulations and scientific works related to the research theme. The results of the research show that there are several basic reasons for judges in deciding this case, such as political rights and the time for the general election which is getting closer. Apart from that, the decision of the Constitutional Court contains ethical issues in it, because in the formation process it was carried out by judges who had been legally declared to have committed ethical violations.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE OF ETHICS SANCTIONS AGAINST NOTARIES WHO HAVE COMMITTED CRIMINAL ACTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THEIR DUTIES

The Notary Code of Ethics sets the standards of behavior that Notaries must adhere to in order to act ethically and in accordance with the law. One of the sanctions for violations of the Notary Code of Ethics is dismissal with dishonor. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ethical code sanctions against Notaries who have committed criminal acts within the scope of their duties based on a final and binding court decision, which must go through a complaint process, and to analyze the ethical code sanctions in the form of dismissal with dishonor that can be imposed on Notaries who have committed criminal acts based on a final and binding court decision. Using a normative juridical approach, this research is prescriptive in nature. Data collection was conducted through literature study, presented in a systematically arranged narrative text, and analyzed qualitatively normatively. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that the implementation of ethical code sanctions against Notaries who have committed criminal acts within the scope of their duties based on a final and binding court decision must go through a complaint process. In the process of applying ethical code sanctions to a Notary proven to have committed a criminal act while performing their duties, the Honorary Council can seek facts regarding the alleged ethical code violation committed by the Notary either after receiving a written complaint from members of the organization or the public who have been harmed by the Notary, accompanied by convincing facts and evidence of the alleged ethical code violation by a member of the association. This process indicates that efforts to enforce the ethical code against Notaries who commit criminal acts within the scope of their duties still depend on complaints from aggrieved parties. Ethical code sanctions in the form of dismissal with dishonor can be imposed on Notaries who have committed criminal acts based on a final and binding court decision. The decision to impose such ethical code sanctions is an appropriate and suitable step as a consequence for Notaries regarding the code of ethics and Notary Law (Undang-UndangJabatanNotaris, hereafter UUJN). The Notary Code of Ethics establishes standards of behavior that Notaries must adhere to, including acting ethically and by the law, as well as preventing similar violations. This indicates that the Notary profession and public interest take precedence over individual interests and is also an important step in maintaining the reputation of the Notary profession.

공동거주자 간 법익의 공평한 향유와 주거침입죄 - 구성요건적 행위 판단의 요소인 ‘주거권자의 의사’를 중심으로 -

The protection legal interest of housing intrusion should be enjoyed fairly by all joint residential rights holders, and the consent of the residential rights holder to the infringement of legal interests is limited to his or her own legal interests, and there is no right to dispose of the legal interests of other joint residential rights. Therefore, even with the consent of some residential rights holders, if it is contrary to the will of other residential rights holders, the crime of invasion of housing may be established. However, just because there was an opposition from the residential right holder does not always mean that it is a constituent requirement of the crime of invasion of housing. The need for criminal protection of dissenting opinions can be recognized on the basis of fair enjoyment of legal interests. If the establishment of a crime of invasion of housing is recognized as the legitimate enjoyment of legal interests of other residential rights holders, it is an abuse of housing rights and unreasonably restricts the enjoyment of legitimate legal interests to housing intrusion. The intention may be explicit, implied, or presumed. The important point is that the need for criminal protection can only be recognized when the intention of the residential right holder enables fair enjoyment of legal interests between residential right holders based on the typicality of the space. “Conflict of opinions between co-residents on outsiders' access to housing” issue will not be resolved by changing the concept of invasion of housing, as in the case of the en banc decision, but acknowledges the need for criminal protection in the will of the residential right holder based on the fair enjoyment of legal interests. Inviting guests to the residence is the legitimate legal interest of the residential right holder, and the establishment of the residential intrusion crime cannot be recognized by estimating the opposition, which is an element of judgment of 'invasion', which is a constituent act of the residential intrusion crime, according to specific and individual circumstances. A residence is a private space that is disconnected from the outside, and although the opposition to outsiders' access is presumed, it is also a place where guests can be invited to enter at any time. Mutual understanding of this is premised on communal living. Can it be said that the husband's opposition to the wife's boyfriend, who entered the apartment for the purpose of extramarital relationship, is presumed? If the objection is presumed, what is the basis for it? In order to see only the entry and exit for the purpose of extramarital relations differently, it is possible only when the formality of the “fence of the permanent marriage community” is recognized only for the residence of a couple. So far, we've been talking about the “invasion.” I would like to guess if the Supreme Court, which has consistently been criticized for infringement of intentions, forcibly abolished the theory of infringement of intentions and changed it to the theory of infringement of tranquility was an attempt to overcome the intuition and ambiguity of ethical violations.

ON THE ISSUE OF INCREASING PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Trust in the judicial system is an important indicator of the quality of the administration of justice. Kazakhstan's world ranking remains insufficient and needs constant improvement. Kazakhstan is currently working to improve public confidence in the court and the judicial system. Resonant publications in the mass media and social networks also testify to the low trust of society. The reasons for such distrust are internal problems that have acquired a systemic nature. As judicial practice and pre-trial conversations show, there is a common practice in courts among judges, the execution of an oral order by the management of the court or a higher court. Such behavior of judges consists in the presence of administrative levers of pressure on the judge. There are several such levers. The first way to put pressure on a judge is to evaluate his professional activity. If a judge has overturned decisions by higher courts and certain violations of judicial ethics, the Commission on the Quality of the Administration of Justice may make a negative decision. The second method of administrative levers of pressure on the judge is to bring the judge to disciplinary responsibility by reviewing the judge's personal file in the Judicial Jury. If a judge has overturned decisions by higher courts and certain violations of judicial ethics, the Judicial Jury may also make a negative decision. All these levers force the judge to make decisions that are beneficial to the higher court or the leadership of the court, thereby undermining the foundations of justice. To this end, it is important to take a number of important measures. The first of which is the selection of personnel for the judicial system. The second is to eradicate the practice of holding judges accountable for a cancelled or amended decision.

Praktik Etika Dalam Akuntansi Keuangan

This research aims to study the theory of ethics in financial accounting practices. Qualitative data is used to investigate ethical violations in financial accounting practices that occur in the AISA group when presenting its financial statements. The results show that the AISA group has committed ethical violations in financial accounting practices when providing its financial statements

Unravelling the Ethical Enigma of Human Cloning in Nancy Farmer’s The House of the Scorpion

Nancy Farmer’s novel The House of the Scorpion deals with complex ethical dilemmas stemming from scientific advancements, particularly in cloning. The story unfolds in a dystopian society, focusing on the treatment of clones—subhuman beings relegated to slaughter or servitude. These clones provoke profound questions about human rights, autonomy, and the impact of technology. The paper scrutinizes their status as human entities, revealing the ethical violations perpetrated against them. By drawing insights from scholars like Childress, Beauchamp, Leon R. Kass, and James Q. Wilson, the study provides a nuanced exploration of the ethical dimensions surrounding clone treatment and its broader implications for autonomy.

A reactogenic "placebo" and the ethics of informed consent in Gardasil HPV vaccine clinical trials: A case study from Denmark.

Medical ethics guidelines require of clinical trial investigators and sponsors to inform prospective trial participants of all known and potential risks associated with investigational medical products, and to obtain their free informed consent. These guidelines also require that clinical research be so designed as to minimize harms and maximize benefits. To examine Merck's scientific rationale for using a reactogenic aluminum-containing "placebo" in Gardasil HPV vaccine pre-licensure clinical trials. We examined the informed consent form and the recruitment brochure for the FUTURE II Gardasil vaccine trial conducted in Denmark; and we interviewed several FUTURE II trial participants and their treating physicians. We also reviewed regulatory documentation related to Gardasil vaccine approval process and the guidelines on evaluation of adjuvants used in human vaccines. It was found that the vaccine manufacturer Merck made several inaccurate statements to trial participants that compromised their right to informed consent. First, even though the study protocol listed safety testing as one of the study's primary objectives, the recruitment brochure emphasized that FUTURE II was not a safety study, and that the vaccine had already been proven safe. Second, the advertising material for the trial and the informed consent forms stated that the placebo was saline or an inactive substance, when, in fact, it contained Merck's proprietary highly reactogenic aluminum adjuvant which does not appear to have been properly evaluated for safety. Several trial participants experienced chronic disabling symptoms, including some randomized to the adjuvant "placebo" group. In our view, the administration of a reactive placebo in Gardasil clinical trials was without any possible benefit, needlessly exposed study subjects to risks, and was therefore a violation of medical ethics. The routine use of aluminum adjuvants as "placebos" in vaccine clinical trials is inappropriate as it hinders the discovery of vaccine-related safety signals.

Ethical violation by the Chairman of the Constitutional Court against Indonesian law and democracy

Ethical violation by the Chairman of the Constitutional Court against Indonesian law and democracy

In the Echoes of Tomorrow: The Intersection of Social Work and Artificial Intelligence Through the Eyes of Turkish Students

This study aimed to examine social work students’ perspectives on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on social work. This research was prepared with a qualitative design to explore the reflections of social work students in Türkiye and twelve focus groups were conducted. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA, and two main themes were created: opportunities and challenges. The opportunities include innovation, transformative dimensions, and work optimization, while challenges consist of competency for professional practice, ethical issues, and labor sub-themes. The results indicate that students think that AI will increase efficiency in terms of gaining speed and time, reducing bureaucracy, performing risk analysis, and reducing costs. In the research findings, students point out that AI may lead to ethical violations in terms of privacy concerns, the possibility of data misuse, etc. Students emphasize the risk of increased unemployment with the integration of AI into social work. Future research could investigate the long-term impact of integrating AI into social work practice, examining its evolving effect on client outcomes and professional roles.