Violation Of Structure Research Articles

Художественное своеобразие романа А. Кампаниле «Так что же такое любовь?»

The article presents an analysis of the first novel by A. Campanile “What is love?” (1927). A. Campanile is a little-known Italian writer-comedian in Russia, whose work has not been sufficiently studied in Italian and foreign literary criticism. The novel “What is love?” is not translated into Russian. In Italy, the novel was a great success, even though the comic tradition at that time was not well developed, critics did not take humorous works seriously. The purpose of this work is to comprehend the role and significance of the author’s heritage in the history of Italian and world literature, consider humorous techniques and analyze the comic technique in A. Campanile’s novel “What is love?” The main methodological basis of the study is a combination of historical-literary, historical-cultural, and comparative methods. The materials presented in the article allow us to conclude that the novel “What is love?” does not have the structure of a traditional novel. The main comic techniques include the disruption of the communication process between the characters, absurd characterizations, the technique of shifting and thickening (Z. Freud). The writer’s passion for mixing styles, montage writing technique testifies to Campanile’s predilection for experimental literature. The text is distinguished by the montage technique of the composition. The writer achieves a comic effect not only through paradox, word play, illogicality, but also through the novel’s unconventional form, structure violation, useless inserts and remarks.

Psycholinguistic and cognitive-semiotic dimensions of constructing fear in horror films: A multimodal perspective

This article addresses an integrative psycholinguistic and cognitive-semiotic perspective on constructing fear in English horror films. At the heart of constructing fear in horror film is the filmmakers’ presumption that viewers can potentially share their joint intention with the filmmakers, can share joint attention, and, as a result, share joint emotion. Drawing on the theory of intersubjectivity, fear in horror films emerges as the result of joint attention between filmmakers and viewers. Fear is viewed as a multimodal construct resulting from the synergistic integration of verbal, nonverbal, and cinematic semiotic resources via audial and visual modes. Each semiotic resource contributes to meaning-making by employing elements specific to horror films. The verbal system contains interjections, descriptive words, emotion-laden words, pleas for help, and violation of the sentence structure. The nonverbal elements include a contorted face, screaming, chaotic gestures, shaking, or stupor. The cinematic resource possesses the meaning-making potential to highlight various aspects of filmic fear through close-ups and middle close-ups, camera angles, dim light, and non-linear disturbing music. The meanings constructed by semiotic elements interact through cross-mapping, contributing to the formation of multimodal blends, which emerge in conceptual integration. Multimodal blends of fear in horror films include two-/three-component, non-parity, and consecutive patterns. From the viewers’ perspective, fear in horror films is perceived as a whole entity with a different level of intensity: from anxiety to horror. The experiment results show that the main indicators of fear for both males and females are pleas for help, voice and facial expressions, and music and close-up. However, while watching horror films, males feel interested more, while females experience negative emotions of fear, disgust, and tension.

Supramolecular structure of banana peel pectin and its transformations during extraction by acidic methods

In this study, the approaches to describe the mesh structure in the homogalacturonate domains of pectin and the effect of the native structure violations on the stabilization effectiveness of the oil-in-water emulsion were demonstrated. Pectin with a native structure was isolated from banana peel by enzymolysis of insoluble dietary fibres. This pectin was compared with pectins, which were isolated using hydrochloric and citric acids. The properties of pectins were analyzed taking into account the ratio of galacturonate units in nonsubstituted, methoxylated and calcium-pectate forms. The content of calcium-pectate units determines the density of inter-molecular crosslinking formation. The simulation results reflect the structure of rigid “egg-box” crosslinking blocks and flexible segments formed in native pectin mainly by methoxylated links. Hydrochloric acid extraction is accompanied by the destruction of the crosslinking blocks and depolymerization of pectin. Citric acid partially demineralizes the crosslinking blocks contributing to the release of macromolecular chains that do not have calcium-pectate units. The granulometric data indicates that the individual macromolecules take the thermodynamically stable form of a statistical tangle. Such conformation is an ideal basis for the formation of “host-guest” microcontainers having a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core with an oil-soluble functional substance.

The human language system, including its inferior frontal component in "Broca's area," does not support music perception.

Language and music are two human-unique capacities whose relationship remains debated. Some have argued for overlap in processing mechanisms, especially for structure processing. Such claims often concern the inferior frontal component of the language system located within "Broca's area." However, others have failed to find overlap. Using a robust individual-subject fMRI approach, we examined the responses of language brain regions to music stimuli, and probed the musical abilities of individuals with severe aphasia. Across 4 experiments, we obtained a clear answer: music perception does not engage the language system, and judgments about music structure are possible even in the presence of severe damage to the language network. In particular, the language regions' responses to music are generally low, often below the fixation baseline, and never exceed responses elicited by nonmusic auditory conditions, like animal sounds. Furthermore, the language regions are not sensitive to music structure: they show low responses to both intact and structure-scrambled music, and to melodies with vs. without structural violations. Finally, in line with past patient investigations, individuals with aphasia, who cannot judge sentence grammaticality, perform well on melody well-formedness judgments. Thus, the mechanisms that process structure in language do not appear to process music, including music syntax.

Morphometric analysis of lungs parameters under conditions of simulated burn injury

Thermal burns are one of the most traumatic and physically exhausting injuries. Among the many factors that are decisive for a burn injury, the relationship between the temperature of the damaging agent and the duration of exposure is important. The term of exposure and high temperature determine the depth of the lesion. During burns, hypoxic, hemodynamic and metabolic disorders occur, which lead to changes in the structures and functions of internal organs. There are various ways of developing the respiratory system disorders after a burn injury to the skin: direct thermal damage to the respiratory tract, damage to the lungs by toxins of endogenous origin. After thermal exposure, there is a reorganization of the airiness of the lung tissue, its increase and combination with the phenomena of bronchospasm. A complex of morphological changes develops in the lungs, which includes degenerative changes in the walls of blood vessels and their permeability, a violation of the typical structure of the alveoli, the appearance of foci of distelectases and atelectasis, signs of inflammatory reactions, as well as the detection of areas of clusters of alveolar macrophages in places of hemorrhages. The aim of our study was to establish changes in the morphometric parameters of the lungs during experimental thermal injury to the skin. The results of the morphometric analysis showed that in the early stages (1st, 7th days) after experimental thermal injury to the skin, there is a reorganization of the structural components of the lungs with signs of an adaptive and compensatory nature, as well as destructive changes. It was established that the average values of the area of bronchi, lymphoid tissue statistically significantly increased from the indicators of the intact group animals, while the percentage of unchanged lung tissue significantly decreased in the respiratory portion. It was found that in the late stages of the experiment (14th, 21st days), inflammatory and sclerotic changes in the components of the respiratory portion occurred, which were manifested by a significant increase in the average values of dys- and atelectasis and the relative areas of emphysematously changed lung tissue relative to the indicators of the intact group. The values of the relative fractions of unchanged lung tissue were significantly reduced, which indicated deep degenerative-destructive changes in the organ.

Violation of molecular structure of intracellular water as a possible cause of carcinogenesis and its suppression by microwave radiation(hypothesis)

The manuscript discusses a possible hypothesis about the transformation of healthy cells into cancer cells as a result of modification of the molecular structure of intracellular water from normal hexagonal to abnormal cubic phase (which may be caused by radiation, chemical, viral, mechanical and microbiological factors) and the possibility of returning to its original state under the influence of microwave radiation. The authors are not aware of any relevant experimental and theoretical support for this hypothesis in other literature.Our hypothesis is based on a completely unexpected experimental fact that we have received. It turned out that the radio spectra of cancer-affected tissues and the cubic phase of water are identical which confirms that these tissues really contain a cubic phase of water. It should be expected that the use of radiation of “therapeutic” frequencies may lead to regression of tumor growth. This assumption is based on another experimental fact confirming the possibility of the transition of the molecular structure of water from the cubic phase to the hexagonal phase (which is contained in healthy tissues) when irradiated with therapeutic frequencies.The conducted experiments demonstrate the real possibilities of structural-phase and spectral mutual transformations of the water medium under the influence of extremely low intensity flows of microwaves at “therapeutic” frequencies of 1000 MHz and 985 MHz or “pathologic” frequencies of 990 MHz and 51 GHz. The aim of this study was to experimentally verify a possible causal relationship between the violation of the molecular structure of intracellular water in healthy tissues and carcinogenesis.

ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ НЕЙРОФИБРОМАТОЗА. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДИАГНОСТИКИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ СЛУЧАЕ

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a hereditary disease that occurs with a frequency of 1:3000 people. The first and main manifestations of diseases: hyperpigmented spots on the signs of “coffee with milk”, Lisch nodes in the iris, neurofibromas that develop from the sheaths of nerve endings of various formations, such as muscles, skin, soft tissues, etc. Possible complications occur with a frequency of more than 30 percent. The main ones are: squeezing of underlying tissues with a violation of structure and function; the formation of large subcutaneous neurofibromas, leading to cosmetic defects; malignancy

Morphological and structural-compositional features of the historical block development of St. Petersburg

The development of the historical center of St. Petersburg has special parameters and characteristics that form the uniqueness of the city as a whole and its individual fragments. At the moment, due to the emerging urban planning errors and violations, there is a need to clarify the strategy of urban planning regulation of the historical center in order to preserve the uniqueness, integrity and quality of its architectural and urban environment. In this regard, the task of moving to a detailed and comprehensive study of the parameters of fragments of the urban environment becomes urgent. The purpose of this study is to study the existing architectural and urban planning characteristics of the residential development of St. Petersburg. The object of research is the historical block within the boundaries of Moskovsky Prospekt, Klinsky Prospekt, Bronnitskaya Street, Zagorodny Prospekt. The subject of the study is morphological and structural-compositional features of the building. On the basis of the conducted historical, archival and bibliographic surveys and a full-scale survey, the enlarged stages of the formation of the block were identified and the main patterns of the construction of the front front were determined. The morphotype of the block is a perimeter building of the historical center of St. Petersburg of the XIX century with the inclusion of objects of the mid–XX century, with irregular surveying and an incomplete system of courtyard buildings. The nature of surveying and urban fabric, which developed mainly in the second half of the XIX – mid XX century, was influenced by the planning structure laid down in the XVIII century and the location of the block in the structure of the city. The compositional organization of the front along Moskovsky Prospekt is subject to uniform principles, which made it possible to form a high-quality urban environment. The front facades have fragmentary losses of decorative elements and structural violations at the ground floor level, which can be eliminated provided that the historical rules of formation and decorative and plastic design of buildings are observed.

The experience of modeling anti-landslide structures on a slope of fill soils (on the example of the Victory Square memorial complex in the city of Voronezh)

The purpose of this work was to substantiate the system of strengthening measures as part of the large-scale renovation of the memorial complex "Victory Square" in Voronezh. The research methodology was based on a route survey of the slope, fixing elements of its structure violation, drilling operations. Results obtained: calculations of the stability of the slope acting as the base of the complex were carried out. By computational and analytical methods using the GEO5 software package, various structures of fortifying structures were modeled and the final version with the taking into account the possibilities of their construction. The device of the following complex of devices is recommended: 1) a series of stabilizing piles along the edge of the slope - drilling, reinforced concrete, diameter 0.4-0.5 m, length 12.0-10.0 m, the upper end of the pile is the surface of the site, the distance between the wells is 1.5-2.0 m, the distance from the edge of the slope is 1.0-1.5 m; 2) the retaining wall at the base of-the spit is 1.0 m deep, the width at the base is 1.5 m, the height (of the part facing the slope) is 3.0 m, the material is concrete. This work can serve as an example of analyzing the condition of slopes stacked with bulk soils, as well as carrying out protective measures on such slopes and modeling anti-landslide structures.

Формирование периодических двухфазных структур на поверхности аморфных пленок Ge-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Sb-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Te-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=- при воздействии ультракоротких лазерных импульсов различной длительности и частоты следования

Phase change memory materials due to their high susceptibility to low-intensity light fields are extremely attractive for active microphotonics and integrated optics devices. As a result of fast phase switching, these materials change the refractive index in a wide spectral range, which has found application in information storage systems. In this work, we studied the formation of two-phase periodic structures consisting of alternating lines of amorphous and crystalline phases on the surface of thin-film Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change memory materials exposed to ultrashort laser pulses. Periodic structures were formed at a wavelength of 1030 nm at different durations and repetition rates of light pulses. It has been established that the ordering of two-phase structures obtained at a constant energy fluence remains practically unchanged with an increase in the repetition rate from 10 kHz to 1 MHz, but a change in the pulse duration from 180 fs to 10 ps leads to a violation of the periodic structure due to the formation of extended continuously crystallized regions.

IMPROVING THE BLASTING TECHNOLOGY AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS ROCKS IN AN OPEN PIT

One of the main indicators that determine the effectiveness of blasting in open pits is the degree of crushing of the blasted mass. It is accepted that with an increase in the mass of the explosive charge by thickening the grid of holes, the quality of crushing the blasted rock mass improves. However, this approach leads to an increase in the amount of drilling work and an increase in the cost of explosives. In its turn, the method leads to an increase in the size of the violation of the natural structure behind the contour of the blasted block, which is the focus of oversized output. It should be noted that with an increase in the amount of explosion energy, it is possible to regulate the degree of crushing of the exploded mass, but only when blasting in an extremely large-block (relatively monolithic) array, and with an increase in the number of explosives, the quality of the explosion partially improves. It has been established that in medium and large-block rocks, the main carrier of the explosion energy is considered to be the heterogeneity of the massif. The paper proposes a new technology for blasting operations on ledges of heterogeneous, layered structures. The proposed breaking method makes it possible to increase the useful effect of the explosion energy on crushing, reduce the cost of explosives, and obtain the collapse of the exploded mass of the given parameters.

Ultrastructural Characteristics of Axodendritic and Axosomatic Synapses in the Orbitofrontal Cortex of White Laboratory Rats Associated with Low-Protein Food after Acute Sound Exposure

This paper investigates the state of axodendritic (ADS) and axosomatic (ASS) synapses in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) layers I-IV of adult white laboratory rats associated with balanced and low-protein food after acute sound exposure. Experiments were performed on 64 white non-linear sexually mature laboratory male rats weighing 180–230 g (eight intact, 56 experimental). After a continuous call with an intensity of 120 db for 120 seconds, 56 rats were divided into two groups: those receiving balanced (control – 28) and low-protein food (basic – 28). Each of these two groups was divided into two subgroups: stress-resistant (12 animals in each) and stress-unstable animals (16 animals in each). Water intake was unlimited. The animals were removed from the experiment on the 10th, 20th, 30th, and 40th day after sound exposure. Along with histological and immunohistochemical analysis, the samples of OFC layers I–IV were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Electron microscopic changes in the structure of ADS and ASS were found in all OFC layers. Violations of the fine structure of both the presynaptic and postsynaptic poles were noted. The maximum severity of ultrastructural changes was observed in the ADS of the surface (I, molecular), outer granular (II), pyramidal (III), and inner granular (IV) OFC layers. ASS disorganization was noted mainly in contacts, the postsynaptic pole of which was formed by the bodies of small pyramidal neurons of layer III, as well as pyramidal and stellate neurons of layer IV of the OFC. During all periods of observation, violations of fine organization were most pronounced in stress-unstable animals of the main experimental group, especially on the 10th and 20th day after exposure. Acute sound exposure initiates disturbances in the fine organization of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses in OFC layers I–IV of white laboratory rats. Focal destruction of a part of the noted synapses in rats with a low-protein diet after acute auditory stress is irreversible.

Термоактиваційний аналіз температурної залежності твердості квазікристалів системи Al—Cu—Fe

The results of thermoactivation analysis of the temperature dependence of hardness for icosahedral quasicrystals (QC) of the Al—Cu—Fe system obtained as a coating, massive compact and ingot are presented. QC as well as covalent crystals at room temperature are brittle without signs of macroplastic deformation at standard methods of mechanical testing and only the method of local indenter loading makes it possible to deform QC to significant degrees of deformation without fracture. In the studied temperature range 77—1073 K, the HV(T) hardness dependences have the same character, despite the state in which the QC was obtained. The HV(T) dependence consists from two sections: an athermal low-temperature section (77—600 K) and a section (>600 K) where the hardness decreases sharply with increasing temperature. The presence of a low-temperature athermal section on the HV(T) dependence is explained by the phase transition of the QC to a more plastic approximant phase. Phase transition of this type can be associated with a high density of phason defects, which are formed during the deformation of the QC that leads to violations of the atomic structure. Based on the experimental data of the temperature dependences of the Vickers hardness (HV) obtained by the authors and the literature data, the values of the activation energy of the dislocation motion U and the activation volume V of a number of icosahedral quasicrystals were calculated. It is shown that the value of U  0,97—1,83 eV, and V is (65—132)∙10-24cm3. Previously, the method of thermoactivation analysis of tempera¬ture dependence of a flow stress was applied to materials with different crystal structures (BCC, FCC metals, covalent crystals, refractory compounds, intermetallics, high entropy alloys). In comparison with crystalline materials, the values of thermal activation parameters of the deformation process for QC are close to refractory compounds (carbides, borides) which have a covalent component in the interatomic bond. Keywords: quasicrystals, activation energy of dislocation motion, activation volume, hardness, temperature.

Unusually Combined Lexemes as Means of Creating Uncertainty in English Postmodern Short-Short Stories

The issue of words combinations draws attention of linguists starting from the second half of the XX c. until the present day. This study is focused on the research of semantic mechanisms of unusually combined lexemes and unexpected collocations in English postmodern short-short stories. Reconsideration of the literary past and ironic view on traditional poetic canons are reflected in postmodern literary texts due to the principles of postmodern poetics. Being distinctive feature of postmodern literature in general, uncertainty creates multiplicity of meanings of entire literary text, as well as separate unexpected collocations, by means of unusually combined lexemes. The aim of the study is to elaborate the phenomenon of valence violation, created by unusually combined lexemes and unexpected collocations in English postmodern short-short stories. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to define the notion of valence and lexeme compatibility, to identify types of valence violation in lexemes combinations, and to provide their possible interpretation. Functioning in English postmodern short-short stories such language units widen boundaries of their usage and their combinatorial profile. Unusually combined lexemes focus the reader’s attention and provoke a cognitive mechanism of continuous searching for a hidden meaning of unexpected collocations and the general message of a literary text. In this research unusually combined lexemes are regarded as special markers of postmodern short-short story genre for which violation of text structure, violation of usual relations between lexemes in logic, semantic and syntactic aspects are quite common.

Effects of bulk and nano-ZnO particles on functioning of photosynthetic apparatus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after 7-days of exposure to bulk (b-ZnO) and nanosized ZnO (n-ZnO) (300, 2000, and 10,000 mg/l) has been investigated. An impact on the amount of chlorophylls, photosynthetic efficiency, as well as the zinc accumulation in chloroplasts was demonstrated. Violation of the chloroplast fine structure was revealed. These changes were generally more pronounced with n-ZnO exposure, especially at high concentrations. For instance, the chlorophyll deficiency under 10,000 mg/l b-ZnO treatment was 31% and with exposure to 10,000 mg/l n-ZnO, the chlorophyll deficiency was already 52%. The expression analysis of the photosynthetic genes revealed their different sensitivity to b-ZnO and n-ZnO exposure. The genes encoding subunits of photosystem II (PSII) and, to a slightly lesser extent, photosystem I (PSI) showed the highest suppression of transcriptional levels. The mRNA levels of the subunits of cytochrome-b6f, NADH dehydrogenase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and ATP synthase, which, in addition to linear electron flow (LEF), participate in cyclic electron flow (CEF) and autotrophic CO2 fixation, were more stable or increased under b-ZnO and n-ZnO treatments. At the same time, CEF was increased. It was assumed that under the action of b-ZnO and n-ZnO, the processes of LEF are disrupted, and CEF is activated. This allows the plant to prevent photo-oxidation and compensate for the lack of ATP for the CO2 fixation process, thereby ensuring the stability of photosynthetic function in the initial stages of stress factor exposure. The study of photosynthetic structures of crops is important from the point of view of understanding the risks of reducing the production potential and the level of food security due to the growing use of nanoparticles in agriculture.

Experimental tenorrhaphy with the use of microsurgical tendon holder

Objective . Damage to the tendons of the extremities is one of the most frequent injuries of the human musculoskeletal system. Tenorrhaphy, aimed at restoring their integrity, is a technically complex surgical intervention, including access with the release of the ends of the tendons, their retention and repeated interception during suturing with a thread. During surgery, the tendon inevitably undergoes additional trauma from compression by surgical instruments. As a result, there is a violation of the ultrastructure, blood supply and weakening of the ends of the sutured tendon. In turn, this prevents accurate adaptation and causes deformation in the seam area, promotes thread eruption. At the same time, tendon regeneration proceeds with a pronounced scar-adhesive process, sliding properties are violated, tenogenic contractures are formed. Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effect of the tendon capture and retention method during tenorrhaphy on the microanatomic structure of the tendon. Material and methods. A new instrument for performing tenorrhaphy is proposed. 12 experimental tenorrhaphies were performed on the tendons of the limbs of people amputated for medical reasons, using tweezers and an original tendon holder, followed by histotopographic examination of stitched tendon samples. Results and discussion . In the course of the study, it was found that the method of capturing and holding the tendon during tenoraphy has a significant impact on its anatomical structure. When holding tendons with tweezers, violations of the tendon structure and damage to its membranes were observed. The tendons held during the operation with the help of a tendon holder were distinguished by the preservation of the macromicroanatomic structure of the tendon itself and the surrounding tissues. Conclusion . The use of a microsurgical tendon holder makes it possible to ensure the safety of the macromicroscopic structure of the tendon, the anatomicity and precision of the tenoraphy, in comparison with traditional methods of tendon retention.

Stationary Rotating Cosmological Model Without Violation of the Causal Structure

Stationary Rotating Cosmological Model Without Violation of the Causal Structure

Когнитивная интерпретация феномена «фейк» как жанра медиадискурса

The article is dedicated to the description of the cognitive mechanism of fake messages implementation in the media discourse. The controversial nature of this phenomenon is due to a number of linguistic and extralinguistic features, which determines a comprehensive cognitive-discursive analysis of the fake phenomenon in order to identify the sources of its destructiveness, the mechanisms that ensure the successful manifestation of the fake. The crucial violations of the basic laws of formal logic which function as a source of fake conflictogenity are examined in the paper, their productivity is revealed in this aspect, and several recommendations for verifying fake information are provided. The analyzed material is taken from the Internet pages of print and online media of various levels and formats, blogs functioning in the course of the media discourse. It is established that fake is a complex multi-stage cognitive-communicative action. The deliberate unreliability of a fake message determines the mandatory application of various kinds of violations of the norms of communication, first of all – the laws of formal logic. Violations of the laws of identity and sufficient reason are most often used, less often – the law of contradiction; the law of the excluded third, due to its specificity, is not used at all. Violation of the latter law inevitably leads to disavowal of falsification. Structural violations taking place in the cognitive model of a fake message contribute to the successful masking of fake information, as well as blocking the recipient’s critical thinking and, as a result, the intensification of speech effects on the addressee. In addition, the communicative perspective of a fake is associated with causing damage to the addressee. All these aspects make it possible to qualify fake as a destructive type of communicative actions involving the spreading of obviously unreliable socially significant information and aimed at the realization of speech influence on the addressee.

Безопасность труда и управление рисками при производстве наноматериалов

In the modern world, nanotechnologies are used in almost all the areas of the national economy: industry, agriculture, electronics, mechanics, medicine (nanocapsules), food industry (packaging materials, food enrichment with micronutrients), ecology (water treatment, oil well treatment). The market for carbon nanomaterials is constantly evolving, which leads to questions about the problems of exposure to nanoparticles for personnel in the working areas of production facilities. Products of the powder nanomaterials formation can enter the environment at all the stages of their production. It is also known that a nanoscale substance can behave differently than the same material in a larger bulk form. With a decrease in size, the melting point of the material, color, strength, chemical activity, and other parameters can change. In the existing regulatory and legal framework in the field occupational safety, insufficient attention is paid to the issues of safety and health of the nanotechnological laboratories personnel. This is due to the lack of unified international norms, and the insufficiently studied problem of the nanoparticle toxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of nanomaterials on people, which should be carried out in dynamics and covering various groups of the population, as well as conducting scientific studies of the effect of the nanomaterials on plants and animals. The aim of the research was a comprehensive study of the effect of chemical pollutants on the development of plants. Modern methods of analysis were used in the work: atomic absorption spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, which allows to determine the accumulation of carbon nanomaterials in plants through the soil medium. The experiment showed that at the initial stage, nanomaterials have a beneficial effect on plant growth, but in the future, they have a depressing character. On the obtained micrographs, a violation of the cellular structure is observed.

Gestures of Refusal: Utopian Longings in Satyajit Ray’s Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne

ABSTRACT This essay examines Satyajit Ray’s children’s film Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) to interrogate the ways it signals the utopian. Contending that its utopian desire manifests through the trope of wish-fulfillment (in particular, the granting of boons), it illuminates the trope’s centrality in the film’s imagination and articulation of freedom. Moreover, the essay suggests that the film’s utopianism is also anchored in its irrealist aesthetics. Engaging with the film’s figuration of ghosts and its violation of the narrative structure of the real, the essay illuminates how these formal features inform, and are informed by, a utopian desire. Furthermore, the essay notes that despite its inherent utopianism, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne fails to resolve some of the more obdurate social contradictions in its diegetic world, especially around questions of class, gender, and caste. Arguing that these “failures” are in keeping with its utopian spirit, I suggest they draw our attention to the imperfections of our real conditions of existence and flag the limits of textual utopianism. In so doing, they refer negatively to the social field beyond pointing to the abiding importance of class struggle as the ultimate agent of transformative social change.