Norm Violations Research Articles

Criminological Analysis of LGBT Acts Committed by Unscrupulous Soldiers

Today, there is a phenomenon of deviation in the behavior of social life of the community known as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT). It is strongly felt that the pattern of life in the LGBT phenomenon is a deviation from the social norms, religion, and ideology of Pancasila. From the aspect of positive law, no law can be applied to punish perpetrators of LGBT acts. What comes to the surface is precisely the pros and cons of the perspective on LGBT acts, whether they are included in the issue of violations of the law, are part of human rights, or deviations of social behavior, or just deviations of sexual orientation. Pro-LGBT groups stated that there should be no discrimination against LGBT groups, whether men, women, transgender, opposite-sex lovers, or same-sex lovers, because it is considered a human right. For the contra group to have a criminological point of view that LGBT acts are violations of the law, not part of human rights aspects, LGBT is a violation of standard norms of life, contrary to morals and ethics, is a sin according to religion, and is a threat to the cultural and ideological values of a nation. LGBT acts also occur by TNI soldiers. Lawmakers must be able to formulate the rule of law in providing guarantees of certainty, justice, and benefit for the Indonesian people in overcoming LGBT developments that are a threat to the life of the Indonesian nation. LGBT perpetrators of TNI Soldiers must be given strict sanctions because these actions are contrary to the code of ethics of TNI Sapta Marga Soldiers and the Soldier's Oath.

A SOCIOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEVIATION OF POLITENESS PRINCIPLE IN THE USE OF TONTEMBOAN LANGUAGE IN MAKELA'I DIALECT

This study aims to answer two main problems. First, how do members of youth organizations in Taraitak Satu Village communicate through violations of the principles of linguistic politeness? Second, to what extent do young people in Taraitak Satu Village deviate from the principles of linguistic politeness in their social and professional interactions? This study uses a qualitative approach with free listening and listening (SBLC) as the main method of data collection, supported by note-taking as a secondary method. Data analysis refers to the referential approach based on the SPEAKING component of speech. The results revealed that youth in Taraitak Satu Village often use impolite language with intentions such as correcting, inciting, demeaning, mocking, ignoring, expelling, forcing, belittling, rejecting, and depriving others of their rights. These violations of language politeness norms include various aspects, such as tact, generosity, acceptance, humility, compatibility, and sympathy. The negative impact of these violations of linguistic politeness principles is not only felt by the youth individually, but also by their youth association groups. When words are delivered in a way that hurts the feelings of others, this can lead to controversy, hostility, dampen enthusiasm for group activities, and cause discord. This research is expected to contribute to efforts to preserve the Tontemboan language in the Makela'i dialect and provide a basis for strengthening the community to adhere to the principles of language politeness. Thus, this research is an important step to maintain the sustainability and quality of local languages in Taraitak Satu Village.

Preverbal infants’ understanding of social norms

Social norms are foundational to human cooperation and co-existence in social groups. A crucial marker of social norms is that a behavior is not only shared, but that the conformity to the behavior of others is a basis for social evaluation (i.e., reinforcement and sanctioning), taking the is, how individuals usually behave, to an ought, how individuals should behave to be socially approved by others. In this preregistered study, we show that 11-month-old infants grasp this fundamental aspect about social norms already in their first year. They showed a pupillary surprise response for unexpected social responses, namely the disapproval and exclusion of an individual who showed the same behavior like others or the approval and inclusion of an individual who behaved differently. That preverbal infants link the conformity with others’ behavior to social evaluations, before they respond to norm violations themselves, indicates that the foundations of social norm understanding lie in early infancy.

Civil Society Under Attack: The Consequences for Horizontal Accountability Institutions

AbstractExisting research shows that the activity of independent civil society organizations (CSOs) is an important ingredient of democratization and democratic consolidation. Yet, what happens when governments impose restrictions on CSO activity? This manuscript investigates how restrictions on CSOs affect the quality of horizontal accountability institutions like parliaments and courts. CSOs monitor and mobilize against violations of democratic norms. Thus, if governments impose restrictions on CSO activity, they may face fewer barriers (i.e., less scrutiny and criticism) to dismantling horizontal checks and balances. In addition, when restrictions prevent CSOs from supporting horizontal accountability institutions (e.g., with monitoring and expertise), the latter’s ability to control and constrain governments likely declines. Our large-N cross-country analysis supports this argument, suggesting that the imposition of restrictions on CSOs diminishes the quality of horizontal accountability institutions. We examine alternative explanations (i.e., prior autocratization trends and the authoritarian nature of governments) and offer qualitative evidence from Kenya and Turkey to illustrate the expected causal pathways. Our results imply that a crackdown on CSOs serves as a warning sign of deteriorating horizontal oversight.

Foreign experience in determining the validity of the will of the people

The subject of the study is the experience of foreign countries in the field of the authenticity of the will of the people when voting on direct forms of democracy. The paper examines democracy and the identification of the will of the people in Germany. It is proposed to distinguish broad and narrow approaches to understanding reliability when it comes to identifying the will of the people. Thus, a narrow approach is relevant only to the correctness of the vote count, and then the credibility of the will of the people should be defined as the correspondence of the final voting protocol to the actual will of the people, and with a broad approach it is proposed to consider it as the correspondence of the will of the people to the true and free will of the people. The classification of types of distortions of the will of a citizen (based on their nature) is revealed. The main conclusions of the study are the results of studying the foreign practice of organizing the determination of the reliable expression of the will of the people in direct forms of democracy. In a number of positions, foreign experience can be borrowed. Thus, it would be justified to legislatively and constitutionally consolidate the increasing importance of political parties in the sphere of forming the will of the people. Taking into account foreign experience, it is possible to introduce specific measures of criminal and civil liability of a casuistic orientation for non-fulfillment or violation of the procedural norms of the electoral process stipulated by law, entailing distortion of the will of voters. It seems that there is a need to introduce responsibility to the people and the entire deputy corps of the legislative authority as a whole, that is, the introduction of a popular vote of no confidence in this composition of the legislative authority if there are doubts about the reliability of the results of determining the will of the people. As guarantees of the real implementation of democracy and the power of the people, it would be necessary to provide for the adoption of the most important legislative acts in the field of determining the authenticity of the will of the people, only if there is a popular initiative.

Ирония в романе Ф.М. Достоевского «Братья Карамазовы»: функционально-семантический аспект

The article deals with the phenomenon of irony in a literary work. Irony is viewed in the study as one of the text-forming categories of hidden character, which performs the role of a meaningful component in the fictional text. It forms the semantic plan of the literary work and realizes the author's implicit evaluation. The place and role of irony in F.M. Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov are defined: irony is expressed within the author's implicit evaluation of the characters' relationship among themselves and their attitude to certain facts of reality, as well as in the writer's direct assessment of the personal qualities of the characters. At the same time, through irony the writer reveals not only the violation of ethical norms by the characters of the novel, but also their negative moral values. It is established that in order to actualize ironic evaluation the author of the work combines in one context a number of mechanisms of ironic meaning formation: double antithesis; antithesis combined with an illogical conclusion; contextual reinterpretation of the lexeme meaning in conjunction with antithesis. The complexity of the mechanisms of irony realisation in the novel imparts a sophisticated multifaceted character to the writer's assessment.

In Absentia Data Bahasa dalam Kejahatan Berbahasa Putusan Mahkamah Agung: Kajian Linguistik Forensik

Violation of language norms committed by an individual can result in sanctions or punishment. The penalties imposed in cases of hate speech may include fines or imprisonment. In the case of Bahar bin Smith and Yulianus Paonganan, there were language violations, particularly in the form of insults, defamation, and tarnishing the reputation of President Joko Widodo. Bahar bin Smith was sentenced to six months and fifteen days, while Yulianus Paonganan was sentenced to one year of imprisonment. Interestingly, in the Supreme Court’s decision regarding Bahar bin Smith’s case, there is no information regarding language violations. This raises questions about how a punishment for language-related crimes can be decided without linguistic evidence. This research is descriptive and qualitative, using a semantic approach to identify forms of hate speech. The linguistic forensic research results highlight the forms, types, and grammatical meanings of hate speech. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that the Supreme Court, in issuing decisions, is not always professional, lacks transparency, and exhibits negligence and carelessness, as evidenced by the issuance of a verdict without linguistic violation evidence.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE BOYCOTT PRODUCTS SUSPECTED OF SUPPORTING GENOCIDE

This jurnal explores the significance of boycotting products suspected of supporting genocide within the framework of international law. The complex relationship between human rights, state responsibility to prevent genocide, and the international community's response to violations of international norms is at the heart of this investigation. The study defines boycott as a form of isolation undertaken by individuals or groups against an entity, encompassing actions like blacklisting, embargoes, and blockades, targeting various products from consumer goods to academic and sports products. Governments, either individually or collectively, issue boycott resolutions, as exemplified by Arab countries' historic boycott against Israel. The paper also introduces other forms of boycotts, such as investment withdrawal, divestment, and sanctions, citing examples like Sudan. Framing the discussion within the context of the United Nations Genocide Convention, the jurnal argues that product boycotts can serve as tools for enforcing compliance with the convention, holding states accountable for preventing genocide. Moreover, product boycotts play a vital role in the international public sphere, mobilizing global public opinion and exerting social, economic, and political pressure on perpetrators of genocide. The study addresses critical questions, focusing on the role of product boycotts as sanctions in international law and their impact on garnering global support and pressuring perpetrators, while providing a voice to victims. The research methodology employed is normative legal research, relying on literature review and secondary legal sources, including journals, articles, and news related to the international legal analysis of the boycott of products suspected of supporting genocide. The jurnal concludes by emphasizing the importance of boycotting products suspected of supporting genocide within the international legal framework, not only as a form of protest but as a

Fast habituation to semantic interference generated by taboo connotation in reading aloud

ABSTRACT The recognition of taboo words – i.e. socially inappropriate words – has been repeatedly associated to semantic interference phenomena, with detrimental effects on the performance in the ongoing task. In the present study, we investigated taboo interference in the context of reading aloud, a task configuration which prompts the overt violation of conventional sociolinguistic norms by requiring the explicit utterance of taboo items. We assessed whether this form of semantic interference is handled by habituative or cognitive control processes. In addition to the reading aloud task, participants performed a vocal Stroop task featuring different conditions to dissociate semantic, task, and response conflict. Taboo words were read slower than non-taboo words, but this effect was subject to a quick habituation, with a decreasing interference over the course of trials, which allowed participants to selectively attend to goal-relevant information. In the Stroop task, only semantic conflict was significantly reduced by habituation. These findings suggest that semantic properties can be quickly and flexibly weighed on the basis of contextual appropriateness, thus characterising semantic processing as a flexible and goal-directed component of reading aloud.

Enabling Pariahs

China’s economic size and authoritarian system allow it to “enable” pariah states’ violations of international norms in Myanmar (genocide and military coup), North Korea (nuclear missile development), and Russia (unprovoked invasion of a neighboring state). The Xi Jinping leadership not only advances national interests—involving trade, investment, energy supplies, and strategic access—but also aims to counter perceived threats to and constraints on the Chinese Communist Party, weaken its American superpower rival, and reshape the international order. Beijing’s relations with Myanmar, North Korea, and Russia exhibit three enabling mechanisms: economic sanctions busting; diplomatic coordination at the United Nations; and presenting alternative narratives via state-controlled media. Although China’s strategy is costly and has produced mixed geopolitical gains, it appears focused on the long term. In response, the United States and its partners are coordinating international law enforcement, strengthening institutional cooperation, and combating authoritarian informational campaigns.

MEDICAL PROPAGANDA

Objectives: This study evaluates, firstly, the distinction between the terms advertising and propaganda and its application to medical activity, justifying the choice of the term "propaganda" in the title of this article. In a second moment, the research approaches the normative framework that allows the Federal and Regional Medical Councils to regulate the limits and restitions to advertisement by doctor and to adopt the appropriate measures and sanctions in case of violation of legal and ethical norms in doctor-patient relations. Afterwards, the normative and deontological diplomas, their respective permissions and prohibitions of conduct of the medical professional when advertising on social networks are analyzed. Finally, the practices of use of social networks by doctors are outlined in accordance with medical ethics and the law, reaching the conclusion that it is fully possible for doctors to advertise on social media, provided that the legal and deontological parameters of the profession are followed. Methods: This article analyzes the possibility of medical professionals to use advertising tools in social networks, through bibliographic research of texts contained in works on Medical Law and legal analysis about the legal and deontological norms that govern medical activity in Brazil. The Boolean indicators used for research of the titles were "and" and "or", from the following descriptors: "Propaganda", "Advertising" and "Social Networking" and " Physician-Patient Relations", all extracted from DeSC.

Cross-societal variation in norm enforcement systems.

Across human societies, people are sometimes willing to punish norm violators. Such punishment can take the form of revenge from victims, seemingly altruistic intervention from third parties, or legitimized sanctioning from institutional representatives. Although prior work has documented cross-cultural regularities in norm enforcement, substantial variation exists in the prevalence and forms of punishment across societies. Such cross-societal variation may arise from universal psychological mechanisms responding to different socio-ecological conditions, or from cultural evolutionary processes, resulting in different norm enforcement systems. To date, empirical evidence from comparative studies across diverse societies has remained disconnected, owing to a lack of interdisciplinary integration and a prevalent tendency of empirical studies to focus on different underpinnings of variation in norm enforcement. To provide a more complete view of the shared and unique aspects of punishment across societies, we review prior research in anthropology, economics and psychology, and take a first step towards integrating the plethora of socio-ecological and cultural factors proposed to explain cross-societal variation in norm enforcement. We conclude by discussing how future cross-societal research can use diverse methodologies to illuminate key questions on the domain-specificity of punishment, the diversity of tactics supporting social norms, and their role in processes of norm change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.

Risk, sanctions and norm change: the formation and decay of social distancing norms.

Global challenges like the climate crisis and pandemic outbreaks require collective responses where people quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Social norms are potential solutions, but only if they themselves are flexible enough. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to study norm formation and decay in real-world contexts. We tracked empirical and normative expectations about social distancing and empirical and normative expectations of sanctioning from June 2021 to February 2022 to explore how norms and meta norms evolved as COVID-19 risk decreased and increased. We found that norms and meta norms partially coevolve with risk dynamics, although they recover with some delay. This implies that norms should be enforced as soon as risk increases. We therefore tested how sanctioning intentions vary for different hypothetical norms and find them to increase with a clear meta norm of sanctioning, yet decrease with a clear social norm of distance. In conclusion, social norms evolve spontaneously with changing risk, but might not be adaptive enough when the lack of meta norms of sanctioning introduce tolerance for norm violations. Moreover, norm nudges can potentially have negative externalities if strengthening the social norm increases tolerance for norm violations. These results put some limits to social norms as solutions to guide behaviour under risk. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.

Dynamics of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Analysis of Indonesia's Political Attitudes and International Legal Responses

This study analyzes the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and Indonesia's response to the conflict. In the context of this global conflict, constructivism theory reveals the important role of social norms in shaping foreign policy. Indonesia's foreign policy stance, which prioritizes the principles of freedom of activity and non-interference, is in the spotlight in dealing with this conflict. In addition, aspects of international law are also analyzed, highlighting Russia's violations of international legal norms. Indonesia's response reflects diplomacy and a neutral stance in an effort to stop the use of military force. This study identifies lessons that Indonesia can draw from this conflict to strengthen its role as an active player in maintaining international peace and security.

Comparison Of Sanctions For The Crime Of Adultery In Toraja Customary Law And National Law In Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the comparison of sanctions for the crime of adultery in the context of Toraja customary law and national law in Indonesia. Adultery is a violation of social norms that has legal implications, but handling can differ between customary law and national law. The research method used is a descriptive-analytical approach by collecting data from primary and secondary sources. The research results show that in Toraja customary law, sanctions for the crime of adultery tend to be restorative in nature and involve customary deliberation to achieve reconciliation between the parties concerned. On the other hand, national law in Indonesia regulates sanctions for the crime of adultery through criminal law instruments with the potential for a prison sentence. This comparison provides an in-depth understanding of the differences in approaches between customary law and national law in dealing with the crime of adultery. The implications include the need for harmonization or synchronization between customary law and national law to ensure justice and sustainability of legal norms in society. This research can be the basis for improving legal regulations that are more inclusive and in line with local values and community needs.

Prospects for overcoming academic dishonesty in Ukraine in order to eliminate corruption and shadow schemes

Relevance. The relevance of the study is determined by the multidimensionality of academic integrity and the need to observe it. Since the scientific field is increasingly faced with plagiarism, custom texts when someone else's thoughts are passed off as one's own. The development of academic integrity is important for the elimination of corruption in the educational sphere. Therefore, it is important to find perspectives for its reconstruction. Purpose. The purpose of the research work is to define the concept of academic integrity and find ways to transform the education system in Ukraine without “shadow” schemes and corruption. Methodology. The methodological basis of the article consists of a systematic analysis of the types of academic dishonesty of participants in the educational process and an analytical one, which consists of the study of the development of academic integrity in the educational environment, and the search for prospects for restructuring the education of Ukraine to eliminate corruption schemes through a comparative analysis of the ways of implementation. Results. The result of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework and legislation that regulates the strengthening of academic integrity in Ukraine. The work examines the problem of violation of ethical norms in the field of education and suggests ways to eliminate corruption in the educational institutions of Ukraine. Conclusions. One of the prospects for restructuring the education system is the implementation of ethical codes in the educational space. The practical value of the results of scientific research is determined by their further implementation and implementation in the educational environment and is important for participants in the modern educational process. Keywords: academic violations; ethical standards in education; corruption in the educational sphere; educational process; plagiarism; Code of ethics

Disrupting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Attenuates the Difference in Decision-Making for Altruistic Punishment Between the Gain and Loss Contexts.

Altruistic punishment is a primary response to social norms violations; its neural mechanism has also attracted extensive research attention. In the present studies, we applied a low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while participants engaged in a modified Ultimatum Game (Study 1) and third-party punishment game (Study 2) to explore how the bilateral DLPFC disruption affects people's perception of violation of fairness norms and altruistic punishment decision in the gain and loss contexts. Typically, punishers intervene more often against and show more social outrage towards Dictators/Proposers who unfairly distribute losses than those who unfairly share gains. We found that disrupting the function of the left DLPFC in the second-party punishment and the bilateral DLPFC in the third-party punishment with rTMS effectively obliterated this difference, making participants punish unfairly shared gains as often as they usually would punish unfairly shared losses. In the altruistic punishment of maintaining the social fairness norms, the inhibition of the right DLPFC function will affect the deviation of individual information integration ability; the inhibition of the left DLPFC function will affect the assessment of the degree of violation of fairness norms and weaken impulse control, leading to attenuate the moderating effect of gain and loss contexts on altruistic punishment. Our findings emphasize that DLPFC is closely related to altruistic punishment and provide causal neuroscientific evidence.

Features of investigative actions when investigating crimes related to land damage

The article examines various types of crimes associated with violation of environmental norms, destruction of vegetation, or improper use of land resources. The authors analyze the challenges that arise during the investigation process, and offer practical recommendations for optimizing related activities. The study is based on the analysis of court practices, existing legislation, and expert opinions.

Reverse contagion: role of empathy, narrative appeal, and intensity of previous misbehavior

PurposeThis study aims to explore consumer motivations to mitigate the contagion effect in access-based consumption after instances of prior customer misbehavior. Reverse contagion, demonstrated through customer citizenship behavior, entails using both firm-provided and personal resources to cocreate value, even in the presence of norm violations by others. The research delves into the influence of empathy, narrative appeal and past misbehavior severity on customer behavior, specifically in the context of reverse contagion.Design/methodology/approachTwo scenario-based studies and a field study were used within the context of scooter-sharing to assess the conceptual model. Study 1 (n = 156) and Study 2 (n = 97) were conducted through surveys. Study 3 (n = 54) was a field study.FindingsThe results emphasize the crucial role of empathy in breaking the cycle of misbehavior contagion. Specifically, the findings suggest that narrative appeals have the potential foster greater empathy, encouraging customers to counteract the contagion. However, the intensity of prior misbehavior lessens the efficacy of narrative appeals in triggering reverse contagion, thereby moderating the mediating effect of empathy.Originality/valueThis study investigates reverse contagion stemming from customer misbehavior in accessed-based consumption. It delves into the impact of empathy, narrative appeal and previous misbehavior on the dynamics of value codestruction and cocreation. This comprehensive examination of these factors within a unified framework represents a new contribution to the literature. The results illuminate this intricate phenomenon, offering valuable insights for managers to address adverse customer behavior and harness the positive aspects of reverse contagion.

Cooperation and norm enforcement differ strongly across adult generations

Cooperation of different generations is crucial to meet many important societal challenges, including climate change or the sustainability of the welfare state. Little is known, however, about different generations’ ability to cooperate in social dilemma situations, and their willingness to enforce social norms of cooperation. We present an experiment with two generations – juniors in their 20ies, and seniors who are 50 years or older, with an average age of 67. They play a repeated prisoner's dilemma (PD) game with third-party punishment. The third party is either a person from the same generation as the players in the PD game or from the other generation, and this is common knowledge. We find that seniors cooperate twice as much as juniors do, irrespective of the generation of the third-party. Moreover, seniors are much stricter as third parties and punish norm violations much more frequently than juniors do. However, the cooperation levels of both generations react hardly to third party punishment, which means that both generations differ strongly in their attempts to enforce norms of cooperation and in their reaction to norm enforcement. These differences across generations may pose a serious threat for the solution of intergenerational problems.