Violation Of Human Rights Research Articles

State Responsibility in Protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers as Fulfillment of Human Rights

<p>This research aims to examine the state's responsibility in protecting Indonesian migrant workers in an effort to fulfill human rights. Indonesian migrant workers have an important role in the nation's economic development. As a contributor to the country's foreign exchange, legal protection for Indonesian migrant workers abroad is very important. The placement of migrant workers abroad has increased. The increasing interest of Indonesian migrant workers abroad is in line with the growing complexity of problems faced by Indonesian migrant workers in the form of human rights violations, verbal, physical, and sexual harassment, and other violence. The urgency of this research is to determine the role and responsibility of the state in protecting Indonesian migrant workers, especially those abroad, based on existing laws and regulations, such as the existence of Law Number 18 of 2017. This research is normative legal research. Updates and research results carried out by the government regarding the protection of Indonesian migrant workers have been regulated in Law Number 18 of 2017. Forms of protection are carried out starting before placement, during placement, and after placement. From the research conducted, it was concluded that the state's responsibility and protection for Indonesian migrant workers still need to be improved.<em></em></p>

“Chasing Queers with Cameras”: Objects, a “Prosthetic Man,” and the Impotent Witnessing of War in The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida

This paper approaches Shehan Karunatilaka’s novel The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida as a tongue-in-cheek queer reimagining of Sri Lanka’s bloody 1980s when the government battled Tamil militant groups as well as an armed insurgency in the south. This queer revision is filtered through dysfunctional things. Dead and amnesiac, the protagonist recalls the chain of events as it is reconstituted by broken cameras, blurry photographs, accessories with slippery meanings, and repurposed sports and military equipment. Positing that dysfunctional objects are related to queer positionality and mediate the retelling, I explore their role in producing a satirical queer fictional war history. I argue that objects, in terms of how they symbolize witnessing war, enact impotent witnessing, a conceit discursively premised on the Sinhala queerphobic/transphobic insult ponnaya, which signifies male queerness and/or impotence, including political impotence. Objects make a virtue of impotence when producing a satirical war record, probing whether a queer war photographer has the prerogative to bear witness to human rights violations and atrocities from his subaltern position. The paper finds that objects’ impotent witnessing metaphorically depicts some silenced and non-hegemonic voices from the 1980s war history, reflecting a politics of foregrounding delegitimized and non-normative accounts of that time.

Human rights and corruption: Problems and potential of individualizing a systemic problem

Abstract This article examines the advantages and challenges of a deliberate legal-political strategy that addresses corruption at an individual, rather than systemic, level. Empirical research has highlighted the correlations between the extent and nature of corruption and the level of human rights enjoyment. In response to these observations, anti-corruption and human rights policy agendas have been converging at the international and regional levels. However, framing corruption as a human rights violation that incurs international state responsibility poses conceptual difficulties. Additionally, the risks and benefits of this convergence need to be assessed. This article concludes that the human rights approach provides significant added value, outweighing its limitations. Yet, it remains an open question whether human rights are the appropriate normative framework for denouncing and combating corruption. The article suggests that the human rights perspective, by opening up new avenues for monitoring and litigation, effectively supplements the criminal law approach. It argues for a more balanced integration of corruption concerns within human rights frameworks, with equal emphasis on human rights considerations in all anti-corruption monitoring schemes. Such integration would likely foster a positive feedback loop, where anti-corruption efforts enhance human rights conditions, while certain human rights facilitate the fight against corruption.

The Status of the People’s Tribunal in Resolving Land Disputes in the Dago Elos Community

This study aims to analyze the status of the People’s Tribunal within the context of land dispute resolution in the Dago Elos community. This study uses a normative legal research method. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the study objectives. The results show that despite lacking legally binding power, the People’s Tribunal plays a crucial role in fighting for justice and giving a voice to communities who feel their rights have been neglected by the formal judicial system. In the context of the Dago Elos land dispute, the People’s Tribunal serves as a platform for the community to articulate their dissatisfaction with court decisions perceived as unjust, and to fight for recognition of their rights to land and natural resources. The People’s Tribunal also symbolizes resistance against the legacy of colonialism and encourages more responsive legal reforms. Therefore, it is recommended that law enforcement agencies consider the People’s Tribunal’s verdict as valuable input in the law enforcement process, especially in cases involving structural injustice and human rights violations. The government needs to be more responsive to the aspirations of the community and strive for agrarian legal reforms that are more just, by recognizing and protecting the rights of local communities to land and natural resources. The community is advised to continue to strengthen the role of the People’s Tribunal as an alternative means of dispute resolution and upholding justice. In addition, the community is expected to participate in the decision-making process and oversee public policies related to the management of land and natural resources to ensure that these policies benefit the wider community and are sustainable.

Pelanggaran Prinsip Miranda Rule pada Proses Penyidikan Perkara Pidana di Indonesia (Tinjauan Kasus Pengamen Cipulir Jakarta Selatan 2013)

The criminal justice system in Indonesia is plagued by various types of crimes, including official indifference, abuse of authority by officers, and human rights violations related to people's civil rights. The rights of suspects, which are fundamental human rights and are ingrained in them, are often ignored in the Indonesian criminal justice system, to the detriment of suspects. The case that attracted attention was an incident that occurred in 2013 in Cipulir, South Jakarta, where several buskers were accused of committing the crime of murder. This case surfaced after reports that detained buskers were not given their basic rights during the investigation process, which could be linked to a violation of Miranda Rule principles. This research aims to find out how the Miranda Rule principles guarantee the rights of suspects in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a normative method, using the concept of a statutory approach. The purpose of the results of this research is to understand that the Miranda Principle or known as Miranda rights is what happens when someone gives a warning to someone who is in danger. Namely the right to obtain/contact legal advisors/advocates. If unable, then given the opportunity to provide legal advice/advocate. The right to obtain legal assistance has been included in Articles 54, 55 and 114 of the Criminal Procedure Code. If he is unable to do so, the suspect has the right to be provided with legal advice by the relevant official or through an investigator, as regulated in article 56 paragraph 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code. As for Miranda Warning (Right To Remain Silent), it is not regulated explicitly, but its application can be interpreted implicitly in articles 52, 117 and 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

Three Decades of Transitional Justice Practice in Africa: Reflections on Lessons Learnt Towards an African Transformative Justice

ABSTRACT The transitional justice field has shown great versatility in its response to the consequences of conflicts, dealing with human rights violations, addressing legacies of the past and tackling emerging issues and vulnerabilities. This editorial reflects on Africa’s three decades of implementing transitional justice with a focus on key lessons learnt and their contribution to the betterment of transitional justice offering on the continent. The editorial discusses an African transformative justice as codified in the African Union Transitional Justice Policy as responsive, resonant and contextually relevant to the lived realities on the continent. The editorial argues that the African Union Transitional Justice Policy is the embodiment of lessons learnt from transitional justice practice on the continent and demonstrates the adaptability and expansion of the frontiers of transitional justice to address emerging issues as well as both historical legacies and most recent violations.

Introduction of the position of the Commissioner for Environmental Human Rights in Ukraine taking into account the increase in negative factors affecting the state of the environment

The article examines theoretical and legal issues related to the need to introduce the institution of the Commissioner for Environmental Rights in Ukraine. In order to clarify this issue, the legislation of Ukraine and international legal acts, the provisions of which relate to environmental human rights, are analyzed. In addition, the authors researched the foreign experience of various models of the implementation of the position of the environmental ombudsman – the USA, Great Britain, Austria and the Republic of the Philippines. Taking into account the increase in factors influencing the state of the environment, the issue of protecting violated human environmental rights is becoming increasingly important. It is especially important to ensure the protection of environmental rights in the period of martial law in connection with the mass of their violation by the aggressor state. The issue of the relationship between the environment and human rights is considered. The article proposes the introduction of the position of the Commissioner for Environmental Rights in Ukraine with the definition of his main tasks, in particular: the implementation of the state environmental policy and strategies for the sustainable development of regions in the field of environmental protection, the implementation of monitoring in order to detect violations of environmental human rights, the initiation of the investigation of committed violations in the absence of a statement from other individuals or legal entities about offenses, taking measures to prevent violations of environmental human rights, conducting educational and educational events for individuals and legal entities. Additionally, the grounds for the presence of regional representatives of the Environmental Ombudsman have been established. Attention is drawn to achieving the goal of sustainable and green economic development, taking into account climate goals, as well as protection of legal foundations, including environmental and social components.

Unwilling allies: the USSR, the Communist Party of Argentina, and the military dictatorship in Argentina, 1976–1983

The author of this article aims to explore the complex and contradictory relationship between the Communist Party of Argentina, the Soviet Union, and the military regime in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. It was a period of right-wing military dictatorship domination in the region, characterised by outright terrorist policies against left-wing forces, mass violations of human rights, which put the International Communist Movement in an ambiguous position due to the USSR’s close cooperation with the Argentine military junta. A unique situation of mutual interest between Soviet foreign policy and the military dictatorship developed in the USSR’s relations with the military regime in Argentina. The most important factor in this contradictory situation was the position of the Communist Party of Argentina, supported by the CPSU, on co-operation with a regime that other communist parties and leftist forces qualified as fascist, ultra-reactionary, and anti-communist. The USSR found moral and political justification for its cooperation with the Argentine regime in the policies of local communists who supported the regime, justifying its repression of leftist radical movements, especially the Montoneros. The Argentine Communist Party justified its policy by referring to the junta’s growing cooperation with the USSR. The article explores the reasons for this policy of the Communist Party, which caused tension in the international communist movement and the subsequent isolation of the Argentinian Communist Party. The specific political interests of the USSR were supported by the Argentine communists, who, in turn, saw in them a guarantee of their interests in the conditions of the harsh right-wing military regime in the country. For the first time in historiography, this paper, drawing on records from the archive of the CPSU Central Committee, documents the complex process of reconciling the USSR’s economic and political interests in Argentina during this difficult period of the Cold War.

Legal regulation of the asylum granting and ensuring of the refugees’ rights in the European Union

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the asylum granting and ensuring of the refugees’ rights in the European Union. Within the framework of the article, the legal basis of the Common European Asylum System functioning, the creation of which is laid down in the constituent treaties of the European Union, is investigated. In particular, it is determined that the purpose of such a common system is to establish unified standards for determining the criteria for admissibility of applications for asylum or international protection, a similar procedure for considering such applications and the grounds for refusing or suspending the status of a refugee or a person seeking temporary protection, as well as determining the state, responsible for providing asylum, uniform standards for ensuring the rights of refugees, as well as common principles of cooperation between the Member States and partner states that are not members of the Union. The key provisions of the Directive on qualification criteria, on the procedure for granting asylum and international protection, on the conditions of reception and rights of refugees, as well as the Dublin Regulation and the Eurodac Regulation were analyzed. The authors put an emphasis on the fact that because of the full-scale invasion and emergence of the war on the territory of Ukraine, significant changes were made to the process and procedures for granting refugee status and providing asylum within the framework of the legislation of the European Union. The latest Pact on Migration and Asylum was analyzed, especially regarding changes in ensuring border security, quick and effective procedures for considering and obtaining the status of a refugee or a person seeking international protection, solidarity and responsibility among countries that are obliged to provide asylum, as well as strengthening international cooperation in the field of migration. The authors express their support for those concerns regarding alleged violations that may occur after the entry into force of the Pact, in connection with the threat of violations of fundamental human rights. It was concluded that ensuring dignity and respect for human rights is a priority, considering that refugees are recognized as persons who have already suffered violations and were forced to leave their homes.

Fighting Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: A Case Study of ActionAid

This paper examines ActionAid’s effort to get rid of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya, whereby it focuses on the grassroot initiatives at eradicating the practice. Female Genital Mutilation is a violation of human rights, and a severe form of gender Based violence which is deeply rooted in certain cultural and social norms across various communities. The study highlights ActionAid’s multifaceted approach, including advocacy, community mobilization, and legal support, as well as the provision of direct services to women and girls at risk of FGM. Key strategies such as Women’s Watch groups, legal education, and alternative livelihoods for surgeons are discussed, emphasizing the role of local communities in effecting lasting change. The paper also addresses the importance of engaging men, local leaders, and youth in the fight against FGM, with specific reference to ActionAid’s initiatives in Kenya, where FGM remains prevalent in certain ethnic groups. Through these efforts, ActionAid has made significant strides in reducing the practice and shifting cultural perceptions surrounding FGM. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of continued education, legal reform, and community-led action in the long-term goal of eliminating FGM and promoting gender equality.

Self-Determination v Remedial Secession: The Status of Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) under International Law

Nagorno-Karabakh is a region situated between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which has been the subject of a territorial dispute between the two neighbouring countries. The region declared independence as Republic of Artsakh and separated from Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan accused Armenia of unlawfully intervening in the formation of Artsakh, while Artsakh claimed its independence was legal under the Soviet's Law of Secession, asserting its right to self-determination. Artsakh also pointed to human rights abuses and systematic discrimination by Azerbaijan as reasons for its secession. This paper examines the legitimacy of Artsakh's secession and considers the role of alleged human rights violations by Azerbaijan for its legitimacy. International law demonstrated that practices of secession were somewhat accepted provided that a lawful ground has been adequately fulfilled as a mandatory part of divorcing a territory from its mainland. However, Artsakh’s secession from Azerbaijan is not provided by a solid, reasonable measure as a “remedial” for all the casualties that had taken place. Also, on historic ground, Artsakh failed to provide sufficient records and proof to attest to its legitimacy as a separate entity utterly detached from Azerbaijan.

Transnational Human Rights Violations: Addressing the Evolution of Globalized Repression through National Human Rights Institutions

Abstract Transnational Human Rights Violations (THRV) are infringements of individual rights that originate outside the jurisdiction in which they take effect. Ranging from violent and criminal forms of transnational repression through to coercion against targets’ family members abroad, digital surveillance, and legal intimidation, THRVs today generate widespread and systemic constraints on the exercise of human rights in jurisdictions around the world. At present, however, targets of THRVs typically find few avenues through which to raise complaints, receive assistance or pursue redress. This article proposes a new domestic institutional mechanism to directly address this situation. It first examines the mutually reinforcing, additive effects of transnational surveillance, coercion and censorship in the digital era. Next, it identifies relevant human rights standards showing state responsibilities to monitor and counter THRVs within their jurisdiction, and the growing recognition of additive, systemic effects of THRVs on broad populations. The third section examines policy responses in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and international organizations, noting that none has adequately addressed the contemporary nature and scope of THRVs as international standards require. The final section argues that to meet their obligations, states should establish Transnational Rights Protection Offices (TRPOs) to provide a clear contact point for targets to raise complaints and receive support; monitor and report on the situation of THRVs taking effect within the state’s jurisdiction; advise and inform government departments on THRV issues; and develop evidence-based policy recommendations. We conclude by laying out the rationale for its institutional status within National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs).

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi yang Melakukan Praktik Perbudakan Terhadap Buruh

The case of slavery practices involving workers at the oil palm plantation company, raises questions about corporate criminal responsibility. The case was revealed after the police received information about workers being held captive and abused at the company. The results of the investigation showed that five casual daily workers were victims of abuse by unscrupulous employees, who also threatened and fired air soft guns. The five victims were then taken to the company hall to be further abused by the suspects. The police named six suspects, including a legislative candidate, who were involved in this case. The investigation also revealed that dozens of workers had experienced inhumane treatment, which resulted in them asking the police for help. This practice of violence has fulfilled criminal elements, so that the perpetrators were charged with various criminal articles, including Article 170, Article 333, Article 335, and Article 351 of the Criminal Code, as well as Article 2 of the Law on the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. Acts of abuse committed by companies and employees against workers show the need for corporate criminal accountability in cases of human rights violations and violence against workers. Strict prevention and law enforcement efforts are needed to protect workers' rights and prevent the recurrence of these harmful practices in the future.

THE MEANINGFULNESS OF DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN THE ARGUMENTS OF THE FIRST INDONESIAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE DEBATE IN 2024

The realization of democratic values is a serious effort to alleviate some of the problems that occur in Indonesia. This matter was discussed in depth by three candidates for President of Indonesia in 2024; Anies Rasyid Baswedan, Prabowo Subianto, and Ganjar Pranowo at the inaugural debate event which took place on December 12 2023. In this regard, this research seeks to analyze the meaningfulness of democratic values contained in the debate arguments for the 2024 Presidential Candidates of the Republic of Indonesia as well as the driving factors. This research uses a content analysis method with a qualitative approach, focusing on democratic values in the first debate session of the 2024 Indonesian Presidential candidates. Data was collected through transcription of debate videos and other sources such as books and journal articles; national and international. Analysis was carried out using a thematic approach so that the validity of the data was obtained through diligent observation. The research results show that Anies Rasyid Baswedan's argument tends to include the value of equality before the law with six (6) findings, Prabowo Subianto's argument focuses more on respect for human rights with four (4) findings, and the same goes for Ganjar Pranowo who focuses its arguments towards respecting human rights with five (5) findings.Crucial issues such as unequal access to justice, human rights violations and corruption are the driving factors for the 2024 Indonesian Presidential candidates to raise debate arguments that contain democratic values.

Global perceptions of state apologies for human rights violations.

State apologies for human rights violations are often seen as a key mechanism in reconciliation processes. Nevertheless, they are often contested as well and have not been embraced equally by countries around the world. This raises questions about their universal value and potential to address or redress past harmdoing by countries. In a study across 33 countries (n = 11,023), we found that people around the world consider apologies by states for human rights violations to be reasonably important but tend to be less supportive of the idea that their own country should apologize for past harmdoing. We found that this discrepancy was amplified in countries with stronger honour norms and a stronger collective sense of victim- rather than perpetratorhood. Moving beyond the decontextualized approach that has prevailed in previous psychological research on this topic, our findings show that people's attitudes towards apologies by their country do not exist in a cultural and social vacuum but depend on the extent to which the broader context affords a critical reflection on past harmdoing. As such, they help explain why some countries have been reluctant to offer apologies, and why such gestures may also be more controversial in some contexts than in others.

Addressing healthcare vulnerabilities in nursing homes : Insights from human rights monitoring in two Austrian provinces.

Current demographic changes bear challenges for national care systems due to higher life expectancy of older citizens. Largely cut off from society, nursing home residents are at risk for violence, neglect, and other potential human rights violations. This study aimed to investigate healthcare vulnerabilities in nursing homes and evaluate the Austrian National Preventive Mechanism (NPM). Between 2017 and 2019, 55 monitoring visits were conducted in 32 nursing homes. Study outcomes from two Austrian provinces included data on infrastructure, occupancy, staffing, resident's demographics and medical conditions, as well as measures related to the functioning of the NPM. Accessibility with mobility aids was sufficient in 87%, but assistance for persons with visual or hearing impairments solely in 20-40% of the institutions. An understaffing with nursing assistants (-5.2 full-time equivalents in Carinthia) and home helpers (-1.6 in Carinthia and Styria) was present. Less than 20% of the personnel received advanced training related to dementia and neuropsychiatric care. While 50% of the residents were diagnosed with apsychiatric disorder, approximately 36% received support from an appointed legal guardian. Of the monitoring visits 58.1% were conducted due to anonymous complaints and urgent referrals. The median processing times of the NPM and the provincial governments exceeded 250 days. Human rights monitoring reveals critical aspects in nursing home care, including insufficient accessibility, understaffing and inadequate training. Although the authorities' handling times hinder prompt responses, the NPM may foster systemic improvements and accountability within nursing homes.

Implementasi Peraturan Hukum dan Upaya Represif yang Dilakukan Untuk Menangani Kasus Pelanggaran HAM di Indonesia

This study explores the positive legal perspective that exists in Indonesia on human rights violations. (HAM). As a state of law, Indonesia has a responsibility to deal with various issues related to the public interest, including human rights violations. The findings can be concluded that the legal protection of human rights in Indonesia is naturally contained in the values of the Pancasila before the formation of the specific legal substance regarding human rights. With the method of normative jurisprudence research, this article is titled Implementation of the Law Regulations and Repressive Efforts to Deal with the Cases of Human Rights Violations in Indonesia by the process of collection of literary material through scrutiny, analysis, and systematic compilation of findings. The aim of this study is to examine in depth how the law is applied to cases of human rights violations in Indonesia as well as what the government is doing as a repressive effort to resolve human rights cases in Indonesia. The findings can be summarised by the fact that every country continues to strive to enforce human rights through different systems and actions, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, human rights issues are dealt with through various methods, including consultation, negotiation, media, and consultation. Governments should focus on dealing with the needs and conditions of the people, not just legal issues. Human rights issues in various regions are dealt with through various strategies, such as national and international mechanisms, the Commission on Human Rights, non-judicial machinery, and the Indonesian Human Rights Commission.

Cybertorture: Transformation of Humanitarian Crime and Development of Normative Construction in Indonesia

The development and social transformation of technology has had an impact on changes in the types and forms of violence and even torture aimed as an instrument of terror, punishment and even extermination. The practice of cybertorture has not become a popular narrative or discourse in Indonesia even though it has been realized about the serious impact, especially on psychological, mental and social aspects. Such actions are part of crimes against humanity and violations of human rights. This study aims to further examine the concepts, characteristics and efforts to develop law enforcement based on the perspective of human rights and civil and political rights. There are 2 problematic issues in this paper, namely 1. What are the concepts and characteristics of cybertortortue; 2. What are the opportunities for the development of Cybertortue law enforcement in Indonesia? Literature study (library research) is used as a method to examine existing concepts and legal materials so that an analytical description can be produced that can answer the problems posed. The study concluded that Cybertorture is a new type of torture that is intentionally carried out in the cyber space to provide pain, in the form of threats to physical, psychological, bullying, sexual violence, or other inhumane acts of torture, causing severe mental, psychological, social and physical suffering. Cybertorture is a new form of torture that has the potential to continue to grow, but there is no serious and focused legal politics to tackle it. It is necessary to further develop strategies and approaches in law enforcement instruments in Indonesia with a human rights perspective and victim protection.

Human Rights Violation of Dalit Women in Bangladesh

By reviewing secondary literature, this paper has analyzed the human rights situation and challenges of Dalit communities in Bangladesh, with a specific focus on the status of their women. The review unravels that Dalits belong to the most underprivileged minor communities, generally considered as lesser human beings, impure, polluted, and are secluded as well as excluded from the social and economic domains of mainstream society. Due to the social norms associated with caste system, their economic opportunities are strictly limited to menial, low paid, and service oriented jobs. Social exclusion denies their access to most basic rights, opportunities, and potential to develop as full human beings. As a result, they fail to break the inter-generational cycle of poverty, exclusion, and other forms of socio-economic marginalization. Dalit women’s situation is far worse and daunting due to their multifaceted marginal identities of being gender, religious, and occupational minorities. Finally, this paper advocates the necessity for hearing the voices and perspectives of Dalit communities, and facilitate social dialogues between them and stakeholders from governmental and non-governmental organizations, to preserve and re-conceptualize Dalit’s human rights in their own terms.

Navigating Turbulence: ASEAN’s Leadership Challenges in the Human Rights Violation in Myanmar and South China Sea Dispute

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most rapidly growing regional organizations, significantly influencing the geopolitical landscape of Southeast Asia and beyond. Despite these successes, however, ASEAN currently faces serious challenges in maintaining its unity, solidarity, and cohesiveness. A critical issue is the divergence in views, attitudes, and policies of member countries on crucial political and security matters. This study explores the concept of leadership within the structure of regionalization in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The concept is shaped by structural capabilities derived from the region's resource production and manpower, with charisma playing a crucial role in leadership. Based on this concept, this study explores the leadership role in ASEAN's efforts to address current and upcoming issues, particularly about human rights abuses in Myanmar and South China Sea disputes. This study compares Indonesia's leadership within ASEAN to that of other member states using a qualitative comparative case study design. This method investigates how different elements affect the phenomenon that is being studied. A more nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between various variables, including leadership, domestic turmoil, and regional dynamics, can be obtained through the analysis of cases in real-life contexts. The study posits that ASEAN will not be able to uphold its integrity and accelerate the realization of a harmonious ASEAN society in the future without robust leadership. Unlike in its early years, ASEAN today lacks a leader capable of mobilizing political resources to address and resolve collective issues within the organization.