Vinyl House Research Articles

Nitrogen manipulation affects leaf senescence during late seed filling in soybean

It is known that soybean plants store nitrogen during vegetative growth stage, and then remobilize it to the seeds during seed filling. This nitrogen remobilization is assumed to induce leaf senescence. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the manipulation of nitrogen availability could affect leaf senescence during seed filling. Soybean variety Fukuyutaka was grown in the side-opened vinyl house in 2014 and 2015 in Saga University, Japan. The plants were sufficiently watered with the solution containing 100 mg L−1 nitrogen and other nutrients before starting the treatments. The nutrient solution with different nitrogen concentrations (5–800 mg L−1) was applied to the plants from R6 (full-seed) to R7 (physiological maturity) stages. Parallel to the progress of plant senescence after R6 stage, the leaf-SPAD value, leaf nitrogen and soluble protein contents decreased gradually in control plants (100 mg L−1 nitrogen); however, these parameters did not change in higher nitrogen concentration treatments, whereas decreased quickly in lower nitrogen treatments. Therefore, the leaves and stems in higher nitrogen treatments remained green even at harvest time when the whole plant senesced in control and lower nitrogen treatments. The relative expression of an autophagy gene, GmATG8c, which is associated with nitrogen remobilization, showed the lower the nitrogen availability the earlier the up-regulation. The present results revealed that the shortage of nitrogen could stimulate the leaf senescence, while increasing soil nitrogen availability could delay even stop the leaf senescence, indicating that the nitrogen availability could be a key regulating factor of monocarpic senescence in soybean.

강선으로 보강된 연동형 비닐하우스 골조의 구조거동

For the reason of economy, farmers and structural engineers prefer the vinyl house frame members that have the lightest cross sections. Therefore, in order to reach this aim, rod bracing system is the best method for multiple vinyl house frames. In this study, wire rods (tension members) are used to be bracing members in multiple vinyl house frames. The effects of additional wire rods in the frames are investigated by the variations of the bending moments, axial forces, displacements and combined stresses in the main frames that are reinforced by different shapes of rod bracing system. Vinyl house frames are usually made by steel pipe members and collapsed by the excessive wind and snow loads. Two kinds of bracing models are used for wind and snow loads separately in this study. The effective bracing models for each load are finally figured out.

Effects of light shading and climatic conditions on the metabolic behavior of flonicamid in red bell pepper.

The degradation behavior of flonicamid and its metabolites (4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA) and N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG)) was evaluated in red bell pepper over a period of 90 days under glass house conditions, including high temperature, low and high humidity, and in a vinyl house covered with high density polyethylene light shade covering film (35 and 75%). Flonicamid (10% active ingredient) was applied (via foliar application) to all fruits, including those groups grown under normal conditions (glass house) or under no shade cover (vinyl house). Samples were extracted using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe "QuEChERS" method and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The method performance, including linearity, recovery, limits of detection (LOD), and quantitation (LOQ), was satisfactory. Throughout the experimental period, the residual levels of flonicamid and TFNG were not uniform, whereas that of TFNA remained constant. The total sum of the residues (flonicamid and its metabolites) was higher in the vinyl house with shade cover than in the glass house, under various conditions. The total residues were significantly higher when the treatment was applied under high light shade (75%). The flonicamid half-life decreased from 47.2 days (under normal conditions) to 28.4 days (at high temperatures) in the glass house, while it increased from 47.9 days (no shade cover) to 66 days (75% light shading) in the vinyl house. High humidity leads to decreases in the total sum of flonicamid residues in red bell pepper grown in a glass house, because it leads to an increase in the rate of water loss, which in turn accelerates the volatilization of the pesticide. For safety reasons, it is advisable to grow red bell pepper under glass house conditions because of the effects of solar radiation, which increases the rate of flonicamid degradation into its metabolites.

Plant Water Relations and Proline Accumulations in Soybean Under Salt and Water Stress Environment

The study was carried out with three soybean genotypes viz. Galarsum, BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 in a vinyl house of Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh during January to March, 2012 to analyze leaf water status, leaf temperature, xylem exudation and proline accumulation under salt and water stress environment. Treatments included control, water shortage, 50 mM NaCl irrigation, 50 mM NaCl irrigation with water shortage, 75 mM NaCl irrigation, and 75 mM NaCl irrigation with water shortage environments. The relative water content, xylem exudation, leaf water potential of soybean plants were sharply decreased at 75 mM NaCl salt combined with water stress environment. However, these changes were lower in Galarsum and recorded 74.28 % relative water content, 7 mg hr-1 xylem exudation rate and -1.03 MPa leaf water potential. Leaf temperature was more in BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 than Galarsum. Galarsum accumulated higher amount of proline in leaves under salt and water stress environment. At 75 mM NaCl salt combined with water stress treatment, the highest proline content was also recorded in Galarsum (2.34 µmoles g-1 fresh weight). Plant water status and biochemical changed sharply under combined salt and water stress condition. Among the soybean genotype, Galarsum was more capable than BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 to manage salt under water stress environment.

The cutting reproduction technique of Salix oritrepha and its application on degraded grasslands restoration

<i>Salix oritrepha</i> is one of the most adaptable perennial woody plants found to date in the Maqu alpine regions. We use the cutting reproduction technique with the <i>S. oritrepha</i> and apply the straw checkerboard technique (SCT) to restore degraded alpine grasslands. Cuttings of <i>S. oritrepha</i> with different cutting positions (hardwood 0.5 to 1 [0.2 to 0.4 in] and 1 to 1.5 cm [0.4 to 0.8 in]; softwood 0.3 to 0.5 cm [0.12 to 0.2 in]; and root 0.5 to 1 cm [0.2 to 0.4 in] in diameter) and lengths (15 and 20 cm [5.9 to 7.8 in]) were treated with different cultivating methods in field and potted culture experiments (April of 2005 to October of 2007). One year old plants were transplanted to sand dunes with no precautions and sand dunes with SCT in April of 2008, and harvested in October of 2012. The results indicate that the hardwood cuttings (1 to 1.5 cm [0.2 to 0.4 in] in diameter and 20 cm [7.8 in] in length) which were potted in a vinyl house, cut in a vinyl house, and covered with a plastic membrane in the field, were the best cutting cultivation methods. However, it is noteworthy that the plants potted in a vinyl house show better growth performance in sand dunes with SCT than plants cut in a vinyl house and covered with a plastic membrane in the field cultivated. The vinyl-house potted method (1 to 1.5 cm [0.4 to 0.8 in] in diameter and 20 cm [7.8 in] in length,) promoted plant height, total dry weight, survival rate of cuttings, and preservation rate, and, concomitantly, increased the soil9s organic carbon (C), available nitrogen (N), and soil microbial biomass C and N, resulting in a significant improvement in both the microenvironment and the stability of the dune surface (0 to 30 cm [0 to 11.8 in]). The contribution of the soil9s organic C and available N to soil fertility (compared with sand dunes with no precautions) ranged from 43% and 54% in the sand dunes with SCT, and increased to 83% and 86% in vinyl-house potted method cultivated plants grown in the sand dunes with SCT. The microbial biomass C and N varied from 18% and 38% in the sand dunes with SCT and increased to 40% and 85% in vinyl-house potted method cultivated plants grown in sand dunes with SCT (0 to 10 cm [0 to 3.9 in], similar to that of 10 to 20 cm [3.9 to 7.8 in] and 20 to 30 cm [7.8 to 11.8 in] in soil depths). These findings suggest that the sand dune fixation of vinyl-house potted method cultivated <i>S. oritrepha</i> (hardwood 1 to 1.5 cm [0.4 to 0.8 in]; length 20 cm [7.8 in]) with the SCT is considered an effective strategy to restore degraded grasslands in the alpine regions of China.

다양한 건조방법에 따른 목이버섯의 품질 특성

In order to produce the high quality of dried-ear mushroom, various drying methods such as hot-air dryingat 40 ~ 80℃, freeze drying and drying in vinyl house were carried out. Drying hours of hot-air drying, freeze drying anddrying in vinyl house were 12.5 ~ 21.5, 36.0 and 72.0 hrs, respectively. Vitamin D₂ content of sample was the highest as6.77 ㎍/g DW in drying in vinyl house and then followed by freeze drying as 5.90 ㎍/g DW and hot-air drying as1.89 ~ 5.01 ㎍/g DW. After dry, external appearance and color of mushrooms applied hot-air drying and drying in vinylhouse were better than freeze-dried one. After rehydration, water uptake of sample in drying in vinyl house and hot-air dryingat 50 ~ 60℃ were 17.8 and 19.3 ~ 21.0 times, respectively. The methods of drying in vinyl house and hot-air drying at50 ~ 60℃ also led to high hardness, good shape and resilience. As the results of production of dried-ear mushroom withhigh quality, we suggest that the best method for drying is the drying in vinyl house due to not only high Vitamin D₂ content,good external appearance and color after drying but also high hardness and good shape after rehydration.

아치형 비닐하우스 구조의 안정성 연구

Construction of vinyl house structures is increasing because they do not have a large cross section as non-permanent structures. Vinyl house structures are apt to collapse by snow load because they have a small size member as a temporary building. Therefore, it is very important to ensure not only the stiffness of the individual member, but also the overall stability of three-dimensional arch-type vinyl house structures. The purpose of this study is to estimate the stability of arch-type vinyl house structures that have a various curvature under the vertical load such as snow load. As a result of the study, the buckling load of V27 model is the largest, and the values of buckling load have a tendency to increase with increasing H(height of arch) in the case of <TEX>$H{\leq}2.75m$</TEX>, but to decrease with increasing H in the case of <TEX>$H{\geq}2.75m$</TEX>.

Evaluating landslide hazards using RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios

Recently, extreme meteorological events have occurred frequently owing to climate change and its influence. Impacts of concentrated precipitation events include the damage caused by landslides. Many areas in Gangwondo (Korea) are located at high elevation and have large elevation differences; these areas are thus at high risk of landslides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the landslide hazard of the province using representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and to compare results. This study produced an optimal landslide model for the province through analysis of variables and points of landslide origin. Estimates indicate that the landslide hazard area will increase to 154 km2. The RCP 8.5 scenario showed a larger (by about 59 km2) landslide hazard area than the RCP 4.5 scenario. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was also explored using statistical values of each scenario period. An overlay analysis (overlay of landslide hazard areas and land cover map) showed that 40.6 % of farmlands would be susceptible to landslides in 2070–2099 (RCP 8.5). Additionally, damage to the alpine agriculture due to landslides was also identified as a critical area. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the land-use types that occupy more than 20 % of the landslide hazard area are transportation, recreational facilities, and vinyl house for farming. This suggests that casualties from landslides will increase in future. It also highlights a lack of policies to manage development. Therefore, the local government of Gangwondo should consider landslide hazard areas when planning future land uses.

절접에 의한 헛개나무(Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai) 신품종(풍성 1, 2, 3호)의 증식

헛개나무(Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai, Korea raisin tree)는 동아시아가 원산지이며, 식 약용 수종으로서 밀원수종으로도 가치가 증대되고 있는 수종이다. 본 연구는 헛개나무의 절접에 의한 접수의 채취시기와 연령 및 비닐하우스 설치에 따른 접목활착율의 효과를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 헛개나무 신품종은 절접에 의한 접목 결과 클론간 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 온대 북부 권역에서는 휴먼기인 춘분 전에 접수를 채취하는 것이 가장 적합하며, 비닐하우스를 설치하는 경우에는 86% 이상의 높은 접목 활착율을 얻을 수 있다. 접수 연령은 1년지가 가장 적합하며 접목 후 비닐터널을 설치하여 접목상을 관리하면 80% 이상의 높은 접목활착율을 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai, the oriental raisin tree, has been considered not only fruit but an herbal medicine in East Asia including Korea, Japan and east China. As honey plant, value of this species had been rising steadily. The aim of this study was conducted to develop the propagation technique by scion collection time, scion age and vinyl house on survival rate of H. dulcis. The survival rate by veneer grafting showed no significant differences among 3 new cultivars. The scion collection at the northern temperature zone was observed to be the most appropriate time before the spring equinox when the plants are fully dormant. Especially, the installation of vinyl house showed 86% survival rate by veneer grafting. The scion age was effective 1 year shoot than 2 years shoot for increase the grafting survival rate. In this case, the installation of vinyl house can contribute above 80%.

잎새버섯(Grifola frondosa) 원목재배 기술 개발

잎새버섯 원목재배로서 비닐하우스 토양에 매립하여 재배한 결과 수확일은 다박 품종이 9월 13일에서 9월 23일사이로 잎새1호 품종에 비하여 15일정도 빠르고 색택은 잎새1호가 더 진한 갈색이었다. 수량에서는 다박 품종이 평방미터당 2012년 매립 시 11 kg, 2013년매립시 13.6 kg이었으며, 잎새1호 품종은 2012년 매립 시 15.3 kg, 2013년 매립 시 16.6 kg으로 잎새1호가 다소 높게 나타났다. 컨테이너상자내 토양에 매립하여 원목재배한 결과 수확일은 비닐하우스에서 토양에 매립하여 재배한 결과와 같이 다박품종이 잎새1호 품종에 비하여 5일 정도 수확이 빨랐으며 자실체의 색택 또한 잎새1호 품종이 더 진한 갈색으로 나타났다. 수량특성에서는 다박품종과 잎새1호 품종 모두 상자당 수량이 1.2~1.4 kg 사이로 큰 차이가 없었다. This study was conducted to develop the log cultivation techniques of the maitake Grifola frondosa. We used two kinds of Grifola frondosa strains for this study. Fully incubated logs were buried into soil directly and were buried with soil inside of container box in 70% shaded vinyl house. In the vinyl house Yipsaeilho cultivar buried by the soil was delayed about 15days in harvest date compared with Dabak cultivar. Color of fruit body of Yipsaeilho cultivar was dark brown and that of Dabak cultivar was grayish brown. Yields of Yipsaeilho cultivar was 15-16 <TEX>$kg/m^2$</TEX>, more than that of Dabak cultivar, 11-13 <TEX>$kg/m^2$</TEX>. In the container box, Yipsaeilho cultivar buried by the soil was also delayed about 5days in harvest date compared with Dabak cultivar. Color of fruit body was similar to the result of vinyl house soil reclamation. But yields difference was not shown between two cultivars, 1.2-1.4 kg/box.

Effects of Planting Date on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Rain Shielding Vinyl House of Busan Area

Effects of Planting Date on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Rain Shielding Vinyl House of Busan Area

하우스시설 재배지에서 발생하는 주요 선충

To know how much damages occurred by nematodes in plastic vinyl house field, soil samples were collected from strawberry cultivation areas at Buyeo and Nonsan in Chungnam and Jinju in Kyeongnam, melon cultivation area at Gocksung in Junnam and cucumber field at Gongju in Chungnam. And then, nematode samples were separated from each soil sample, and identified the kind of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes were separated from 52 soil samples. Among samples, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. and Helicotylenchus spp. were isolated from 45 (86.5%%) and 33 (63.5%) and 47 collected soil samples (90.4%), respectively. As a result of identification of plant-parasitic nematodes from regional collected soil samples, distribution of Helicotylenchus spp. was higher than any other plant-parasitic nematode. And the population of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchu spp. were also higher, and a occurrence ratio of Meloidogyne spp. is higher than Pratylenchu spp. except the cucumber growing area at Gongju.

The cDNA cloning of a novel bacterial blight-resistance gene &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;ME137&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt;

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide [1]. Use of resistant varieties has become the most economic and effective method to control the disease. To date, more than 30 genes have been found and characterized. Five dominant R genes, Xa1, Xa3, Xa21, Xa26, Xa27, and two recessive R genes, Xa5, Xa13, have been cloned [2–8]. However, because of the differentiation of physiological race and the continually emerging of new toxic bacterial flora, cultivated varieties with narrower resistance spectrum will lose their resistance ability to BB in a short period [9]. Therefore, excavating and identification of new resistance genes are of significance to control BB. Wild rice species have long been used as genetic resources in rice breeding. Some genes that confer resistance to blight disease have been identified in wild rice. Xa21, which was first reported by Khush et al. [10], was the first gene found in wild rice (Oryza longistaminata). After cloning and application in breeding resistant varieties, resistance genes were identified successively in O. rufipogon, O. minuta, O. officinalis, and O. australiensis [11– 14]. A previous study revealed that some of O. meyeriana materials are immune to the BB disease [15]. So far the genome of O. meyeriana has not been demonstrated, thus it is difficult to investigate the resistance gene. Furthermore, because hybridization could not happen normally between O. meyeriana (GG genome 2n 1⁄4 24) and cultivated rice (AA genome), it is hard to use the resistance gene of O. meyeriana by conventional hybridization approaches for improving cultivated rice. All of these indicate that we should try some other approaches to find and identify novel disease-resistance genes. It is interesting why O. meyeriana can be immune to BB disease and what kind of genes is related to BB disease resistance in O. meyeriana. In this study, a novel BB resistance-related gene, named temporarily ME137, was cloned from O. meyeriana. This study would lay the foundation for finding, identification and usage of new resistance genes, and breeding resistant varieties. The main materials used in this study were as follows: X. oryzae pv. oryzae C1, O. meyeriana planted in a vinyl house (Biotechnology & Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China) at natural temperature and light, RNAiso Plus (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), M-MLV-reverse transcriptase (TIANGEN, Beijing, China), 50-Full RACE kit (TaKaRa), SanPrep DNA gel extraction kit (Sangon, Shanghai, China), and pMD18-T Vector (TaKaRa). O. meyeriana was inoculated with C1 by the leafclipping method in the flowering stage. Fresh leaves inoculated were cut and collected for cloning cDNA. The fresh leaves at 1 d before Xoo induction and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 d after Xoo induction were used for semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. All the materials were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after collection and stored at 2808C for further use. Total RNA was extracted from collected leaf tissues and amplified into first-strand cDNA. The Expressed Sequence Tag sequence that has low homology with previously cloned ones to obtain a novel resistance gene was chosen from suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library and confirmed by a pair of primers 137-1 (50-GACCCTGCC CAACA-30) and 137-2 (50-ACCGCTGCCTGAT-30). The SSH library was constructed by the conventional method, after O. meyeriana was inoculated with Xoo as tester, and non-inoculated materials as driver [16]. The primers used for amplification of actin gene were actin-F (50-GTATGG TGAAGGCTGGATTTGC-30) and actin-R (50-ATTTCCCG CTCTGCTGTTGTGG-30). To obtain 30 end of ME137, the primer AP-dT (50-CG CGGATCCAAGCTTATCGATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-30) instead of Oligo dT was used when amplified into first-strand cDNA. Then, a pair of primers AP (50-CGCGGATCCAA GCTTATCGA-30) and 137-1 (50-GACCCTGCCCAACA-30) were designed to get the 30 end of cDNA sequence. 50 RACE was performed as recommended by the manufactures. To obtain specific band, nested PCR was used. In the outer PCR, a pair of primers outer-F (50-CATGGCTACATGCTG Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2013, 45: 422–424 | a The Author 2013. Published by ABBS Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt029. Advance Access Publication 4 April 2013

Evaluasi Konsumsi Air Beberapa Genotipe Padi untuk Potensi Efisiensi Penggunaan Air

Water use efficient varieties in rice may have good opportunity in term of economic value and scarcity of water. This study was conducted to determine water consumption among rice genotypes that conventionally cultivated as low land (IR64, IPB97-F-15, Ciherang, Mentik Wangi, and Rokan hybrid), up land (Jatiluhur, Silugonggo), and amphibian type (Way Apo Buru, that could be planted both as lowland and up land). Rice seedlings at 14 days old were transplanted in a plastic container containing 83 kg of air dried soil, 1 plant per whole and 6 plants per container. The experiment was conducted in a vinyl house, using randomized complete block design with three replications. During rice growth, water table was maintained at 2 cm above soil surface, and water was added and recorded weekly. The results showed that varieties reveal production components and yield were different significantly. Water consumptions among varieties were significantly different, ranged from 15.93 L plant-1 for IR64 to 24.13 L plant-1 for Jatiluhur, or equal with 3,639 to 4,827 m3 ha-1. Jatiluhur was the most efficient variety in using water. This finding may guide us to explore benefit of water use efficient variety as sustainable option in water management of rice cultivation.

상토의 물리.화학성이 시설하우스 묘삼의 생육에 미치는 영향

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of variouis organic substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings in a shaded plastic house. In the investigation of optimal substrate, the eight substrate were formulated by adjusting blending rate of peatmoss, perlite, coir dust(coco peat), and vermiculite. Then, the changes in physico·chemical properties of root substrates as well as their influences on the growth characteristics and yield were determined at six months after sowing. The elevation of the blending rate of peatmoss from 50% to 70% with decrease in the rate of inorganic component (mixture of perlite and vermiculite) from 50 to 30% resulted in the increase in container capacities and decrease in total porosities and air-filled capacities. The concentrations of NH4-N, P2O5 and K increased as the incorporation rate of castor seed meal, phosphate ore, and langbenite, respectively, were elevated during the root medium formulations. The PPV-1 and PPV-4 substrates produced high stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, leaf area and root length among eight substrate. Root fresh weight was heaviest in PPV-4 compound nursery media. The results of this experiment will be utilized in the new substrate application for ginseng organic culture in shaded vinyl house.

Black Rot of Kiwifruit Caused by Alternaria alternata in Korea

Black rot affecting fruits of kiwifruit, ‘Skinny Green’ (Actinidiahybrid) caused by Alternaria were found in a farmer's orchardlocated in Sacheon, Korea, in 2010. The disease was found exclu-sively on cultivar Skinny Green, which was recently developed inKorea. The typical symptoms of the disease wereblack spots ar oundthe remnants of the calyx of the kiwifruit, the spots graduallyexpanded and covered most of the calyx (Fig. 1A). The black fruitrot extended to the inside of fruits, while the outside of the lesionbecome hardened and mummified (Fig. 1B). Infected fruits are nolonger marketable. Alternaria often infects the blossom and young fruit throughwounds and forms abundant conidia on the surface of the lesions.Since the cultivar Skinny Green is often cultivated in vinyl houses,hot and humid conditions during the summer favor disease develop-ment and spread. The infection rate of the disease in the surveyedarea reached 18% in June to July, 2010. Fresh fruits with symptomswere collected from the fields and the causal pathogen was isolatedfrom the calyx of fruits. Colonies formed on potato dextrose agar(PDA) were velvety, olivaceous, black to sooty black, with abundantsporulation and little or no sporulating aerial mycelium, and nopigment release into the medium (Fig. 1C). The optimum temper-ature for growth of the fungus was 25°C Conidia wer. e pale brown togolden brown in color, commonly in moderately long or long chainsof five to ten or more, abundantly or sparsely branched, initiallylong-ellipsoid, becoming ellipsoid to ovoid, obclavate to obpyri-form, mostly beakless (erostrate) or with a narrowly tapered beak.They became conical, and generated secondary conidiophores of13−35×8−15 µm in size Th. ree to five transverse septa were observed,with one to two longitudinal or oblique septa in one or two of thetransverse divisions; a dark median septum was absent (Fig. 1D).Conidiophores were pale to mid-brown in color, smooth, septate,slightly swollen, and hyaline at the apex, solitary or in small fasciles,commonly branched, straight or flexuous, 80 µm long×4 µm inwide. The detailed mycological characteristics ofth e species and thehost range have been reported by Yu (2001). For pathogenicitytesting, a representative isolate of the pathogen was inoculated intofresh kiwifruits through a puncture wound.T he causal pathogen wasre-isolated from the lesions to confirm Koch's postulation (Fig. 1E).For further identification, we amplified and sequenced thecomplete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA of theisolate usingthe primers ITS1 and ITS4, as described by White et al. (1990). Theresulting sequence of57 0-bp was deposited in GenBank (AccessionNo HQ. 257255) P. hyol genetic analysis was conducted using MEGA4software, with the neighbor-joining method and the Tajima-Neidistance model. Comparison with ITS rDNA sequences showed100% similarity with sequences of Alternaria alternata (GQ249171)(Fig. 2). On the basis of symptoms, mycological characteristics,pathogenicity, and the ITS sequence, this fungus was identified as A.alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler. Only leaf spot diseases of kiwifruitcaused by Alternaria sp. have been described in Korea and black rot,on kiwifruits caused by A. alternata has not previously beenreported (Jeong et al., 2008). The representative culture of thefungus is stored at National Academy of Agricultural Science(KACC 45440), Suwon, Korea.

측벽 개방유무에 따른 축사지붕면의 풍압계수 특성분석

축사는 비닐하우스 다음으로 자연재해에 취약한 농촌시설물이다. 축사의 경우 측벽 없이 지붕만 있는 형태가 가장 많이 사용되고 있는데, 태풍이 불면 지붕 전제가 날아가 많은 피해가 발생하는 실정이다. 그래서 농가에서는 태풍피해예방을 위한 측벽에 윈치 커튼설치하여 피해를 예방하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 측벽 개방에 따른 축사지붕에 위치별 풍압 계수 분포특성에 대해서 알아보고자 한다. 측벽유무에 관계없이 축사지붕면의 피크외압계수분포에서 풍향각 <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX>로 불어오는 방향에 대해서 불리하게 작용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 측벽의 유무에 따라 피크외압계수가 풍향각과 처마의 길이에 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Livestock buildings are rural facilities as vulnerable to natural disasters as vinyl houses. Many of livestock buildings have a roof but without side walls. The roof of such structures is easily blown away by a typhoon and this results in a heavy loss. Therefore, farmers install winch curtains on the sides to prevent damages caused by typhoons. This study purposed to examine the distribution of wind pressure coefficient among different positions of livestock shed roof according to the opening of side walls. It was found that according to the distribution of peak external pressure coefficient on the roof surface of livestock shed, the wind blowing at wind angle <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> was disadvantageous to roof surface regardless of the presence of side walls. However, it was confirmed that the peak external pressure coefficient was affected by wind angle and the length of eave depending on the presence of side walls.

日本におけるルリジサ菌核病（新称）の確認

Potted borage (Borago officinalis) plants developed stem and petiole rot and fungal sclerotia in a vinyl house in Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan, in January 2008. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was isolated from the diseased plants, and pathogenicity was confirmed after plants were inoculated with the isolated fungus, developed the same symptoms, and the fungus was reisolated.

폭설시 비닐하우스의 구조해석에 의한 모델 개발

본 연구에서는 비닐하우스 기존모델과 이번에 개발한 모델의 모델링 하였으며, 해석은 폭설이 250mm 왔을 때 쌓인 눈의 하중에 의하여 비닐하우스가 어떠한 변형을 하는 지를 구조해석을 통하여 비교하는 것이 주된 목적이다. 기존의 비닐하우스와 개발한 비닐하우스의 구조에 있어서 개발 모델을 적용함으로서 기존 모델보다 비용이 덜 들고 최대 50% 이상의 변형량을 줄일 수 있어 안정성이 좋고, 그 제작비용도 절감할 수 있다. Existing and developed models of vinyl house are simulated by 3 dimensional and analysis program. When heavy snow lays 250 mm deep, this paper aims to investigate how its load affects the vinyl house and what deformation happens with structural analysis. Its maximum deformation is decreased to more than 50 % by developing this model in comparison with the existing model. Its developed model is more safe than existing model and its manufacturing expense can be reduced.

The Mechanization of Trasport in Vinyl House (VII)

The Mechanization of Trasport in Vinyl House (VII)