Vineyard Owners Research Articles

Effects of Winery Wastewater to Soils on Mineral Properties and Soil Carbon

Winery wastewater (WW) is a high-volume biowaste and, in the context of Marlborough and New Zealand wineries, there is a growing recognition of the need to improve current WW disposal systems to mitigate negative environmental impacts. The application of WW to land is a low-cost method of disposal, that could significantly reduce the environmental risk associated with WW directly entering surface and groundwater bodies. This study analysed elemental concentrations in WW and soils from three Marlborough vineyards across their annual vintage to determine the loading rates of nutrients into WW and the subsequent accumulation effects of WW irrigation on receiving soils. The findings showed loading rates of approximately 1.8 t ha−1 yr−1 of sodium within WW and a significant increase in soil sodium concentration and pH, attributed to sodium-based cleaning products. A loading rate of approximately 4 t ha−1 yr−1 of total organic carbon was also identified within WW, however, significant losses in soil carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and calcium concentrations were identified. Focusing efforts to retain key nutrients from WW within soils could provide benefits to New Zealand’s wine industry, facilitating increased biomass production in irrigation plots, thereby increasing biodiversity and potentially generating incentives for vineyard owners to contribute to increasing biomass carbon stocks and offset agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.

Imperial Wine: How the British Empire Made Wine’s New World by Jennifer Regan-Lefebvre

Academic monographs about commodities generally distinguish themselves from the commercial genre by offering more than entertainment for the curious. Sven Beckert’s Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York, 2014) and Erika Rappaport’s A Thirst for Empire: How Tea Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, 2017) wielded the might of significant economic and political research within their pages, even if the footnotes were neatly stowed out of sight at the back of thick volumes. Wine achieved scholarly recognition as an agent of historical development in David Hancock’s Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste (New Haven, 2009) and as a social marker in Charles Luddington’s The Politics of Wine in Britain: A New Cultural History (New York, 2013), which is mainly about fortified wines. In her study of British involvement in the production and sale of wine in its settler colonies, Regan-Lefebvre looks at unfortified wine and seeks to show how British imperial vineyards had wide-ranging implications for the future of the metropole and its colonies. Wine became imbricated in colonial claims for legitimacy abroad and within gentrifying modes of consumption at home in Britain. If wine could speak, it would name innumerable aggressive entrepreneurs whose ambitions fueled an important surge in activity outside of Continental Europe.Regan-Lefebvre’s account shows how the modern consumer’s choice of an alcoholic beverage rested on centuries of canny merchant schemes, land grabs, and exploitation of Indigenous peoples. In five initial chapters, she sketches the large framework for her study, beginning with two key assumptions: The argument for making wine rested on a vision of civilizing the frontiers of empire, constituting the very foundation of British claims to legitimacy in lands occupied by Indigenous people; the simple fact of British attachment to alcoholic drinks made wine production a potent driver of commerce. Three principal arenas of action demonstrate these points early in the game, beginning with the Dutch invasion of South Africa, British settlement of Australia, and British cultivation of New Zealand grapes. Regan-Lefebvre gives passing attention to wine in India, Cyprus, Malta, and Canada. She manages to keep every thread of argument in view, showing how wine drinking (as opposed to the consumption of just port or claret) signified an elite but significant activity with a bright, if distant future.In truth, early wines from these places failed to satisfy knowing consumers. The most important off-stage player in this book is France, supplier of the finest wines to a tiny fraction of British consumers. Readers interested in this crucial point regarding Britain will appreciate Regan-Lefebvre’s careful inclusion of tariff legislation across the centuries. The determination to avoid commercial surrender to French supremacy in wine inspired a great deal of colonial entrepreneurial swashbuckling and ambition. Over time, the most knowledgeable vineyard owners grappled with learning more about French methods.Regan-Lefebvre recognizes the arrival of widespread middle-class wine drinking in the Victorian period as a major milestone and contemplates the long arc of commercial effort that made it possible. When tariffs were removed in 1860, she points out, the boost to wine drinking was part of a larger plan of “social engineering” (95). Encouraging the working classes (two-thirds of the British population at the time) to shift from spirits and beer to wine pointed to a new era of gentility, or so the planners hoped. As part of the sociological landscape of alcohol, Regan-Lefebvre reveals the serendipitous convergences leading to broad-based off-license distribution of wine, even if debatable quality earned it the name of “plonk.” She argues that without the boost of such imports, wine drinking could not have become a distinctly British activity, let alone compete with the ubiquitous and sizable consumption of beer.Regan-Lefebvre’s final three chapters about Britain after World War II and modern consumer culture could alone have countenanced a book-length study, particularly since fluctuations in quantity and quality suggest that this period witnessed a true turn to popular wine-drinking. Yet her larger and longer framework is devoted to exposing the power and importance of economic structures. Regan-Lefebvre showcases triumphant twentieth-century capitalism carrying New World wines into a twenty-first century of global mass consumerism. The existence of “affordable and approachable” New World wines is the shared product of imperialism, capitalism, and cultural gentrification (234). This book clearly proves that good commercial wine is one of the ways that the system convinces players that the game is worth playing, another form of the people’s opium that society is loathe to lose.

The VISA network: a collaborative project between research institutes and vineyard owners to create the first epidemiological monitoring network of downy mildew epidemic based on aerial spore capture

The VISA network: a collaborative project between research institutes and vineyard owners to create the first epidemiological monitoring network of downy mildew epidemic based on aerial spore capture

Matthew 20:1-16 – The Parable of the Vineyard Owner and the Subversion of Agricultural Capitalism

Matthew 20:1-16 – The Parable of the Vineyard Owner and the Subversion of Agricultural Capitalism

(Circular) Path Dependence—The Role of Vineyards in Land Use, Society and Regional Development—The Case of Lubuskie Region (Poland)

The main goals of the article are: (a) presentation of the wine traditions of the region in the context of the concept of path dependence and wastescapes, as well as their impact on the spatial, social and promotional aspect of wine making; (b) identification and characteristics of the vineyards in Lubuskie Region in 2021; and (c) linking wine traditions with creating the identity of the region and implementing activities supporting its development. A case study was performed in accordance with the triangulation of research methods and techniques: (1) analysis of existing data and relating them to the activities of vineyards; (2) covert participant observation technique; and (3) qualitative field interviews with vineyard owners or managers. The vineyards of the Lubuskie Region are an important tourist attraction and local wines enrich the local food offers. However, the scale of production, still being rather small, comes with higher costs of obtaining the final product. At the social level, wine-growing activity presents a great deal of value and importance, and appears to be a reflection of positive endeavours. Wine making in the region is a complex example of contemporary cultural and social processes that are only just beginning to be observed in area.

Climate Change and Water Governance: Decision Making for Individual Vineyard Owners in Global Wine Regions

This study investigates the institutional, social, and ecological dynamics that influence regional water governance and individual vineyard owners' decision making in global wine regions. Global wine grape production has grown steadily over the past 20 years, and climate change has emerged as a driver of transformation in wine regions resulting in a range of impacts. Changes to the climate are anticipated to accelerate in the future and present a number of challenges for wine regions; including risks to human systems, e.g., agriculture, labor, and economics, as well as ecological systems, e.g., surface and groundwater. Water is a critical resource for environmental and economic sustainability in wine regions, and vulnerability to freshwater resources in wine producing regions is expected to increase as wine regions experience climate extremes like heat and drought. We use the Institutional-Social-Ecological Dynamics (ISED) framework to help understand individual vineyard owner decision making about water management within the context of institutional, social, and ecological systems. We ask how the relationships between these systems impact outcomes for individual grape farmers adapting to climate challenges. Our empirical research uses document review and interviews with vineyard owners, planners, and natural resource managers in wine regions in Oregon, USA and Tasmania, Australia as a means to explore climate vulnerabilities and adaptation approaches. Subsequently we focus on an example vignette in each region to better understand individual decision making at the farm scale within the unique institutional, social, and ecological contexts identified in each region. Our cases highlight the finding that entrenched institutional regimes, in the context of ecological variability contribute to a social unevenness in access to water. Landowner conflict over water resources is likely to increase in the context of a hotter, drier climate in regions with wine industry growth. Individual vineyard owners have a range of attitudes and approaches to climate change planning and management; and adaptation around water is dependent on both economic resources and social values. Lessons from the individual farm scale help to inform broader implications of how institutional, social, and ecological drivers influence opportunities or barriers to the implementation of climate change adaptation practices in wine regions.

Using camera-trapping to assess grape consumption by vertebrate pests in a World Heritage vineyard region

Vertebrate pests cause significant economic loss in several agricultural crops worldwide; therefore, their populations are often controlled through culling. Correctly identifying the main species responsible for the damage is essential to avoid persecuting the wrong targets, yet it is challenging. During 2016 and 2017, we tested the usefulness of camera-trapping (CT) in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal to identify vertebrate pests. Vineyard owners in this region cull the Azores woodpigeon (Columba palumbus azorica), the common pigeon (Columba livia), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), the Azores blackbird (Turdus merula azorensis), and the Madeira wall lizard (Teira dugesii) to reduce damage to grapes. Using CT photos and videos, we identified nine species damaging the grape, but four of those were only observed occasionally (< 10 consumption events over 2 years). The Madeira lizard (371.09 and 232.47 consumption events100-CT-days in 2016 and 2017, respectively), the house sparrow (284.01 and 21.73 consumption events100-CT-days in 2016 and 2017, respectively), and the Azores blackbird (17.35 and 8.23 consumption events100-CT-days in 2016 and 2017, respectively) had the most frequent consumption events. All three species were most active in the morning (8:00–9:00) and in the afternoon (16:00–17:00 for the Madeira lizard and the house sparrow, and 18:00–19:00 for the Azores blackbird). We demonstrated the advantage of using CT in cultivated habitats to provide valuable information about the identity, behaviour, daily-activity patterns, and relative consumption rates of vineyard pests. We also provided evidence that the endemic Azores woodpigeon and the common pigeon should not be targeted by the farmers in Terceira.

분노를 치유하는 설교에 내재된 수사학적 소통 플랫폼 - 선한 포도원 주인의 대답(마 20:10-15)을 중심으로 -

분노를 치유하는 설교에 내재된 수사학적 소통 플랫폼 - 선한 포도원 주인의 대답(마 20:10-15)을 중심으로 -

Wine Tourism as a Factor Contributing to the Local Development of Rural Areas in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Purpose. Assessing agro-climatic conditions for wine growing in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship and presenting selected conditions for the development of wine tourism. Methods. The main factors influencing the possibilities of wine tourism development were identified on the basis of existing data on the climate of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, tourist traffic statistics and applicable formal and legal conditions related to viticulture as well as wine production and sales in Poland. Findings. Potential areas with agroclimatic conditions that are favourable for viticulture were identified in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, and the areas that are most predestined for the development of wine tourism were selected in the region due to the analysed factors. Research and conclusions limitations. The limited number of meteorological stations and their uneven distribution in the voivodeship prevented the separation of additional sub-areas of viticulture due to varied physiographic conditions. The considerations were based on existing archival data and legal acts. So far, no empirical research has been conducted among winemakers in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The next stage of research should involve confronting the presented applications with the experience of vineyard owners in the field of their business Practical implications. The presented considerations and conclusions may encourage farmers and investors to establish new vine plantations, as well as contribute to raising the local and regional authorities’ awareness of the fact that wine tourism can be a factor positively affecting residents’ standard of living. Originality. The West Pomeranian Voivodeship is one of the most visited regions in Poland, however, tourist traffic is concentrated in a narrow coastal zone. The vast majority of publications on tourism development problems relate to this area, and only a few deal with the lake zone. Furthermore, arable lands are treated marginally in tourism-related research. Type of paper. The article is based on archival data and a review of literature.

DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VINEYARDS AND WINE TOURISM IN POLAND

From the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vineyards and the production of wine from own grapes has increased in Poland, both from the demand and supply side. For many vineyard owners, this is a hobby that is unrelated to the professional work. The aim of this study is to identify the most important determinants that are beneficial to the development of wine-making and wine tourism in Poland. The analysis of secondary sources was used, including data collected by the Polish Agricultural Market Agency (since 2018 National Support Centre for Agriculture), the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OiV) and the Institute for Market Research GfK Polonia. It was found that the most important factors favouring the development of vines and vineyards in Poland are: global warming; production of more resistant vine strains; increased experience and skills of vineyard owners in the area of viticulture and wine production; activities of non-profit organizations related to vineyards; inclusion of Poland into the EU zone as a country with wine potential; legislative changes; promotion of Polish viticulture; increased wine consumption and the search for innovative and profitable forms of agriculture in rural areas.

ENOTOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN POLAND

This paper presents a research conducted in three Polish regions, Dolny Slask, Malopolska, and Pod Karpacie, within the EU funded project “Innovation and Capacity Building in Higher Education for Cultural Management, Hospitality and Sustainable Tourism in European Cultural Routes” that aims to provide profitable solutions for sustainable tourism problems and focuses on how developing enotourism in places that have to improve their tourism capacity building. Based on literature analysis and the study of key cases, this article presents the reasons why enotourism is an important tourism opportunity in Poland. Our research was grounded on a cost and profit analysis of the enoutourism business and we considered a few of relevant cases of wine tourism experiences. Indeed, the principal aim of our research was to find innovative successfully ideas for this form of tourism. From our research, emerged that the most important factors for enhancing enotourism are incentivising laws, an effective cooperation between vineyard owners and tourist operators (e.g. hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, etc.) as well as the integration of enotourim with other local attractions.

ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS OF VINEYARD OWNERS IN POLAND ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RELATIONS WITH THE BUSINESS AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT

The aim of the article was to familiarize with the opinions of vineyard owners regarding selected elements of sustainable development of rural areas. The focus was on diagnosing respondents’ opinions regarding the protection of the natural environment and relations with the social and institutional environment. Collecting empirical data, the method of a diagnostic survey was used, which was carried out in 2017 on a group of 73 respondents. Most of the examined vineyard owners showed interest in the state of the natural environment, employed local employees and bought products from local entrepreneurs, offered touristic services and promoted the natural values of the region. These activities go in line with the concept of sustainable development of rural areas, contribute to the protection of natural, cultural and landscape values, as well as to the development of local markets.

Agent-Based Modelling of Viticulture Development in Emerging Markets: The Case of the Małopolska Region

In this paper, we apply an agent-based approach to explain both the final state and the dynamics of the development process of the wine sector in the MaA‚opolska region in Poland. This sector has been affected by various environmental, institutional, behavioural and social factors and has undergone evolutionary changes in recent years. The econometric analysis of empirical data of vineyards in this region provides insights into the degree of influence of various factors under consideration on the aggregate number of vineyards in sub-regions. However, this does no explain the dynamics of the local formation of new vineyards or the underlying latent attitudes of vineyard owners. To overcome this limitation, we developed an agent-based model with heterogeneous agents (regular farms as well as large and small vineyards), which allowed us to identify a two-stage development scenario: i) community building and ii) vineyard creation. Our findings are of two types. Firstly, we showed a case where the agent-based model has good predictive power, in situations where the econometric model fails. Secondly, estimation of the agent-based model parameters and sensitivity analysis revealed crucial factors that have driven development of viticulture in the MaA‚opolska region. In particular, we find that the crucial element underlying the good predictive power of the model is that it enables us to capture the fact that wine enthusiasts initially concentrate in sub-regions with more benign environmental conditions. Next, when one of them eventually established a vineyard, agents in the community had a lowered barrier to entry via the possibility of practical knowledge exchange, joint marketing efforts or vineyard maintenance resource sharing. This is in line with current evidence, which shows strong clustering effects, namely, a relatively large number of vineyards originate at relatively similar times and locations.

Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France: Global Economic Crisis and the Racialization of French Citizenship, 1870–1910. By Elizabeth Heath. New Studies in European History. Edited by Peter Baldwin et al.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xiv+312. $99.00 (cloth); $79.00 (Adobe eBook Reader).

<i>Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France: Global Economic Crisis and the Racialization of French Citizenship, 1870–1910</i>. By Elizabeth Heath. New Studies in European History. Edited by Peter Baldwin et al.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xiv+312. $99.00 (cloth); $79.00 (Adobe eBook Reader).

Scant Verses: Henry Lok as a Forerunner of George Herbert

Scant Verses:Henry Lok as a Forerunner of George Herbert Debra Rienstra A generation before Herbert began working through the challenges of “outstripping Cupid” and writing a true hymn, Henry Lok made a grand, initial attempt at defining and solving the challenges of devotional verse. Lok was the son of Anne Lock, who presumably wrote the sonnet sequence published in 1560 based on Psalm 51.1 Henry Lok published the first edition of his sonnet sequence, Sundry Christian Passions, in 1593, the same year George Herbert was born. Lok was responding to the initial fervor of the Elizabethan sonnet craze, hoping to impress potential patrons with over two hundred devotional sonnets, roughly divided into poems of “meditation, humiliation, and prayer” and “comfort, joy, and thankesgiving.” He published a second volume in 1597, expanded with over one hundred additional sonnets.2 Very occasionally, Lok’s Elizabethan contribution to English devotional verse has been noted as a possible influence on Herbert, in particular by Barbara Lewalski, John Ottenhoff, and Thomas Roche.3 Understandably, considering the sheer number of sonnets Lok wrote, no one has yet undertaken a full and careful comparison between Lok and Herbert, nor established that Herbert possessed Lok’s volume.4 Nevertheless, reading through Lok’s poems does yield some arresting similarities to Herbert, especially to certain of Herbert’s most famous poems. So I have to agree with previous speculation: based on textual evidence, it seems plausible that Herbert knew Lok’s poems and found generative suggestions in Lok’s efforts toward assimilating biblical sources into the lyric voice and toward theorizing a defensible devotional poetics. I have elsewhere considered the sources and implications of Lok’s favored parabolic technique in the first century of sonnets, in which he places the speaker of each sonnet into a dramatic tableau taken from a [End Page 80] biblical story.5 Lok’s approach is especially intriguing when we consider where Herbert might have found precedents for his distinctive parable poems. Herbert’s “Redemption,” for example, may well draw directly from two Lok sonnets, sonnets 1.50 and 1.78.6 Roche notes a correspondence between “Redemption” and Lok’s 1.50, arguing that Herbert may have used the Lok poem as “a starting point.”7 His reasoning is that the figures of tenant and lord in Herbert’s poem are improvisations on certain of Jesus’ parables, especially the story of the vineyard owner recounted in Matthew 21, Mark 12, and Luke 20. Roche notes that Herbert could not have gotten the term “tenant” from any English Bible version of this parable available to him, as the figure of the wicked tenant is virtually always translated “husbandman.” Tyndale is the only one who uses the word “tenant.” So Roche posits that Lok used Tyndale, and Herbert got the idea for that term from Lok. This may be the case, although it is not difficult to imagine Herbert choosing the word “tenant” on his own. Still, there is more to support Roche’s theory than only this one curious instance of word choice. When we examine Lok’s sonnet 1.50, we see that it follows the biblical parable much more closely than Herbert’s poem does. A tenant most untrue ô Lord to thee, In vineyard of my bodie have I bin: To crave thy rent thy servants came to me, But nothing but intreatie bad they win:My travell therein was to nourish sin, And wast the wine of thy abounding plant; The more to call me backe thou didst begin, The more to thee my gratitude did want.Ne would my lacke of grace let me recant, When thou thy onely Sonne to me didst send, For sin and Satan did me so supplant, That to his ruine I did also bend: But Lord me lend In time repentant hart, That from this vineyard I may not depart. The speaker posits himself as an “untrue” tenant of his own body, in which he has nourished sin. The poem then traces the contours of the parable in that the speaker mistreats the servants and eventually [End Page 81] “bends” to the “ruin” of the Son as well. However, as is typical...

An optimal control model of crop thinning in viticulture

We develop an economic model of cluster thinning in viticulture to control for grape quantity harvested and grape quality, applying a simple optimal control model with the aim to raise grape quality and related economic profits. The model maximizes vineyard owner profits and allows to discuss two relevant scenarios using a phase diagram analysis: (1) when the initial grape quantity is sufficiently small, thinning grapes will not be optimal and (2) when the initial grape quantity is high enough, it is optimal to thin grapes from the beginning of the relevant planning horizon and to reduce the quantity over time until the stock of grapes arrives at its optimum. Depending on the model's parameters, the “stopping time” for thinning grapes is reached sooner or later. After the stopping time, grape quantity evolves solely according to natural decay. The results relate to observed dynamics in viticulture and for other horticultural crops.

"Czy na to złym okiem patrzysz, że jestem dobry?". O możliwej reakcji na dobroć

In the parables of the workers in the vineyard and of the lost son, Jesus shows the relationship between goodness/forgiveness and justice. The protagonists of the two parables: the workers of the first hour as well as the elder son were expecting justice, while the vineyard owner and the father of the lost son showed goodness which rises above justice. This attitude triggers off “evil eye” of those whose sense of justice is disturbed. Whilst the Old Testament assumed the “eye for eye” rule as the fundamental social strategy, Jesus changes into the strategy of “do to others as you would have them do to you”. History shows that justice which is not counterbalanced by goodness, mercy, and forgiveness may deform into revenge, retaliation, vengeance. Although justice is still the basic norm of the society, it is goodness that should dominate in individual relations, even if it causes a negative reaction of those who construe goodness as injustice (trans. Agnieszka Piskozub-Piwosz)

Economic analysis of the traditional cultural vineyard landscapes in Italy

The Traditional Cultural Landscapes (TCLs) have been studied from different points of view since the pioneering work of Antrop (1997). The aim of this study is to analyze the TCLs from a bottom-up perspective, focussing on the internal organization of a number of farms and looking at technical and economical characteristics, and also at social and cultural aspects. The focus is on Traditional Cultural Vineyard Landscape (TCVL) because the viticulture sector is the one most integrated with the kind of tourism that is interested in quality food products associated with a specific place of origin, and also the sector that, more than others, has responded to market changes by increasing the appeal of their products. Accordingly, the economic performance of three Italian winemaking farms was analyzed by means of cost-based method to explore: the cost of restoring a TCVL; the cost of producing the grape and the wine; the economic profitability of the investment in the TCVL; the relationship between entrepreneurial strategies and the use of landscape in a functional perspective. The positive financial results achieved by these farms in different part of Italy suggest that the financial success or failure of an investment in landscape is not determined by the socio-economic context but by the ability of the farm to differentiate its product, gaining a competitive advantage by offering customers greater value. The key issue is not the contrast between those who support the costs of landscape preservation (vineyard owners) and those who reap its benefits (the community as a whole), but rather in the way in which the added value resulting from preservation of the landscape is being obtained and distributed. The results demonstrates that landscape preservation can be a driving force for improvements in farm management and farm income but it is still necessary enlarge the duty to contribute to their preservation improving government measures for the restoration and preservation of the TCLs, and consumer awareness about the importance of products from these areas with TCLs.

An unexpected patron: A social-scientific and realistic reading of the parable of the Vineyard Labourers (Mt 20:1–15)

Many readings of the Parable of the Labourers in the vineyard want to treat the owner as representing God. Knowledge of actual agricultural practices relating to the management of vineyards suggest, on the contrary, that the details of the parable obstruct an easy identification of the owner with God, and that he displays unusual behaviour not only by paying all the labourers the same wage, but by his very intervention in the hiring process. The conclusion reached is that the parable constructs the vineyard owner, typically one of the nouveau riche who lived in cities, not only as a ‘good employer’ but also, contrary to expectation, as a patron who intervened well beyond the strict norms of economic exchange.

„Idź i pracuj w mojej winnicy” (Mt 21,28). Praca w przypowieściach Ewangelii synoptycznych

Parables occupy a significant place in Jesus’ prophesizing and teachings about the Kingdom of God. One of their characteristic traits, as a literary genre, are references to Jesus’ and His listeners’ daily lives. The article presents the analysis of the synoptic parables focused on human work. The material has been divided into two major parts. The first one analyzes the occupations referred to in the parables and the type of work they involve. The second one reflects on the elements of labor law, in particular the employment contracts and related remuneration. The analyzed parables constitute a unique kaleidoscope of occupations existing in the society of the time. Among them, of particular prominence are those connected with land cultivation and farming, such as farmer, sower, harvester, gardener, vineyard keeper and shepherd. Moreover, Jesus’ parables include other occupations such as fisherman, manager, judge, merchant, and banker. Jesus also refers to jobs and tasks such as : guarding and opening the doors (doorkeeper), preparing a feast, waiting tables, taking care of the house, making bread dough, tower building, playing dance music at weddings, wailing and lamenting at funerals. Drawing on Jesus’ parables, one can also notice a wide range of different categories of people who performed particular jobs and tasks. A reference is made to a field owner, vineyard owner, house owner, manager who on behalf of the host administers goods, lease holders, hired and seasonal workers and servants (slaves). The parables also show us the ways of providing reward for work. Servants often performed their duties in exchange for accommodation and food; lease holders in exchange for profit sharing, whereas hired and seasonal workers in exchange for a fixed remuneration. Should the Bible be seen as a specific album presenting photographs of working people, then Jesus’ parables are undoubtedly of particular interest.