Vine Products Research Articles

Legal regulation of grape variety registration in Ukraine according to international requirements

Purpose. To substantiate the legal regulation of the re­gistration of grape varieties in Ukraine in order to harmonise the national legislation with the European requirements and standards. Methods. The materials used were the regulatory documents of UPOV, CPVO and EU countries, national regulations in the field of examination, registration and commercial use of grape varieties. Results. The current state and problems of viticulture in Ukraine were analysed. In particular, the current legal acts regulating the registration and commercial circulation of grape varieties in our country and in the European Union were studied. The experience of Italy, one of the leading European countries in viticulture and oenology, was studied. In particular, the article examines the peculiarities of the national catalogue and the conditions for the marketing of varieties and clones, as well as the use of vineyards after the grapes have been excluded from the catalogue. At the same time, the author analysed the financial sanctions that this country imposed on economic entities (legal persons) in the case of the creation or maintenance of industrial plantations with nonregional varieties at the expense of the State. The Italian regulatory act regulating the content and procedure for filing an application for registration of varieties and clones was stu­died. The list of requirements and information to be provided by the applicant in the process of preparing the application documents was determined; the expediency of their use in the development of national legislation of Ukraine was established. The author has also examined the draft Law 9139 of 22 March 2023 “On grapes and vine products”, assessing its positive impact on the market environment, the protection of the rights and interests of economic entities, the State and citizens, providing them with high quality pro­ducts with special characteristics caused by natural factors of the area of origin. Conclusions. There is some inconsistency between Ukraine and the EU countries regarding the conditions for acquiring and the scope of rights to grape varieties and their clones, which requires further regulation at the legislative level.

Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of Organic Acids In Georgian Wine Lees By LCMS/ MS Method

In the XXI century, the interest and demand for natural compounds have increased significantly, compared to the previous period,especially for those natural compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Accordingly, organic acids arenoteworthy in this direction since studies have confirmed some organic acids' antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is known thatwine from vine products is one of the rich sources of organic acids. Therefore, the waste products of wine production - including wine lees areinteresting from this point of view. Winemaking is one of the most successful directions of agriculture in Georgia. Many waste products, such as grapepomace, grape seed, and wine lees, accompany wine production. It was the reason to use the waste product - wine lees- to study organic acids.Hence, the research aims to assess the potential of using a currently wasted winery product - Georgian wine lees as a source of biologically activeingredients. The objective of the current study was to identify the biologically active substances (organic acids) in the waste product of winemaking -wine lees obtained from widely distributed grape varieties in Georgia and to determine their quantitative content. By the LC-MS/MS method, weidentified organic acids in 6 samples of wine lees made from different varieties of Georgian grapes (Saperavi, Kisi, Rkatsiteli) and with differenttechnologies (traditional Kakhetian, factory conditions) and determined three main organic acids (tartaric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid) quantitatively.The results of the current research showed that the grape variety and the winemaking technology affect the qualitative and quantitative content oforganic acids in the wine; in particular, three organic acids were found in the Saferavi wine made by the factory method, and 2 organic acids in thewine made by the traditional Kakhetian (Georgia) method. Organic acid's quantitative content is also different. Also, the content of organic acids in thewine obtained from different varieties of grapes is different. The research showed that the quantitative content of organic acids in Kisi wine Lees ishigher than the other studied varieties. However, the content of organic acids in all three types of wine is significant. The study results support thepotential of using a currently wasted product - Georgian Wine Lees - as a source of biologically active ingredients.

A Religious Polemic in Galenic Garb? Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq's (d. 260/873) Kitāb al-Karma ( On Vines ) and his Encomium of Wine

Abstract: Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (192–260/808–873) is mainly known as a translator of Greek works into Arabic, but he was also a prolific author. This article focuses on one of his least known treatises, On Vines ( Kitāb al-Karma ), which still remains unedited. On Vines is an eclectic and unclassifiable work that combines different genres. It has been traditionally considered a dietetic treatise on the properties of vine products inserted in the Galenic tradition. But On Vines is also a disputation on the excellence of trees written in the form of questions and answers and, ultimately, a polemical encomium of wine that relies for its effect on the opinions of ancient Greek authorities such as Homer, Diogenes, Aristotle, Socrates or Theophrastus. In this article I analyse the structure of the treatise, identifiying its generic affiliations and the rhetorical strategies deployed by Ḥunayn. I discuss specially the long sections on wine and Ḥunayn's defence of the virtues of this drink against its critics, arguing that the structure of the treatise is also determined by the religious implications of praising wine in an Islamic environment.

La construcción del mercado local del vino de Jerez de la Frontera a finales de la Edad Media: normativa y espacios

The aim of this article is to study the local wine market of Jerez during the period of the foundations of its international expansion, the 15th century and the early 16th century. There are hardly any specific studies about this theme in that period. This work is part of a line of research whose main objective is the study of wine-growing landscapes and vine products in Western Andalusia in the Late Middle Ages. Its documentary basis is the Official Acts of the Jerez Council, as well as the Affidavits that are preserved between 1392 and 1505. A thorough study of these two valuable sources has been carried out in order to extract from them all the information related to wine. Subsequently, a database was designed to make their analysis feasible and assign them to different thematic categories. We have enriched and contrasted them with specialized bibliographic contributions. All this has allowed us to identify the policy of the Jerez Council to prevent shortages in the local market and try to end fraudulent activities that reduced the quality of the wine. We have also verified the importance of wine in the morphological conformation of the urban space, with the genesis of infrastructures dedicated to its consumption and delight.

Transfer of Copper and Zinc from Soil to Grapevine-Derived Products in Young and Centenarian Vineyards

Application of fungicides on grapevines is the main source of soil contamination by copper and zinc. Studies on this issue in relatively young grapevines are common; however, studies that elucidate the metal transfer in a soil-plant-food production system in a centenarian vineyard are scarce. The present work was aimed at tracing the copper and zinc accumulation in three different compartments—soil, plant, and vine products—in young and centenarian vineyards. Soil samples were collected in the middle plant row and rhizosphere positions of the vineyards; samples of root and leaf tissue and of grape juice and wine from these vineyards were also collected. In the centenarian vineyard, the soil available copper, regardless of vineyard position, reached 1100 mg kg−1. Copper in root and leaf tissues reached 12,300 mg kg−1 and 6800 mg kg−1, respectively. In grape juice and wine, copper was 9.08 mg L−1 and 0.78 mg L−1, respectively. The roots retained most part of the metals reducing their transfer through the system. However, Cu levels in the grape juice from the centenarian vineyard exceeded by 908% the limit established by Brazilian and international norms. Zinc concentrations in soil and vine products were within the permitted level. Finally, the magnitude of metal transfer and accumulation is due to decades of cupric fungicide application and varies according to the compartment evaluated. The findings will provide information to rethink the vineyard agricultural practices in order to avoid environmental contamination by metals and compromising the whole food chain.

Water-soluble vitamin content of sun-dried Corinthian raisins (Vitis vinifera L., var. Apyrena).

Corinthian raisins are dried vine products, representing approximately 3% of the world dried vine fruit production. The majority of Corinthian raisin production is of Greek origin. Studies on the B-group vitamin content of Corinthian raisins produced in Greece as well as on the effect of region and cultivation altitude on the B-group vitamin content are absent in the literature. Corinthian raisin vitamin content was evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after acid and enzymatic hydrolysis in terms of raisin subcategory, i.e. regions of cultivation, crop-to-crop variations, and cultivation altitude. Eight vitamers from five different vitamins were identified and quantified in Corinthian raisins. Vitamin B3 (0.77-2.82 g × 10-2 × kg-1 ) was found to predominate, followed by B6 (0.27-0.37 g × 10-2 × kg-1 ), B1 (0.19-0.22 g × 10-2 × kg-1 ), and B2 (0.10-0.15 g × 10-2 × kg-1 ). B9 content was up to 7.1 g × 10-5 × kg-1 . Minor differences were observed among regions of cultivation, cultivation altitude and crop-to-crop variations. This study revealed the presence of several water-soluble vitamins in Corinthian raisins that, together with other health-promoting micronutrients present in the product, further reinforce its place as part of a healthy diet. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Natural fruit beverages fortified by biologically active substances of grape vines

Based on the study of general knowledge of biochemical and all subsequent developmental studies of organic matter, especially products of grapevine and selected fruit products, a comprehensive study of processing technologies is prepared. Use of a combination of vine products and fruit products in the form of natural grapes. Beverages are researched and developed to be purely natural on the basis of grape musts, blue and white, either individually and again separately in targeted combinations, both biochemically, organoleptically and colorfully, with fruit sources. The core of grape value of biologically active substances is an integral and essential new part and condition of designing these beverages. Their increased biological values, which create the preconditions for containment and if properly managed on the basis of scientific knowledge, may in some cases almost result in the elimination of synthetic additives. It should be noted that 20 - 25% of the adult population suffers from many unexpected allergies, for example, to the sulphite content, although its content in the final product does not exceed the health-approved normatives. And there are many other, interrelated relationships. Beverages are technologically dealt with both without alcohol fermentation and with this fermentation, but only based on their compositional natural resources. They are therefore suitable for the entire population profile. The whole set contains 7 variants and a combination of natural beverages from different fruits. Including natural beverages with or without alcoholic fermentation from the must of white wine grapes, the juice of apple puree with those of biologically active substances from the products grapevine. Three months of monitoring and determination of basic (oenological) values and biologically active substances were performed on these products. The high-performance liquid chromatography method with a refractometric detector determined amount of sugar and alcohol, whilst titrating determined total and volatile acids and free sulfur dioxide. Yeast assimilable nitrogen, total anthocyanins and polyphenols were determined by spectrophotometry, antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods.

Oenology in the Kitchen: The Sensory Experience Offered by Culinary Dishes Cooked with Alcoholic Drinks, Grapes and Grape Leaves

A good pairing is based on the complementary role of wine on the four important factors of food: components, textures, flavors and colors. Common wine and food examples of food preparation with wine or vine products, such as grapes or vine leaves, exemplify numerous similarities and contrasting characteristics in those four parameters, which we can find in an enjoyable meal. The knowledge of the internal anatomy and composition of both grape berries, which includes the skin, the mesocarp and the endocarp, and vine leaf, which includes the vascular system, parenchymatous mesophyll and epidermis, is essential to know how to develop new, tastier and healthier dishes. An understanding of these ideas is important when defining gastronomic tourism strategies and even local restaurant concepts and ideas. The aim of this review is to provide some insights about the sensory experiences offered by culinary dishes cooked with grapes, vine leaves and wines and other alcoholic beverages like distilled spirits and liqueurs, bearing in mind that wine will be the drink of elation for accompanying such dishes.

Evaluation Of Levels Of Climate Favorability For Viticulture In Breasta Viticultural Centre

Abstract The aim of this present research was to evaluate the climatic conditions of a viticultural centre, as there are always needed studies to determine the climate favorability of the vine cultivation and the varieties resistant to heat and water stress, especially when climate change affects globally viticulture. The present research was made using the interpretation of Craiova Regional Weather Centre’s meteorological records for the year of 2014, for Breasta viticultural centre. The climatic factors permitted the determination of several indexes used in viticultural climatology for the appreciation of the viticultural biotope characteristics. Assessment of climatic resources through synthetic climatic indexes, clearly express the generous heliothermic offer available for Breasta viticultural centre, the guarantee of quality and specificity of vine products obtained in this area.

Anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity of Corinthian currants (Vitis vinifera L., var. Apyrena)

Corinthian currants are dried vine products used in the Mediterranean diet. Currant is produced almost exclusively in Southern Greece; three commercial subcategories are recognised, i.e. Vostizza, Gulf, and Provincial. Thirty-five batches of Corinthian currants obtained over two crop years and belonging to the several subcategories, were evaluated in terms of total and individual anthocyanins, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Variations were observed among batches, cultivation regions, and subcategories with respect to the studied parameters. Up to five anthocyanidin-3-O-glucosides were identified and quantified in currants for the first time. Overall, Vostizza currants presented the higher total anthocyanins content and the lower total phenolics content and antiradical activity; reducing power showed no differentiation among currants subcategories and crop years studied. Though the contribution of currants to the daily anthocyanin intake is rather low, the combined presence of other phenolics as well, makes this product a source of hydrophilic antioxidants.

Effect of phenylpyrrole-resistance on fitness parameters and ochratoxin production in Aspergillus carbonarius

The risk of resistance development to fludioxonil and the potential implications of resistance mutations to ochratoxin production in Aspergillus carbonarius were investigated. Mutants of A. carbonarius highly resistant to phenylpyrroles were isolated at a high mutation frequency after N-MNTG-mutagenesis and selection on media containing fludioxonil. A highly reduced sensitivity to fungicides belonging to the same cross-resistance group (AHDs and phenylpyrroles) such as the aromatic hydrocarbon tolclofos-methyl and the dicarboximide fungicides iprodione and vinclozolin was also observed. No cross-resistance relationships were found between fludioxonil and the triazole epoxiconazole, the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil and the chloronitrile chlorothalonil. Interestingly, fludioxonil-resistant isolates were highly sensitive to the QoI fungicide pyraclostrobin compared to the wild-type parental strain. Fitness studies revealed that resistance mutation(s) had a negative effect on mycelial growth, resistance to osmotic stress and pathogenicity of the fludioxonil-resistant strains. Mycotoxin analysis showed that most fludioxonil-resistant strains produce less quantities of ochratoxin A (OTA) than the wild-type strain both when grown on artificial medium and on grapes. Increased osmotic sensitivity and reduced pathogenicity of the mutant strains were significantly correlated with reduced ochratoxin production in vivo but not in vitro. The above-mentioned data indicate that fludioxonil is an excellent fungicide for the control of A. carbonarius in grapes and a valuable asset for farmers in terms of resistance management and ochratoxin contamination of grapes, vine products and wines.

Antioxidant Properties of Raisins (Vitis viniferaL.)

Currants and sultanas (Vitis vinifera L., Family Vitaceae) are dried vine products produced in Greece and used widely in the Mediterranean diet. We investigated the polar methanol extracts from the raisins for the antiradical activity, polyphenol content, cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, total glutathione (GSH) levels, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, and inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Extracts exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and inhibited tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced cytotoxicity, GSH decrease, and LDL oxidation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the characteristic apoptotic patterns with tBHP and inhibition with the extracts. Elevated levels of total GSH and unaltered levels of GSSG with extract treatment demonstrated the induction of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The antioxidant activity was correlated to the polyphenolic content. Greek currants and sultanas are suggested as antioxidant components of the Mediterranean basin.

Effect of Greek Raisins (Vitis Vinifera L.) From Different Origins on Gastric Cancer Cell Growth

Currants and Sultanas (Vitis vinifera L.) are dried vine products produced in Greece and used broadly in the Mediterranean diet. We aimed to investigate the gastric cancer preventive activity of methanol extracts obtained from currants from three different origins in Greece (Vostizza, Nemea, and Messinia) as well as methanol extracts obtained from Sultanas cultivated in the island of Crete as to inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of inflammation. All extracts from 500 μg dried raisins studied suppressed cell proliferation, significantly those obtained from Sultanas from Crete and currants from Nemea. Flow cytometric analysis of Annexin-V labeled cells indicated that Cretan Sultana, Nemea, and Messinia currants at 500 μg dried product/ml medium significantly induced cell death. All extracts from 500 μg dried raisins statistically decreased protein and mRNA levels of ICAM-1 in TNF-alpha stimulated cells. Measurement of IL-8 protein levels and quantification for IL-8 mRNA showed no significant decrease. These results indicate that the methanol extracts from currants, rich in phenolic compounds, exhibit cancer preventive efficacy by limiting cell proliferation, inducing cell death, and suppressing ICAM-1 levels in AGS cells.

The Study and Analysis of the Mating Behavior and Sound Production of Male Cicada Psalmocharias alhageos (Kol.) (Homoptera:Cicadidae) to Make Disruption in Mating

Psalmocharias alhageos is an important pest of vine in most parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, southern areas of Russia, Turkey and Iraq. This cicada is spread in most provinces in Iran such as Esfahan, Hamedan, Qazvin, Markazi, Lorestan, Qom, Kerman, Tehran and Kordestan. In addition to vine, this insect damages some other fruit trees, such as apple, sour cherry, quince, peach, pomegranate and pear trees and some non-fruit trees, namely white poplar, ash, elm, eglantine, silk and black poplar trees. The nymphs of cicada damage the trees by feeding on root, adult insects on young bud and by oviposition under branch barks. Nourishing root by nymph leads to the weakness of the tree and hinder its growth. The high density oviposition of adult insects inside young barks causes withering of branches. The resulted damage on vine products is 40% which is one of the most important factors in product reduction in vineyard. This research was conducted in Takestan in Qazvin. It was conducted for the first time to study the behaviors of the mates of this vine cicada in order to manage it. Two systems were used to record the sound of male cicada called analog voice-recorder and digital voice recorder. To analyze the recorded sound of the male cicada we used of spectrum analyzer, digital storage oscilloscope and protens 7 computer softwares. We could call the attention of natural enemies an disturb the male insect's attracting sound by producing natural and artificial sound in the range of 1-6 kHz in two different ripeness status of the fruits and could prevent mating and oviposition of female cicadas.

Variation of vine and tuber yield as a function of harvest date and cultivar

The possibility of using potato vines as a source of protein and silage for animal feed is encouraging. The potential of this approach is partially dependent on the development of cultivars that have large vines and at the same time produce good tuber yields. Twelve cultivars, including three commercial varieties, one advanced breeding selection, and eight experimental tetraploids (hybrids between cultivars and Phureja-haploid Tuberosum clones with parallel spindles) were grown at the Hancock Experimental Station. The vines and tubers from four blocks were harvested every 15 days from 75–135 days after planting. Clones that were relatively late maturing were most suitable for vine harvesting. The total yield of vines plus tubers was highest at 105 and 120 days. Russet Burbank yielded 218 cwt of vines and 465 cwt of tubers at 120 days; similar values for the best experimental tetraploid were 450 cwt and 784 cwt at 120 days; thus, the best cultivar produced 123,400 1b of plant material in 120 days. While processing procedures and palatability of the vine products remain undefined, the existence of clones producing high vine and tuber yields has been demonstrated.