Village Ponds Research Articles

Pollution status and water quality assessment in pre-monsoon season: A case study of rural villages in Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Water quality of village ponds being the main source of water for irrigation, washing, bathing and drinking purposes in rural India, has been observed deteriorating due to discharge from local industries, domestic waste, land and agricultural drainage. The main objective of present work is to study status of water quality and pollution status of some major rural village ponds situated in industrial activity zone of Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh. Water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity, total coliform and fecal coliform during pre-monsoon season from February 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019. It was found that values of pH, DO, BOD, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliform and fecal coliform were in the range of 7.45–9.68, 3.85–6.45 mg/l, 12–72 mg/l, 68–312 NTU, 2.568–5.459 mg/l, 3000–13,000 MPN/100 ml and 2400–10,000 MPN/100 ml, respectively. High values of turbidity, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliform and fecal coliform indicated pollution in pond water and eutrophication of ponds. Results of the present study were compared with acceptable limits given in Indian Standard IS 10500:2012 and recommendations to the local authorities (Gram Panchayats and Village Pradhan) were made for safe usage of pond water. The study will not only help and warn the gram panchayats to protect them from many water associated diseases, help the local authorities, save aquatic life maintaining the ecosystem but also contribute a lot to the research keeping the future aspects in this area in focus for other villages.

Leafy Vegetable Cultivation by Women's Group Using Village Pond Water for Irrigation

Leafy Vegetable Cultivation by Women's Group Using Village Pond Water for Irrigation

Politicization of volunteering in co-production between the public and the voluntary sector: “We should incorporate the idea of the village pond”

It is widely acknowledged that the substance of collaboration between public sector and third sector has changed over the last decades. But how does this change affect the understanding of concepts like volunteering, citizen and the relation between state and citizens? This article explores political discourses regarding the relation between the two sectors. The theoretical outset is in anthropology of policy and its understanding of policy as a construing praxis that produces and defines meaning of and in the social world. The empirical data consists of 30 interviews with local politicians and senior administration officials from five Danish municipalities. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the analysis shows how political discourses produce an ideal citizen identity and an understanding of the municipality as a consensus-based community, legitimizing these through idealized expounding of common cultural and historical symbols.

Flora of Village Excavated Ponds in the Northwest of Yaroslavl Oblast

Excavated ponds are a group of widely distributed small artificial water bodies in the territory of Central Russia. In the countryside, they play an important role as water storage for the irrigation of vegetable gardens, livestock watering, the cultivation of waterfowl, and fire water ponds. In 1998–2014, 49 village excavated ponds located in the northwestern part of Yaroslavl oblast were studied. The inventory of the flora of village ponds revealed 161 species of vascular plants from 44 plant families and 88 genera. The dominant plant families in the flora of such water bodies are Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, and Salicaceae; the dominant genera are Carex, Salix, Bidens. The ecotypes of hygrophytes and hygromeso- and mesophytes prevail in the ecological structure of the studied flora. Boreal and plurizonal species are dominant in the geographical structure, and Holarctic and Eurasian species prevail in the regional one. The abundance of plurizonal species among typically aquatic vascular plants, due to a relatively high consistency of the aquatic environment when compared to terrestrial ecosystems, makes flora of village ponds similar to that of other water bodies in the studied area. At the same time, the results of long-term studies make it possible to distinguish such features of flora of these small artificial reservoirs as a large number of occasional plant species not typical for water bodies and extremely high dynamics of their flora in different growing seasons.

Is There a Pattern for Occurrence of Macrophytes in Polish Ponds?

Although ponds are common elements in the environment, dependences occurring in these ecosystems have not been fully investigated. Our study focuses on the correlation between environmental factors and changes occurring in ponds—mostly the distribution of macrophytes in space and time. The aim of our analyses was to indicate which physicochemical variables were characteristic of ponds in specific habitats (forest, agriculture field, and village) and whether they could associate the distribution of vegetation in these ponds. Thirteen ponds differing in morphometric parameters and location in landscape (ponds located in agriculture fields, forests, and villages) were analyzed. Our research was based on data covering a period of 10 years (2008–2018). The following parameters were analyzed: the water content of NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, TP, PO43−, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Fe, pH, temperature and morphometric parameters. Macrophytes were observed during the growing season in July 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. Three homogeneous species groups were distinguished in statistical analyses and the dominance of selective environmental factors was assigned to them. The first group consisted of indicator species for forest ponds. Their waters were characterized by a low content of Ca, Mg, and Na as well as an increased content of NH4+ and Fe. The second group was composed of indicator species for field ponds, where the highest NO3− concentrations were found. The third group was formed by indicator species for village ponds. Water of these ponds was characterized by higher concentration levels of K, Na, and total P.

Prevalence of Pesticide Residues in Pond Water Samples at some Districts of Haryana

The study is assessment of pesticide residues in water bodies/ponds of agriculture intensive areas, as the principal source of pesticides in crops and animal/poultry feed are soil and water. The farmers dump the remaining pesticide solutions and wash the containers with pond water near to their fields after spraying the pesticide on their crops. These measurements can be used as baseline levels to monitor and to predict their impact on the population of the area. The determination of organochlorine (OC), pyrethroids and organophosphorous (OP) insecticide residues was carried out in the samples collected from different village ponds of six districts of Haryana and analyzed at Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, COVS, LUVAS, Hisar. A gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for OC and pyrethroids and nitrogen phosphorous detector (GC-NPD) for OP's was employed for analysis. The testing protocol was standardized w.r.t. system precision, specificity and accuracy. The system precision values indicated a good consistency in response by the GC instrument used during present study. A good linearity was noted for standards and spiked tissue samples. Absence of interfering peaks in blank samples indicates good specificity of extraction and clean up method. Accuracy and precision of the method were in accepted range in comparison with international guidelines. Out of 50 samples, none of the sample was found to be positive for OC and Pyrethroid pesticide residues; but 16 pond water samples were detected with OP pesticide residues with prevalence rate of 32%. Monocrotophos and chlorpyriphos were detected in a maximum of eight samples each. Four samples out of 5 from Rohtak, 3 out of 5 from Jind, 3 out of 12 from Mahendergarh and 2 out of 8 from Hisar were found positive for different OP pesticide residues. All the 10 pond water samples from Ambala were found to be below detectable limit for all of the OP pesticides in study. The concentration of 16 positive samples was compared with the MRL's of drinking water, and it was observed that 4 samples, 2 each from Rohtak and Jind for monocrotophos (3.99 & 1.99 ηg/ml from Rohtak and 1.82 & 6.88 ηg/ml from Jind) violated the normal MRL values (0.5 ηg/ml). The investigation revealed that the pond water samples of Rohtak and Sirsa were found to be most contaminated with OP pesticides, mainly with Monocrotophos followed by Chlorpyriphos which indicates the excessive and irresponsible use of these pesticides in these two districts.

Fluid Institutions: Commons in Transition in the Periurban Interface

Amidst growing concern about the decline of the commons, this case underscores the importance of understanding how the commons are refashioned and remade to address emerging challenges in periurban spaces. This article describes how institutions surrounding the use of common property resources get transformed and evolve in periurban contexts. What were once johads – common property village ponds – undergo a change in their usage from storing rainwater to storing waste water of the city for irrigation. This emerges as a collective response to the uncertainty attached to the availability of waste water. New institutions evolve with regard to contributions to waste water infrastructure, as well as the appropriation of waste water. Further research should document the changing use of village commons and the emergence of new institutions governing them.

Evaluating Efficacy of Recharge Structures in Augmenting Groundwater Resources in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh

Groundwater play a vital role in stabilizing Indian agriculture, but its indiscriminate uses is resulting in fast depletion and degradation of this key natural resource. Sustainable groundwater resource management is, therefore, a priority issue before the country. Enhancing artificial groundwater recharge by adopting suitable technological interventions can be an option. Two cavity-type recharge structures with radial-1 filter were designed-1 and installed with village ponds at Kutba and Nirmana villages, and their impact on groundwater was assessed. Recharge rates varied from 382 m3 .day-1 to 906 m3 .day-1 during three test cycles, each of 8 days duration. As estimated, 27,304 m3 surplus water was recharged through the recharge well at Kutba site during December 2017 to March 2018. Similarly, 0.2 m water table rise was recorded beneath and around the structure at Nirmana during monsoon 2018. Results of field investigations revealed that cavity-type recharge structure in combination with a pond and radial filter can be a good option for recharging surplus canal and rainwater for augmentation of water resources in groundwater depleting areas.

Restoring Natural River Flows, Through Optimal Ground WaterRecharge and Improved Drainage Prevention of Pollution in Rivers

Prevention of pollution in rivers and water bodies involves proper treatment of the sewage, drainage and other liquid effluents joining the river streams,as well as maintaining the natural river flows which have been diminishing due to the excessive drawl of river stream waters for the purpose of drinking water schemes, irrigation and some industrial uses, where ground water could be used, if available. Sub-soil ground water levels have also been going down on account of the excessive population growth in the last six decades, resulting into more and more dependence on river waters. This situation needs to be changed by enhancing the rain water harvesting and ground water recharge volumes with innovative and special measures so as to return to minimum drawl of river waters for drinking and other uses. The proposed measures could be summarized as follows. (i) Restoring Natural River Flows would involve (a) Reducing the surface water Drawl to a minimum. (b) Optimal Utilization of Ground Water for Drinking Water Supply, Irrigation and other uses. (c) Enhancing River Flows through improved surface drainage. (ii) Synchronized Water Supply and Precipitation Storage-cum- Recharge Systems in Water Scarcity areas. (a) Water Supply Schemes equipped with simultaneous rain water harvesting structures. (iii) Optimal Ground Water Recharge and Improved Drainage by innovative and special methods such as (a) Optimal Ground Water Recharge through Village Ponds, equipped with precipitation overflow diversion and recharge system. (b) Waste Water Drainage Treatment at discharge points before outfall into rivers.

PENYULUHAN SANITASI KOMUNAL DI DESA TAMBAK BARU KECAMATAN MARTAPURA KOTA KABUPATEN BANJAR

Tambak Baru is one of 25 villages. Village located in the District Martapura Banjar district. The majority of the population are farmers Tambak Baru (peasant) and household handicraft industry and artisan labor. Geographically, the new Village Pond located at coordinates between 3.23594 ° S and 114 ° 35'30 - 114.52134 ° East. Wastewater contained in Tambak Baru generally in the form of domestic waste / household. The waste water typically flows into the river nearby, so the burden of the rivers in the region is getting heavier and river water pollution level is high enough. It can be seen from the river in the region. And in the rainy season drainage is not functioning properly so frequent inundation at certain points. Based on the characteristics of the Tambak Baru, District Martapura Banjar Regency, it can be concluded that the aspect of social affecting people in Tambak Baru, District Martapura Banjar district in the act defecating carelessly, among other factors economic, education and mindset of the people in the act defecating , To achieve the target stop Babs performed triggered activity, in order to achieve behavioral change in behavior by simulation calculations Babs feces and fecal water, because people dump sludge into the river. The technical aspects of the constraints is the topography factor (nearby river with settlements), and lack of availability of land as a result of the density of homes that use a centralized waste management system and WWTP Communal.

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER QUALITY OF DIFFERENT RURAL HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN PUNJAB (INDIA)

An attempt has been made in the present study to investigate the wastewater characteristics from six different rural human settlements in the state of Punjab, India. The six selected rural catchments are located on a radius of about 5-50 kilometers from Phagwara town, Kapurthala district. The study area comprises the villages of the districts of Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar in Central Punjab. The wastewater samples were collected between January, 2012 and July, 2012 and analyzed for BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, Nitrates, pH, TKN, Alkalinity, Total P, Coliforms, heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and As) and elements (B, Ca, Mg, S and K). The study revealed that the village ponds are the only disposal point where the major portion of the wastewater generated from rural micro watersheds is being disposed. TSS, COD, Nitrates and Coliforms were found to be major pollutants in the wastewaters of rural micro watersheds (all exceeded the surface water quality standards developed by Central Pollution Control Board, India). BOD5 and Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) were found to be exceeding these standards occasionally. Investigations also revealed a very low ratio of BOD5 to COD for the rural wastewaters which indicated that the contribution of cattle wastewater is significant in the wastewater originating from rural catchments. Principal component analysis was applied to identify linkages between the individual pollutant parameters generated from the rural micro watersheds.

Study of Zooplankton Diversity in Vadsar Village Pond at Gandhinagar District of Gujarat

Study of Zooplankton Diversity in Vadsar Village Pond at Gandhinagar District of Gujarat

Isolation and characterization of a novel, T7-like phage against Aeromonas veronii.

A virulent Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and the corresponding novel, lytic bacteriophage (VTCCBPA5) were isolated from village pond water. The phage was found to belong to family Podoviridae. PCR analysis of major capsid protein gene confirmed its classification to T7-like genus. The protein profiling by SDS-PAGE indicated the major structural protein to be~45kDa. The phage (VTCCBPA5) is host specific and is stable over a range of pH (6-10) and temperatures (4-45°C). On the basis of restriction endonuclease analysis combined with prediction mapping, it was observed to vary significantly from previously reported podophages of Aeromonas sp., viz. phiAS7 and Ahp1. The phylogenetic analysis on the basis of PCR-amplified segment of DNA polymerase gene of phage revealed it being an outgroup from podophages of Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. though a small internal fragment (359bp) showed the highest identity (77%) with Vibrio sp. phages. Thus, this is the first report of a novel Podoviridae phage against A. veronii. It expands the assemblage of podophages against Aeromonas sp. and BPA5 could be potentially useful in biocontrol of environmentally acquired Aeromonas veronii infections.

Water Treatment Measures to Improve Ecological Value in Traditional Korean Villages: The Case of Oeam Village, Asan City, Korea

Maintaining and improving the ecological soundness and value of Korea’s traditional villages can contribute to their role as tourism resources. This study examined water treatment measures intended to improve the ecological value of one of South Korea’s traditional villages by analyzing the efficiency of water treatment in a pond at the village’s entrance and changes in flora around the village pond. The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of non-point pollutant sources flowing from the pond into surrounding farmland. Treatment efficiencies of Total Nitrogen, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Phosphorus were 75.33, 30.02, 65.52, 59.12 and 78.85 percent respectively. Moreover, changes to the flora around the village pond were analyzed. Prior to the village pond being dug, the flora consisted of a single-species gramineous plant; however, after the village pond was constructed, nine types of aquatic plants were identified, including lotus plants. The flora diversity was increased, with the aquatic plants showing strong growth. This pond function influences the reduction of pollution load for streams outside the village, and distributes the treatment effects of pollution sources that occur inside the village.

Changing Sacred Status of Village Pond in the Context of People-Pond-Spirit Complex: An Empirical Study

Changing Sacred Status of Village Pond in the Context of People-Pond-Spirit Complex: An Empirical Study

Diversity and population dynamics of Odonata (Insecta: Odonata) in rice growing area of central Gujarat

Odonates diversity was studied in Paddy field of central Gujarat during 2012 to 2015. Total 39 species belonging to 25 genera, under six families and two suborders were recorded. Total 17 species of Zygoptera (damselflies) and 22 species of Anisoptera (dragonflies) were recorded. Community structure and population dynamics of adult odonates were studied at Lingda village during July to December, 2012 through monitoring their population by point count method on three microhabitats (paddy field, village pond and fish farm). Total seventeen species were encounterd in the point count. Diversity index (H’) was highest (2.13) for paddy fields followed by fish farm (2.07) and village pond (1.99). Evenness value of the odonates also ranged between 0.7 and 0.8. Total four species (<em>Viz.</em> Ditch Jewel (25.0%), Green Marsh Hawk (17%), Ruddy Marsh Skimmer and Coromandal Marsh Dart (16% each) were dominant species in all three microhabitats. Both the suborders Anisoptera (dragonfly) and Zygoptera (damselfly) showed similar trend of population fluctuation during the study. Relative abundance was higher and remained constant during 4<sup>th</sup> week of September to 2<sup>nd</sup> week of October.

Water quality in forest and village ponds in Burkina Faso (western Africa)

Forest ecosystems help conserve the quality of water resources in aquatic habitats. The conservation of biological diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems remains a communal concern. Aquatic ecosystems and resources are vulnerable but can be preserved and protected by forests. In sub-Saharan regions of Africa, water from ecosystems such as ponds still play important role in the livelihood of local populations. Water from temporary ponds is used by local populations for multiple needs; however, in this part of the world, the population is increasing, thus increasing human needs and activities and land use in the region. Land-use changes lead to deforestation, land degradation and the decline in freshwater, affecting human health and well-being. Forest degradation leads to the decline in ecosystem goods and services, particularly those related to watersheds. This study conducted in eastern Burkina Faso aimed to assess water quality of temporary ponds in protected forest areas (reserves) and surrounding villages. It was conducted in 61 temporary ponds where physical, chemical and biological variables were measured, such as water surface area, depth, transparency, macrophyte cover, pH, dissolved O2, conductivity, nutrient concentrations and algae biomass. The results showed that at p < 5%, water surface area (p = 0.02), depth (p = 0.00), nutrient content (p = 0.00), and algae biomass (p = 0.04) were significantly higher outside reserves than inside reserves. In contrast, macrophyte cover (mean cover percentages 53 vs. 44.5%) and water transparency (p = 0.02) were higher inside reserves. The variations in conductivity and pH were not significant. All trends showed the influences of human activities on water characteristics and the role forests and land cover had in preventing negative human impacts and disturbance of temporary ponds. Forests and land cover are important to water quality conservation and algae biomass regulation in temporary ponds. Protecting and managing forests is therefore an essential part of future strategies for limiting algal blooms and their negative consequences, maintaining water quality and providing clean water to citizens.

Abundance, biomass and community structure of pond phytoplankton related to the catchment characteristics

Studies were conducted in 2010 on phytoplankton assemblages in ponds in North-East Poland with catchment areas in village environments, mid-forest, mid-meadow and mid-field settings. Differences in phytoplankton abundance, biomass and structure and the environmental requirements of dominant species were assessed in the studied ponds. These features were related to variable physicochemical water parameters and nutrient presence; with the highest phytoplankton abundance and biomass dominated by chlorophytes and diatoms in the village ponds and the greatest diversity of species’ assemblages recorded in the mid-forest and mid-field ponds. In addition, CCA analysis of general trends in phytoplankton growth determined that NH4 and TN enhanced growth in the mid-meadow and mid-field ponds, and P-PO4 and pH influenced growth in the mid-forest pond. The relationships established in this study between phytoplankton and environmental conditions can directly influence future directions in small water-body conservation.

Land, water & power: The demise of common property resources in periurban Gurgaon, India

This paper describes how urbanization processes and urban expansion intersect with social and power relations to reduce the access of periurban communities to common property resources (CPRs). Unequal power structures mean that certain groups are deprived of access to village CPRs. Processes of urban expansion further reduce access to CPRs, as the latter are acquired to support urban expansion. Though rural–urban transformations are characterized by the emergence of new sources of irrigation such as wastewater, not all are able to benefit from them. The acquisition of common property grazing lands to support the drinking water needs of the city affects the livelihood of livestock dependent population, that shift to casual labor. This also translates into a shift from grazing, the domain of men in the household, to stall-feeding, the domain of women, and thereby creating additional responsibilities for women in natural resource collection. The demise of CPRs such as village ponds with the increased pressure on groundwater resources increase the drudgery of women and marginalized groups in accessing water.

Deteriorating rural ponds : A threat to overseas migratory wetland birds in Kurukshetra suburbs, Haryana, India

The present study addresses the problem of ongoing destruction of traditional age old rural wetlands in Haryana in the last 10 years. It is a grave issue which stands accelerated due to anthropogenic unawareness and in deliberate destruction. In all, 59 species of wetland birds belonging to 10 orders and 17 families were recorded from Palwal rural pond in Kurukshetra district in India during 2005-2012. The presence and that too in higher numbers of Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio and Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus hints towards the over excessive growth of hyacinth and water reeds thus making it an ideal place for these birds which are the harbingers of total eutrophication of a certain water body. The other birds seen in the pond are White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, Large Egret Ardea alba and Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia. Pond Herons Ardeola grayii were in few numbers. Black winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus were in more number thus indicating the presence of sludge in water and its shallowness. Cattle egrets were in large number indicating its negative character. The lackluster attitude of Govt. of Haryana will result in its total destruction in 5-10 years. Similar situation may be extended to nearby village ponds to worsen their condition too. Ramsar Convention (1971) pleads for preservation, protection and conservation of wetlands of all hues. Village ponds in Haryana should be revived by seeking co-operation from the Head Quarter of Ramsar Convention at Switzerland.