Village Of Origin Research Articles

Pola Spasial Permukiman Tradisional Bali Aga di Desa Sekardadi, Kintamani

The Bayung Gede village has derived smaller traditional settlements around Kintamani. Sekardadi is one of these settlements that has an inherent consociates with the village of origin, or the Bayung Gede. Despite the fact that the Sekardadi has a uniqueness on spatial pattern and house lay out, this village has not been welldocumented as an old village in Bali. These uniqueness are interesting to be indepth explored. It is not only on the basic philosophy of the house pattern, but also how this pattern to be physical implemented. This study aims to describe some characteristics of the village, both physical and nonphysical aspects, through the way of descriptive exploratory qualitative approach. According to the theory housing pattern of Habraken (1978) and Turgut (2001), research variables are determined into three variables: 1) Cultural setting; 2) Behavioural setting; and 3) Spatial setting. The result shows that macro spatial pattern of the Sekardadi village is divided into three zones: 1) Utama Mandala locates in the north of the village; 2) Madya Mandala is in the middle of the village, and 3) Nista Mandala in the south. Spatial pattern follows the hulu-teben conception or linear pattern with the main road as a cardinal orientation. Higher land means a sacred area (parahyangan) that is characterized by the existence of Pura Puseh. Meanwhile, the opposite is defined as a profane area (palemahan) with the presence of graves; and in the middle is the settlement (pawongan). Keywords: spatial pattern; traditional settlement; Sekardadi village

Association between Taenia solium infection and HIV/AIDS in northern Tanzania: a matched cross sectional-study.

BackgroundThe frequency of Taenia solium, a zoonotic helminth, is increasing in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also high. However, little is known about how these two infections interact. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of HIV positive (+) and negative (−) individuals who are infected with Taenia solium (TSOL) and who present with clinical and neurological manifestations of cysticercosis (CC).MethodsIn northern Tanzania, 170 HIV+ individuals and 170 HIV– controls matched for gender, age and village of origin were recruited. HIV staging and serological tests for TSOL antibodies (Ab) and antigen (Ag) were performed. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was determined by computed tomography (CT) using standard diagnostic criteria. Neurological manifestations were confirmed by a standard neurological examination. In addition, demographic, clinical and neuroimaging data were collected. Further, CD4+ cell counts as well as information on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) were noted.ResultsNo significant differences between HIV+ and HIV– individuals regarding the sero-prevalence of taeniosis-Ab (0.6% vs 1.2%), CC-Ab (2.4% vs 2.4%) and CC-Ag (0.6% vs 0.0%) were detected. A total of six NCC cases (3 HIV+ and 3 HIV–) were detected in the group of matched participants. Two individuals (1 HIV+ and 1 HIV–) presented with headaches as the main symptom for NCC, and four with asymptomatic NCC. Among the HIV+ group, TSOL was not associated with CD4+ cell counts, HAART duration or HIV stage.ConclusionsThis study found lower prevalence of taeniosis, CC and NCC than had been reported in the region to date. This low level of infection may have resulted in an inability to find cross-sectional associations between HIV status and TSOL infection or NCC. Larger sample sizes will be required in future studies conducted in that area to conclude if HIV influences the way NCC manifests itself.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0209-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A dendrochronological evaluation of three historic pioneer cabins at Spring Mill Village, Indiana

Spring Mill was an important pioneer village in Lawrence County, Indiana during the 19th century, with its three-story gristmill serving much of the region. Due to the historical and regional importance of Spring Mill to pioneers, the state of Indiana recreated the original village in the 1930s. While most wooden structures were recreated using donated logs from historic structures around the state, three original nearby structures were relocated to the park. The history of Spring Mill is well documented, but less is known about the three original structures, which are the oldest wooden structures in the village. We used dendroarchaeological methods to determine the construction history of the three original pioneer structures. We found the cutting dates of logs from two of the structures (Granny White and Sheeks Houses) confirmed colloquial construction dates, while the Todd House was believed to be constructed fifteen years earlier than the cutting dates suggested. We also found the preferred wood for pioneer homes was L. tulipifera, as most of the logs used in the original construction of the homes were from this species. Using dendroarchaeological methods provided a means to determine the construction history of pioneer cabins in southern Indiana and our findings suggest that these methods can be used throughout the Midwest where reference chronologies are available.

Hb Kalavasos [HBA2: c.275T > A; p.Leu92His]: a Novel α Chain Hemoglobin Variant

We present a case of a novel pathogenic variant, Hb Kalavasos [α91(FG3)Leu→His (α2); HBA2: c.275T > A; p.Leu92His (NM_000517.4)]; this codon was previously numbered 91 on the α2-globin gene that was discovered following routine Hb A1c testing on a 65-year-old female of Cypriot origin. The band, seen by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) but not capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), was confirmed as a hitherto undescribed a chain variant, that we have named Hb Kalavasos for the Cypriot village of family origin of the proband.

Should all attrition households in rural panel datasets be tracked? Lessons from a panel survey in Nepal

Panel surveys are always subject to attrition: the original number of respondents is reduced over time and this process potentially affects the internal and external validity of a study. This is a common challenge in rural panel surveys in developing countries, where ‘attritors’ are typically not tracked and instead excluded from panel surveys. The few existing tracking studies focus on following ‘movers’ who migrated out of the village of origin, even if a significant number of ‘attritors’ can also be ‘non-movers’ who remained in the same dwelling. Non-movers are important for rural livelihood studies, but we do not know much about the implications of the exclusion of this group for rural livelihood studies. Using a panel data set from rural Nepal, reduced from 507 to 428 households over six years, we tracked and interviewed all attrited households in order to examine the characteristics of non-movers (in comparison to movers and non-attritors) over time and thus assess the effect of their exclusion on static and dynamic livelihood modelling. The majority of attritors were found to be non-movers. Non-movers, movers, and non-attritors are relatively similar in terms of asset endowment, household (and household head) characteristics, and livelihood activities in the initial year of investigation, but the three groups behave differently in the last year of investigation. Different household socio-economic factors determine households' probability of being a mover or non-mover. These disparities have resulted in significant differences in parameter estimates of static and dynamic rural livelihood models. The exclusion of movers and non-movers from the overall sample affects actual household livelihood transitions (in terms of farm income share) differently: the farm income share of households is overestimated when movers are excluded and underestimated when non-movers are excluded. However, the livelihood models were not so severely biased as to affect the conclusions reached for the population based on the non-attritors sample. This may be due to the small size of the movers and non-movers samples and the heterogeneity within the attritors sample in the data. The additional cost of tracking non-movers was very low and this sample is important for rural livelihood studies. Hence, the non-movers sample should always be tracked. The cost of tracking movers was also low, though much larger than the one for non-movers, but this sample is less important for studies that aim to understand rural livelihoods. Hence, the decision whether to track the movers sample depends on the purpose of the study.

Migration and HIV infection in Malawi.

To evaluate the assumption that moving heightens HIV infection by examining the time-order between migration and HIV infection and investigate differences in HIV infection by migration destination and permanence. We employ four waves of longitudinal data (2004-2010) for 4265 men and women from a household-based study in rural Malawi and a follow-up of migrants (2013). Using these data, we examine HIV status prior to migration. Migrants are disaggregated by destination (rural, town, and urban) and duration (return and permanent); all compared with individuals who consistently resided in the rural origin ('nonmigrants'). HIV-positive individuals have significantly greater odds of migration than those who are HIV negative [odds ratio 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89-4.01]. Being HIV positive significantly increases the relative risk (RR) that respondent will be a rural-urban migrant [RR ratio (RRR) 6.28; 95% CI 1.77-22.26), rural-town migrant (RRR 3.62; 95% CI 1.24-10.54), and a rural-rural migrant (RRR 4.09; 95% CI 1.68-9.97), instead of a nonmigrant. Being HIV positive significantly increases the RR that a respondent will move and return to the village of origin (RRR 2.58; 95% CI 1.82-3.66) and become a permanent migrant (RRR 3.21; 95% CI 1.77-5.82) instead of not migrating. HIV-positive status has a profound impact on mobility: HIV infection leads to significantly higher mobility through all forms of migration captured in our study. These findings emphasize that migration is more than just an independent risk factor for HIV infection: greater prevalence of HIV among migrants is partly due to selection of HIV-positive individuals into migration.

Adapted design generation for Turkish vernacular housing grammar

Turkish vernacular housing architecture is in danger of extinction. Original village patterns deteriorate due to new developments, which are discordant with existing settlements and social lifestyle. This paper claims to ensure the cultural continuity of Turkish vernacular housing architecture by adapting new residential designs to the existent environment with a parametric shape grammar method. Originally, vernacular house plans included the allocation of space around a hall: a Sofa. This study firstly exposes spatial organization and grammar rule sets according to the relation between the sofa and remaining spaces, secondly considers current physical problems and villagers’ contemporary living demands and finally creates design solutions coherent with the actual vernacular character by adapting a new design grammar to the existing design.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and direct genotyping using minisequencing in free-range pigs in Burkina Faso

BackgroundSwine are a major source of meat for humans. As such, they can play an important role in the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. Therefore, we performed an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in Burkina Fasan swine. MethodsThe prevalence of T. gondii infection was evaluated in a 3-month prospective study at the slaughterhouse of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG titers were determined on meat juices from pig diaphragms using a commercially available ELISA assay. The DNA was extracted from 25mg of heart biopsies of seropositive animals (IgG ≥50% of the control) and the presence of T. gondii DNA was detected using a quantitative PCR assay. Genotyping was performed directly on DNA from PCR-positive biopsies using high-resolution melting and minisequencing analyses of the repeated B1 gene. ResultsThe prevalence of carcasses positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG was 29% (87/300) with no difference according to sex and age in contrast to the village of origin (p=0.018). Of the 87 seropositive animals, two were PCR positive (parasitic load at 64 and 128 parasites/mg of heart biopsy). Two new genotypes belonging to Type II and Type III and different from the genotypes previously described using minisequencing were identified. ConclusionOur study provides the first T. gondii seroprevalence data in Burkina Fasan swine. In addition, this direct typing method suggests diversity of the T. gondii genotypes circulating in domestic animals in Burkina Faso. This needs to be confirmed on a wider sampling of subjects.

Cameroon’s national literatures: An introduction

In the Afterword of my book The Sacred Door and Other Stories: Cameroon Folktales of the Beba (2008), I wrote the following: “My earliest impressions of Cameroon were gleaned from the stories told by older people. Their comments revolved around two things: first, that Mount Cameroon—also known as Mount Fako, the Throne of Thunder, and the Chariot of the Gods—the highest peak in West and Central Africa, is the site of the earliest recorded volcanic eruption in the region; and second, that the country they call home was named after prawns by some white people. It is said that in the fifth century BCE, while sailing along the Atlantic coast of West Africa, Hanno, the Carthaginian explorer and ship’s captain, observed Mount Cameroon erupting and inscribed in his travel writings the name Theon Ochema, Chariot of the Gods. He is said to have noted that the fires from the mountain were so hot and so bright that the flames reached up and touched the stars. Firm believers in this historical version point out that Mount Cameroon (also called Mount Fako because it is situated in Fako Division of the South West Province) is the only active volcano on the coast of West Africa, erupting seven times in the twentieth century alone. They also point to the fact that the mountain is known locally as monga-ma loba—Seat of the Gods. I was born in the South West Province but was raised through my teenage years in the grasslands of the North West, where Beba, my village of origin, is situated. Mount Cameroon has therefore held a kind of mystery for me. As a young girl, I was fascinated with these stories of the so-called discovery by Hanno, of flaming arrows reaching for the stars, and with the fact that Debundscha, the wettest place on the African continent and the place with the second-highest rainfall in the world, lies at the foot of the Seat/Chariot of the Gods. I found it amusing that my country was named after big juicy shrimp, and by a bunch of white men we did not know. I could not grasp what that act of naming really entailed, but the teachers who taught me in primary school and the adults who told us stories by the evening fire were not amused. They insisted that branding us with the name of shrimp was an invitation to a feast. The metaphor was lost on my young sensibilities. As I got older and attended primary and secondary school, our curriculum was tailored to the British education system of O Levels and A Levels. In our history lessons, little was afforded the various peoples who migrated to and now inhabit the sahel and plateau regions of the mostly Muslin north, or the grasslands, littoral, and forest regions of the mostly Christian south. History lessons were dominated by European and Cameroon’s colonial history. Only later, at the University of Yaounde, did I, on my own, read all the books I could that addressed the various kingdoms, chiefdoms, and indigenous civilizations of the people who today call Cameroon home.

From pickaxes to metal detectors: Gold mining mobility and space in Upper Guinea, Guinea Conakry

Drawing on fieldwork conducted over a period of one year in a Malinke village in Guinea, this article aims to develop an understand of the evolution of mining mobilities from a spatial perspective. Artisanal and smallscale gold mining (ASM) has expanded rapidly in Northeastern Guinea since the 1980s. Here, men, women and occasionally, children, work at the gold mines and live in temporary camps during the dry season. However, since the introduction of metal detectors at the end of 2011, mobility has been dominated by men and has become much more random. Men now make numerous trips back and forth to their villages during the dry season, changing mobilities into trajectories. My purpose is to show that, paradoxically, this randomness allows men greater flexibility in managing their presence and absence in their village of origin.

Assessing the Effects of Indigenous Migration on Zootherapeutic Practices in the Semiarid Region of Brazil.

Human migration implies adaptations to new environments, such as ways to benefit from the available biodiversity. This study focused on the use of animal-derived remedies, and we investigated the effects of migration on the traditional medical system of the indigenous Truká people. This ethnic group lives in Northeast Brazil and is currently distributed in four distinct villages. In these villages, the zootherapeutic knowledge of 54 indigenous people was determined through semi-structured questionnaires given from September 2013 to January 2014. The interviewees indicated 137 zootherapeutic uses involving 21 animal species. The variety of species and their uses have a higher similarity between villages that are closer to each other, which can be a reflection of geographic and environmental factors. However, even close villages showed a low similarity in the zootherapeutic uses recorded, which reflects a strong idiosyncrasy regarding the knowledge of each village. Hence, each village may be influenced by the physical environment and contact with other cultures, which may maintain or reduce the contact of younger villages with the original village.

Reinterpreting Labor Migration as Initiation Rite: “Ghana Boys” and European Clothing in Dogon Country (Mali), 1920–1960

Introduction1Most of the current anthropological studies on the relationships between migration and global consumption in Africa have been conducted in relation to globalization discourses of the 1990s.2 Few longue duree approaches have been adopted to understand the and identity formation in the African laborers' villages of origin.3 However, it is possible even in the early twentieth century to see how young African migrants-through consumption of western items in their own villages-reproduced local institutions of social promotion. Reinterpreting labor migration as a rite of passage through an anthropological and historical perspective demonstrates the formation of cultural heroes through the transfer and consumption of European items in villages. For that purpose, I examine both migration for colonial wage work and the modern lifestyle of returnee migrants, while scrutinizing the symbolic relationship between the two. In order to do so, I base my analysis on what was known as the Ghana boys: an informal migrants' organization whose members have returned to Dogon country after a three years sojourn in the cities of the former Gold Coast (presentday Ghana). The term Ghana boys, which came into common use in Dogon Country after 1957, replaced the term Kumasi boys,4 widely employed from the 1920s to the 1950s. The substitution occurred when Gold Coast gained its independence under the name Ghana. The more recent term will be employed throughout this paper; both titles imply the aspirations, labor, and consumption embedded within migration, and the only difference lies in the time period.Of course, the Ghana boys were not unique; there were numerous other connections between Dogon society and the rest of the world. For example, compulsory military service during World War I was a key process in linking Dogon society to the emerging worlds of European empire in the first part of the twentieth century. Many informants highlight the importance of young soldiers returning from military service in brokering interactions with European and colonial cultures. Demobilized soldiers returned to the villages with uniforms and other goods acquired during their time abroad. In Dogon villages, they gave lengthy accounts about the modern technologies being used in Europe, particularly modern means of transportation. In the early stages of World War I, according to oral testimony, many Dogon were skeptical of accounts of the first groups of returning soldiers describing European technology. The large number of men drafted over the course of the war, however, meant that after the war was over, the large number of returning veterans confirmed the accounts of the first cohort of military men. The accounts of these World War I veterans did a great deal to influence other young people into migrating into colonial cities, in order to achieve the same status of hero accorded to returning veterans. Key among these migrants were the Ghana boys.A study of the Ghana boys reveals that young Dogon men were continually shuttling between their villages and Ghana's colonial cities. It was a transnational, or trans-colonial, movement, since these young men were leaving one colonial empire for another. This migration demonstrates the appearance of a new form of organized society, which has three distinguishing features: (1) the ordeal of travel, (2) the experience of paid labor, measured by the acquisition of clothing and other luxury objects, and (3) the mastery of new languages, namely English and Hausa. The value placed upon these imported artefacts and the knowledge of foreign languages in Dogon society, and particularly by women, raised migration's profile among the young population as a whole. As these new and material values began to pervade colonial and post-colonial Ghana, they were transposed and reinterpreted in Dogon Country. This article investigates how the stories and the memory of the Kumasi boys and the Ghana boys have served to ingrain migratory aspirations among the Dogon from the beginning of the twentieth century until now. …

Displaced Iraqi Families in Kurdistan: Strangers in a Strange Land.

The photograph (Figure 1) shows one of the camps established by churches for displaced Iraqis in Ainkawa, a suburb of Erbil, the capital of Kurdistan. Located in northern Iraq, Kurdistan is an independent region that has received displaced Iraqis from different religions (Christians, Muslims, and Yazidis) sinceJune2014,whenacaliphate was established in Iraqi and Syrian territories occupied by the Islamic State (IS).There areno reliable statistics on the numbers of persons who have been displaced since that date, but it is estimated that the number of Iraqi families that have been installed in Kurdistan is around 145,000, comprising some 872,000 individuals (1). These families were forced to leave their cities and villages of origin either because of the numerous violent strikes by IS or in response to different authorities’ instructions. The families were initially received in outdoor spaces such as gardens after arriving on foot or in shelterless caravans—that is, as groups of refugees who traveled together—and then were supplied with tents a few weeks later.Eventually, each familywas suppliedwith its owntrailer inside the campofMarElia.However, inmanyother camps in Kurdistan, families are still living in tents. Some families have managed to rent apartments near the camps, although in order to afford the rent, they have had to live together with two to five families in the same apartment. Several nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are currently working with the displaced Iraqis, offering help with school reinsertion; social and professional reinsertion; food, clothing, and medication supplies; psychological support; and so on. It is well known that the risk of developing mental disorders such asmajor depressive disorder, anxietydisorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychotic disorders is higher among displaced populations compared with that of stable populations (2–4). The interaction between the traumatic event precipitating the displacement and the psychosocial adverse factors that result after thedisplacementare themain reasons for development of mental disorders in these populations (2–4). On the psychological level, besides the recent trauma of witnessing conflict-related events, displaced Iraqi families are facing another equally important set of stress factors. In addition to their poverty, displaced families have different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds that make them a minority group facing difficulties in adapting to their new environment. While one might theoretically consider living outside the displaced-person camps as a step toward adjustment, this is not practically thecase for thedisplacedIraqis. Living outside the camp means that the displaced familywill have less privacy, less income, and less psychosocial support from NGOs that concentrate their efforts inside the camps. As a result, Iraqi families who manage to find a shelter inside the camps have more protective factors from psychological distress. This fact creates a paradoxical flux of family movement toward the camps, which may have the effect of slowing down the social insertion

Anthropophytes in the flora of different spatial units within old rural settlements of the Lubuskie Lakeland, western Poland

Abstract Studies of the flora of villages in a connection with the surrounding landscape are rare and mostly limited to the built-up area and its general location in a geographical region. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the diversity patterns of flora against the background of local landscape units in the rural areas and to analyse them in the context of village transformation. The study comprised 30 villages of medieval origin representing the oval-shape type, with differently preserved structure of built-up area and cultivated fields, located in the Lubuskie Lakeland. The terrain within a buffer zone of 200 m in width, located outside of the built-up area, was divided into spatial complexes. In each of these complexes, floristic lists were compiled. The structure of surrounding landscape within the buffer zone of 1 km in width, measuring from the village centroid, was analysed using ArcGIS. The recorded flora comprised 767 taxa of spontaneously occurring vascular plants. Extremely rare and common species were the most numerous. Native species distinctly prevailed over alien in all types of spatial complexes and the majority of them occurred in the habitats transformed by man. There were noted altogether 244 species of anthropophytes. The index of anthropophytization of flora (WAnt) showed that both types of built-up areas (transformed and non-transformed) reached the highest values, slightly higher than fields and central green. Index of flora modernization (WM) showed the same pattern. Only water bodies were strikingly different from other complexes in respect to both indices (WAnt - significantly lower values, while WM - much higher). Differences in the floristic composition of transformed and non-transformed villages were not significant at the level of whole village. The villages were still harbouring rare species from the group of relics of former cultivation and archaeophytes, but observations conducted since 2007 confirmed that they have been decreasing in number. The percentage of groups of species with different affinity toward urban areas have shown that in the studied rural areas, the share of urbanophilic species is still very low as compared to the dominant group of urbanoneutral and moderately urbanophobic species.

Out-migrants and Local Institutions: Case Study of a Depopulated Mountain Village in Japan

<p class="1Body">Rural depopulation is now well acknowledged to be one of the salient challenges faced by Japan (Ohno, 2005; Odagiri, 2006). However, out-migrants that left their village of origin still maintain their bond with the villages through local institutions and natural resources. By taking Mogura village in Hayakawa town, Yamanashi prefecture as a case study, this article discusses relationships between out-migrants and their depopulated village of origin by focusing on local institutions and natural resource management. Data was collected using open ended interview and participant observation methods. The result shows that, although the style of observing has changed, out-migrants play important role in local institutions and assisting resource management of their depopulated village of origin. The institutions still have meaning for out-migrants to keep relationships with their village of origin. Several customs, such as collaborative labor, <em>obon</em>, New Year vacation, and the anniversary of ancestors’ death ceremony, provide scheduled opportunities for out-migrants and residents to get together and good reasons to come to the place of the village of origin. We argue that local institutions and natural resources, although in the process of transformation, can be helpful tools to link out-migrants with villages. We, however, take precaution on whether such role will be transferred to next generation of the out-migrants that are born and are living outside the village of origin of the out-migrants.</p>

Migration Pressure, Tenure Security, and Agricultural Intensification: Evidence from Indonesia

We explore the role played by migration-induced population pressure for the endogenous adoption of formal land titles and subsequent investments in land in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using original village- and household-level data we provide evidence that migration pressure increased the incentives to formalize landownership. The adoption of formal land rights was in turn associated with increased expenditures for agricultural inputs and investment in trees, terraces, ditches, and irrigation systems. We show that the availability of a demand-driven land titling system has been critical for increased agricultural intensification in this Indonesian setting. <i>(JEL O12, Q15)</i>

“Marriage with an absentee:” Marital practices in an era of great mobility

Egyptian communities are increasing in Europe, and Italy is the first European country targeted by a number of Egyptians. While other Arab countries (i.e. Morocco) are experiencing a progressive “feminization of migration”, Egyptian migration remains a male-dominated phenomenon. One of the main issues around the big presence of young Egyptian single men in Italy is that of transnational marriages, which migrants engage in with women from their original villages. In this paper I focus on the families that are created through what I call “marriage with an absentee”, investigating the value of transnational marriages both for migrants and for Egyptian women who marry men who are working abroad. I describe those marriages in their organizational aspects—entering into the details of the rituals of the engagement and of the marriage. I also discuss some of the consequences of this practice. I.e., on one hand the creation of a transnational family (characterized by the new bride staying in Egypt), and on the oth...

EXPANSION OF THE VILLAGE FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SERVICE

&lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research background about the village set out in Law No.32 of 2004 : “village is a legal entity with boundaries whose authority controls and manages the interest of local communities, based on their origin and local customs which are respected by the government system of the Republic of Indonesia”. Considering that the village has the authority to regulate and manage the interests of the community in accordance with the local socio-cultural conditions, the original village autonomy is strategically positioned that requires balanced attention to the implementation of regional autonomy because strong village autonomy will significantly affect the realization of local autonomy. Establishment of a village aims to create effectiveness and efficiency of village governance and improve public services to accelerate the realization of public welfare . Establishment of new village outside existing villages or as a result of village expansion management. Village expansion is splitting a village into two or more villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze implementation of requirements that must be met in the establishment of new villages in terms of social ,economic, cultural, and legal aspects especially in villages Ketro and Wonosidi, District Tulakan, Pacitan, beside Simultaneously formulating a feasibility recommendation of new village establishment according to social economic, cultural and legal issues in preparation for splitting the village into independent villages especially in villages Ketro and Wonosidi, District Tulakan, Pacitan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The research method, research activities on the potential for rural district expansion as an effort to increase the efficiency of public services in the distric of Pacitan is a descriptive qualitative research and will be supported by the data both quantitative and qualitative (socio economic, cultural and legal aspects). The research is carried out the villages Ketro and Wonosidi, District Tulakan, Pacitan. Research is focused on assessing the requirement variables mechanisms and procedures for the establishment expansion of a new village district that must be met by the provisions of the enforced legislation in terms of socio economic, cultural and legal issues in preparation for the village expansion to independent villages especially villages in Ketro and Wonosidi. Data are collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and document studies. In order to test the validity of the data, a series of validation is done throught data triangulation and data analysis using interactive analysis, stakeholder analysis, hierarchy process analysis and strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The results showed that the preparation of village expansion in Ketro and Wonosidi, District Tulakan, Pacitan is done according to the terms of a new village establishment, the village formation mechanisms and procedures for the establishment of the village, infrastructure setting, sociate institution setting, village wealth setting, village boundaries setting and a map of the village, and the village zoning arrangement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The conclusion, based on the requirements, mechanisms and procedures in accordance with Regulation village expansion area Pacitan districs No.4 of 2008, the village Ketro “meet” requirements and deserves to be split into four independent villages, namely, the master village / definitive Ketro named village, while the village expansion / preparation Ketro village named Asri, Sempurejo and Pelemrejo. Meanwhile, Wonosidi village, district, and Tulakan is also eligible and worthy to be split into two independent villages with the main village Wonosari. Effects of the village expansion is the responsibility of the concerned villages and local governments can regulate the expansion of the village in accordance with legislation in force.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords : Village Expansion Potential, efforts to improve public service efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;

Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency) and High Infant Mortality in Northern Laos

BackgroundInfantile beriberi (thiamine deficiency) occurs mainly in infants breastfed by mothers with inadequate intake of thiamine, typically among vulnerable populations. We describe possible and probable cases of infantile thiamine deficiency in northern Laos.Methodology/Principal FindingsThree surveys were conducted in Luang Namtha Province. First, we performed a retrospective survey of all infants with a diagnosis of thiamine deficiency admitted to the 5 hospitals in the province (2007–2009). Second, we prospectively recorded all infants with cardiac failure at Luang Namtha Hospital. Third, we further investigated all mothers with infants (1–6 months) living in 22 villages of the thiamine deficiency patients’ origin. We performed a cross-sectional survey of all mothers and infants using a pre-tested questionnaire, physical examination and squat test. Infant mortality was estimated by verbal autopsy. From March to June 2010, four suspected infants with thiamine deficiency were admitted to Luang Namtha Provincial hospital. All recovered after parenteral thiamine injection. Between 2007 and 2009, 54 infants with possible/probable thiamine deficiency were diagnosed with acute severe cardiac failure, 49 (90.2%) were cured after parenteral thiamine; three died (5.6%). In the 22 villages, of 468 live born infants, 50 (10.6%, 95% CI: 8.0–13.8) died during the first year. A peak of mortality (36 deaths) was reported between 1 and 3 months. Verbal autopsy suggested that 17 deaths (3.6%) were due to suspected infantile thiamine deficiency. Of 127 mothers, 60 (47.2%) reported edema and paresthesia as well as a positive squat test during pregnancy; 125 (98.4%) respected post-partum food avoidance and all ate polished rice. Of 127 infants, 2 (1.6%) had probable thiamine deficiency, and 8 (6.8%) possible thiamine deficiency.ConclusionThiamine deficiency may be a major cause of infant mortality among ethnic groups in northern Laos. Mothers’ and children’s symptoms are compatible with thiamine deficiency. The severity of this nutritional situation requires urgent attention in Laos.

Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe

In Victoria Falls, development of tourism dates back to around 1900 after the arrival of the railway line from Cape Town, completion of the Victoria Falls hotel and the bridge. In recent years, tourism activities have been spreading to the peri-urban area of Chisuma Communal Area (CCA) along the Batoka Gorges, downstream of the Victoria Falls. Tourism development in the study area was accelerated by the 2010 World Cup soccer tournament hosted by South Africa and the United Nations World Tourism Organisation co-hosted by Zimbabwe and Zambia. This has resulted in construction of lodges along the gorges displacing the local communities from their original villages. This paper examines the expansion and development of tourism in the CCA. Tourism development activities were found to be negatively impacting on the local area through deforestation, land degradation, displacement and social cultural erosion. To some extent, it was also found to be bringing in new livelihood strategies such as employment and development of infrastructure that are crucial for the development of the local communities.