Village Gardens Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Organisasi PKK dan UMKM Milik Bu Sri; Upaya Perbaikan Keterlibatan Wanita di Desa Setren

Women's empowerment is a modern concept that marks progressive changes in efforts to liberate from patriarchal culture, where women's involvement in society was previously very minimal. Efforts to align the portion of involvement of all genders are often referred to as the equal rights movement or women's liberation movement. In Setren Village, women's involvement is still low, with the achievement of SDG 5 point "Village Women's Involvement" only 26.32%. Based on this assessment, our community service work program is focused on increasing women's involvement. We initiated two main programs: empowerment of Village PKK Organizations through the creation of Village Gardens and education on Verticulture planting media, as well as rebranding of Mrs. Sri's Village MSMEs which operate in the soybean juice beverage sector. By partnering with the PKK, this women's empowerment organization is expected to be able to contribute to community development. Support for MSMEs also aims to improve the economic and environmental aspects of villages. This research aims to evaluate the results of the women's empowerment program in Setren Village. In contrast to previous research which focused on crafts, our approach uses planting media education and MSME support. The service will be carried out for three months, from March to July 2024, in accordance with the SDGs of Setren Village. The methods used include surveys, discussions and problem identification. Surveys were conducted at the Village Hall and the Village Head's house to obtain initial information. The second visit was made to Mrs. Sri's house to understand the condition of MSMEs. After identifying the problem, discussions were held to determine the work program based on the relevant Setren Village SDG point 5.

Strategi Pemasaran Pembuatan Taman Kampung dan Penjualan Tanaman Hias di Donomulyo, Malang

The creation of village gardens and the sale of ornamental plants have the potential to improve the welfare of the Donomulyo community. However, this potential has not been fully utilized optimally. One of the factors that hinder the utilization of this potential is the lack of an appropriate marketing strategy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the marketing strategy of making village gardens and selling ornamental plants in Donomulyo, Malang. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques in this study were literature study, interviews and observations. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the strategies that can be done to increase the marketing effectiveness of making village gardens and selling ornamental plants in Donomulyo Village include community empowerment, coordination between stakeholders, and developing market access. Marketing strategies for making village gardens and selling ornamental plants in Donomulyo Village need to be optimized to increase the economic value of village gardens and community welfare.

Study on the Synergistic Development of Chinese Traditional Villages Protection and Landscape Development Facilitated by Rural Revitalization

Abstract To establish the comparative advantage of rural development, the mechanism of policy environment on the synergistic development of village gardens is brought into play. In the design of this paper, the coupling degree model of synergistic development is determined by the degree of influence of the coupling elements of village conservation and landscape gardening on each other. The entropy value method was used to eliminate the difference in the scale between the index data and determine the weight of synergistic indexes. The Dagum Gini coefficient method was used to decompose the total Gini coefficient into intra-regional variance contribution, inter-regional variance and super-variance density, effectively measuring regional development inequality. To verify the actual effect of the synergistic development strategy of traditional village protection and landscape development, the results of the simulation analysis show that after the government of region A implemented the strategy, the peak wave of its synergistic development curve increased from 7.2 points in 2017 to 9.6 points in 2022, the total operating income remained above 45.16 billion yuan, and the index of livability and livability was higher than the weighted value of 0.64 on average. It can be seen that with the help of the rural revitalization strategy, the synergistic development of traditional village protection and landscape development can improve the modernization of the countryside and realize the natural symbiosis of the ecological environment and humanistic development.

Sex-specific responses to anthropogenic risk shape wild chimpanzee social networks in a human-impacted landscape

Large animal species are most likely to survive human-induced rapid environmental change if they display high levels of behavioural flexibility. Examining social responses in species that form closely bonded social groups and display high fission–fusion dynamics, such as chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes , will help determine their resilience to dynamic human activities and the potential for sustainable human–wildlife interactions. Coinciding with the seasonal availability of cultivated jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus , a dominant food available in croplands and village gardens, we examined the social adjustments of wild chimpanzees to risks presented by a human-modified landscape at Bulindi, Uganda. Absolute party size decreased when chimpanzees moved from low-risk ‘natural’ habitat (forest fragments) to high-risk ‘anthropogenic’ habitat (croplands and other village areas), driven mainly by parties containing fewer females. Using social network analysis, we found that chimpanzee social structure showed partial flexibility in response to anthropogenic risk. The strength of social ties in a 5 m proximity network stayed similar and individual centrality measures were correlated between low- and high-risk habitats. Nevertheless, in high-risk habitat males were more central than females and exclusively dominated the core of the network's core–periphery structure. However, sex differences were not apparent when we corrected for party membership, indicating that differences were driven by changes to party membership between habitat types rather than changes in social proximity within parties. We suggest that perception of anthropogenic risk can drive continual adjustments to grouping dynamics in response to changing conditions that modify social lives of male and female chimpanzees in different ways. Consequently, changes in grouping patterns induced by continuing anthropogenic change could impact ecological and evolutionary processes influenced by social structure, including cultural evolution and the spread of infectious disease. • Party size decreased from low-risk ‘natural’ to high-risk ‘anthropogenic’ habitat. • Males had higher social centrality than females in high-risk habitat only. • Sex differences in centrality were caused by females avoiding high-risk habitat. • No sex difference in centrality was apparent when controlling for party membership. • Chimpanzee social structure showed partial flexibility to anthropogenic risk.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT BERBASIS TRADISI LOKAL STUDI KELURAHAN KALAODI TIDORE KEPULAUAN-MALUKU UTARA

Tradition-based community empowerment that is carried out is an empowerment process carried out by the community by developing a joint work program based on traditional values or cultural identities that exist and are grounded in society without eliminating that cultural identity. This study aims to explore and identify the potential of community social capital in Kalaodi village, namely: Informal institutions and institutions such as community socio-economic networks, traditional institutions and traditional ceremonies in the form of paca goya, working groups and marong (mutual cooperation) and community social action. in conducting empowerment based on community self-help. In addition, this study is to determine the efforts of the people of Kalaodi in empowering communities based on local traditions. Community empowerment is carried out in the form of management and utilization of village gardens and youth gardens in which cloves and nutmeg are produced, used for building village road infrastructure and building community learning facilities, in the form of a reading house in Dola village. This research uses descriptive analysis method, data collection, observation, interview and document study. The results showed the empowerment carried out by villagers in the use of natural products which was accompanied by assistance from government officials and community organizations.

A new species of Toxicocalamus (Squamata: Elapidae) from Papua New Guinea.

I describe a new species of the fossorial elapid snake genus Toxicocalamus from Mt. Simpson, Milne Bay Province, in southeastern New Guinea. The new species is similar to the poorly diagnosed T. loriae but differs from that species (and all other Toxicocalamus with the preocular distinct from the prefrontal) in having the preocular not in contact with the nasal and in having a pale-gray or yellow venter with gray bands across each ventral scale. The new species came from elevations of 1300-1490 m a.s.l. on the north slope of Mt. Simpson, and it seems likely to be confined to the mid-elevations of that mountain, judging from its morphological differences with specimens obtained from similar elevations on nearby Mt. Dayman. If true, this would make it the sixth species of herpetofauna apparently endemic to Mt. Simpson. This snake was common and found in both village gardens and adjacent primary rainforest, and I estimate its area of extent to be approximately 50,000 ha, so its IUCN conservation status would appear to be Least Concern.

Wild Samango Monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis, Balance Risk and Opportunity to Interact with Novel Objects in Village Gardens

Research suggests that wild animals in urban areas exhibit heightened behavioral flexibility when they encounter novel human-made objects, but most such studies compared responses in urban populations with those from disjunct populations in less disturbed environments. We therefore know little about intrapopulation variation in cognitive or behavioral flexibility under different conditions of anthropogenic exposure. Here, we investigate object exploration and behavioral flexibility in a single group of samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in an environment in which individuals forage in both gardens and natural forest. Over 2 months, we presented monkeys with novel, human-made objects in both natural and disturbed areas, varying the position of objects in trees to represent exposed or safer foraging zones. We video-recorded and analyzed interactions with these novel objects, assessing interaction times (an indicator of persistence), exploratory diversity (or motor diversity), and the occurrence of foraging innovations. Results from 67 interactions (29 in natural habitats and 38 in disturbed) indicate that samango monkeys exhibited a spatially complex response to novel objects: in contrast to that in other species, exploration diversity decreased significantly in anthropogenic environments, even as persistence remained largely static across contexts. Monkeys also exhibited foraging innovations by pulling on strings to bring objects closer. This may reduce exposure to danger, as string-pulling was most prevalent in the highest risk condition (ground level in human gardens). Significant intrapopulation variation in behavioral flexibility suggests that samango monkeys adjust the expression of problem-solving behaviors in relation to the degree of human disturbance in their immediate environment.

Planthopper Transmission of Ramu Stunt Virus, a Tenuivirus Causing the Sugarcane Disease Ramu Stunt, and its Distribution in Papua New Guinea.

Ramu stunt is a serious disease of sugarcane, currently only reported from Papua New Guinea. It is found in both commercial sugarcane grown on the Ramu Agri Industries Limited (RAIL) estate and in chewing canes (Saccharum officinarum L.) grown in village gardens. The vector of Ramu stunt disease is the island sugarcane planthopper, Eumetopina flavipes Muir. Here we report on the successful transmission of Ramu stunt using E. flavipes and verify that the disease is caused by Ramu stunt virus, a virus with homology to the genus Tenuivirus. Diagnostic reverse transcription PCR screening, with partial genome sequencing and viral protein characterization, was used for confirmation. Disease surveys were undertaken on the RAIL estate, along roadsides, and in village gardens in parts of Papua New Guinea. When the disease was identified, partial genome sequencing of the virus was performed to assess the extent of genome variability among isolates. The disease was less common than predicted from early surveys based on symptoms alone, and genotypic variation was associated with geographic location.

Analysis on the Current Situation of the Rural House Garden

The purposes of carrying out this research were the efficient formation and management of the house gardens of the farming villages in the future by stereotyping the house gardens of the farming villages and the garden spaces and the facilities through the analysis of the present situation of the farm villages and the suggestion of the basic materials for the improvement of the farming village environments. As a result, there were the limitations that this research had been limited to the garden spaces of the farm village houses, without considering all the environments of the farm villages. It was thought that, if, based on these results, the researches for drawing the item of the concrete creation of the gardens and the management are proceeded with through the in-depth analysis in the vein of the relationship between the farm village homestead gardens and the villages in the future, this will prove helpful in practically formulating and putting into practice the policies for supplying the farm village gardens for the farm villages.

Rebuilding northern foodsheds, sustainable food systems, community well-being, and food security

BackgroundMultiple climatic, environmental and socio-economic pressures have accumulated to the point where they interfere with the ability of remote rural Alaska Native communities to achieve food security with locally harvestable food resources. The harvest of wild foods has been the historical norm, but most Alaska Native villages are transitioning to a cash economy, with increasing reliance on industrially produced, store-bought foods, and with less reliable access to and reliance on wild, country foods. While commercially available market foods provide one measure of food security, the availability and quality of market foods are subject to the vagaries and vulnerabilities of the global food system; access is dependent on one's ability to pay, is limited to what is available on the shelves of small rural stores, and, store-bought foods do not fulfill the important roles that traditional country foods play in rural communities and cultures. Country food access is also constrained by rising prices of fuel and equipment, a federal and state regulatory framework that sometimes hinders rather than helps rural subsistence users who need to access traditional food resources, a regulatory framework that is often not responsive to changes in climate, weather and seasonality, and a shifting knowledge base in younger generations about how to effectively harvest, process and store wild foods.ObjectiveThe general objective is to provide a framework for understanding the social, cultural, ecological and political dimensions of rural Alaska Native food security, and to provide information on the current trends in rural Alaska Native food systems.DesignThis research is based on our long-term ethnographic, subsistence and food systems work in coastal and interior Alaska. This includes research about the land mammal harvest, the Yukon River and coastal fisheries, community and village gardens, small livestock production and red meat systems that are scaled appropriately to village size and capacity, and food-system intervention strategies designed to rebuild local and rural foodsheds and to restore individual and community health.ResultsThe contemporary cultural, economic and nutrition transition has severe consequences for the health of people and for the viability of rural communities, and in ways that are not well tracked by the conventional food security methodologies and frameworks. This article expands the discussion of food security and is premised on a holistic model that integrates the social, cultural, ecological, psychological and biomedical aspects of individual and community health.ConclusionWe propose a new direction for food-system design that prioritizes the management of place-based food portfolios above the more conventional management of individual resources, one with a commitment to as much local and regional food production and/or harvest for local and regional consumption as is possible, and to community self-reliance and health for rural Alaska Natives.

Purple-faced Langurs in Human-Modified Environments Feeding on Cultivated Fruits: A Comment to Dela (2007, 2012)

Recently Dela (International Journal of Primatology, 28 (2007): 607–626; International Journal of Primatology, 33 (2012): 40–72) published her study from the mid-1980s on the diet of purple-faced langurs Trachypithecus (Semnopithecus) vetulus in village gardens and rubber plantations. Unlike studies from the 1970s that reported the species, like other colobines, to be largely folivorous with few ripe fruits eaten, Dela found them to be largely frugivorous. The frequent feeding on ripe fruits challenges the paradigm that colobine digestive adaptations restrict the use of ripe fleshy fruits. No reference was made to any other post-1970s study on the species. Here I provide a concise overview of more than a dozen studies conducted in the 1990s and 2000s that show that 1) other populations live in similar human-modified environments showing feeding adaptations as reported by Dela, 2) these populations rely largely on cultivated crops and feed heavily on fruits, 3) living in these situations introduces them to additional threats. Especially in western Sri Lanka little natural habitat remains and deforestation has led the langurs to exchange the forest jungle for the urban jungle, with power lines, fences, walls, and roofs being used instead of trees. The main fruits that provide a staple for langurs in these areas are jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), banana (Musa spp.), and mango (Mangifera indica); studies in undisturbed habitats and indeed Dela’s own study suggest the heavy use of human-edible fruits by langurs may not necessarily indicate preferential selection of these food sources. Living in human-modified environments makes the langurs more prone to infection with gastrointestinal parasites, and may lead to death by electrocution or being killed by guard dogs. The large degree of agreement between studies suggest that feeding on ripe fruits from cultivars is not unique to Dela’s two study groups and shows that some langur groups are able to survive for extended periods on uncolobine-like diets when they cannot access their preferred foods.

Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Family Zingiberaceae) is well known in Asia. The plant is widely cultivated in village gardens in the tropics for its medicinal properties and as a marketable spice in Malaysia. Ginger varieties are rich in physiologically active phenolics and flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activities. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing levels of flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, naringenin, fisetin and morin) and phenolic acid (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid), and antioxidant activities in different parts of Malaysian young ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) with CO2 enrichment in a controlled environment system. Both varieties showed an increase in phenolic compounds and flavonoids in response to CO2 enrichment from 400 to 800 µmol mol-1 CO2. These increases were greater in rhizomes compared to leaves. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that quercetin and gallic acid were the most abundant flavonoid and phenolic acid in Malaysian young ginger varieties. Under elevated CO2 conditions, kaempferol and fisetin were among the flavonoid compounds, and gallic acid and vanillic acid were among the phenolic compounds whose levels increased in both varieties. As CO2 concentration was increased from 400 to 800 µmol mol-1, free radical scavenging power (DPPH) increased about 30% in Halia Bentong and 21.4% in Halia Bara; and the rhizomes exhibited more enhanced free radical scavenging power, with 44.9% in Halia Bentong and 46.2% in Halia Bara. Leaves of both varieties also displayed good levels of flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced by controlled environment production and CO2 enrichment.

Nest Box Use by Great Tits in Semi–arid Rural Residential Gardens

Abstract We studied use of nest boxes by Great Tits (Parus major) in rural village gardens in a semi-arid area. Great Tits occupied 46.6% of the nest boxes, and used nest boxes within higher tree densities and with more tree species in the vicinity. Breeding success was greater in nest boxes with higher plant density, more plant species, and greater height of trees in the vicinity of the nest. The presence of children or dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) near nest boxes did not affect breeding parameters. Syrian Woodpeckers (Dendrocopos syriacus) enlarged 38.0% of nest box entrances during the first year. House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) occupied 41.0% of the nest boxes with enlarged holes and none of those with normal holes. Great Tits occupied both types, but significantly fewer pairs breeding in nest boxes with enlarged holes succeeded in fledging at least one young, probably due to their eviction by the larger House Sparrows.

Conversion of traditional village gardens and new economic strategies of rural households in the area of Bogor, Indonesia

Multistoried village gardens in the vicinity of Bogor (West Java, Indonesia) have long been essential multi-purpose production systems for low-income households. However they are being subjected to important conversion processes linked to socio-economic changes presently found in overcrowded semi-urban zones. Determining factors in their development are a high population increase and the rise of a market economy. Some gardens tend to specialize in commercial growing of fruits or of export crops, others are colonized by houses and associated home-gardens. Traditional gardens gradually lose their earlier ecological and economic features but also become a major asset for the modernization of village economy and society. In addition they bring socio-professional changes to villagers and play a determining role in the search for a new balance in the relationship between cities and villages.

Fatal Feeds?: Plants, Livestock Losses and Witchcraft Accusations in Tudor and Stuart Britain

inferred from the descriptions of domestic animal deaths and illness can be linked to plant ingestion. An examination of the evidence presented in trials, depositions, documented accusations and reported incidents relating to the death, disease and illnesses of livestock suggests this explanation for these incidents, which were used to convict people of witchcraft. Toxic and poisonous chemicals commonly present in the plants of the fields and foods of the community's livestock, eaten unwittingly or through excessive hunger, caused symptoms which led the owners to believe that their livestock had been overlooked or bewitched. All witchcraft accusations relating to animal losses have a potential relationship to plant ingestion; I have examined over 200 cases of this type.2 Tudor and Stuart Britain was a diverse geographical landscape with a range of different agricultural practices and farming techniques. Changes in the agrarian situation were occurring during this period, such as enclosures, engrossing and the loss of the commons. Some areas were more deeply affected than others; changes generally were occurring at a greater rate in the richer rather than the poorer agricultural counties. Farm product specialisation and the localisation of agricultural production in exchange for industryproduced goods was developed in response to the growing needs of expanding towns and cities. Rising population levels demanded more production from available land, improved yields and an increase in land under cultivation. The use of fertilisers became more commonplace and the need for more fodder and improved pasture to support increased livestock led to the introduction of new fodder crops, many of which came from the Continent, especially the Low Countries.3 The changing nature of agriculture not only placed stress on the populace but also influenced the toxic and chemical components of the plants in the natural environment. (Natural environment is an all-inclusive term used here to designate the fields, forests, ponds, hedgerows and village gardens which surrounded the living place of the community and the 'witch'.) Plants specialise in order to survive in any one environment and the effects of location, soil, seasonal variations and the growth stage of the plant not only regulate its growth but govern the concentration of the toxic and poisonous components within it. The active principles of plants, those agents which affect animal organisms, are divided into toxic and non-toxic groups. The toxic group is harmful to the animal and the non-toxic group can be either harmless or therapeutic, but the two groups necessarily overlap as a small dose can be healing but a larger dose can have the opposite

A systems approach to improving subsistence yam production in Central Province, Papua New Guinea

A survey of yam growers was conducted to establish a research programme for improving yam production in Central Province, Papua New Guinea. The results of this survey showed that there were three distinct yam cropping systems. In only one of the three systems were the yams staked. Station-based research evaluated the effects of staking and mulching on yield of three varieties of Dioscorea esculenta. In the first trial staking increased yield by 25% and in the second trial by 19%. Mulching increased tuber number per plant and % dry matter in the first trial but did not have any effect in the second trial. Trials were conducted in nine village gardens over two seasons but staking and mulching did not have any significant effects on yield. One village has adopted staking but none of the villages has adopted mulching. The paper illustrates the advantage of a systems approach to research and highlights some of the problems involved with on-farm research.

Agroforesteries indonésiennes : contributions paysannes à la conservation des forêts naturelles et de leurs ressources

Agroforestry is a new approach which aims to reconciliate agricultural and forestry sciences. However, agroforestry is an old practice. In the humid areas of the tropical world, peasant agrosystems often associate annual crops and tree crops, agriculture and management of natural forests. The great diversity of forest environment and of agricultural systems in Indonesia gave rise to a variety of agroforestry practices, which range from fairly simple modifications of the forest ecosystem, or tree-crop enrichment fallows in shifting cultivation, to complex agroforests and sophisticated home-gardens. Facing the ever increasing problems due to deforestation and genetic erosion, village gardens in Java or complex agroforests in forest areas of Sumatra can contribute to the conservation of natural forests and of their resources. The traditional knowledge concerning utilization and management of trees, forest stuctures and sylvigenetic mechanisms, which peasants developped over centuries, is of great value. It could inspire programs involving both conservation and economic use of forests in the tropics.

A bacterial leaf disease of taro(Co/ocas/a esculenta)caused byXanthomonas campestrisin Papua New Guinea

Abstract A disease of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott new to Papua New Guinea, was observed in village gardens at two Sites in Central and Southern Highlands Provinces. A bacterium isolated from leaf lesions resembled Xanthomonas campestris in cultural and physiological properties. Symptoms typical of field infections could be reproduced by spray inoculation of wounded leaves on Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sp., but not on Philodendron sp., Anthurium sp., Aglaonema sp.,Dieffenbachia sp., Alocasia sp. or Cyrtosperma chamissonis.

Historic Synoptic Weather Maps as a Basis for Evaluating Weather Hazards in a New Agricultural Development1

Abstract High prices and government plans to increase citrus production have stimulated interest in increased citrus planting in Iran. With favorable soils, availability of water, and the existence of limited planting of citrus in village gardens, commercial planting of citrus is a development of interest for a new irrigation project in southwestern Iran. A severe freeze in 1964 posed questions concerning the suitability of the climate for citrus. Lacking long-term climatological records, analysis was made of daily historic synoptic weather maps from which freezes were forecast in retrospect. Results of this analysis are compared with similar analyses for citrus producing areas near Brownsville, Texas and Yuma, Arizona.