Vigorous-intensity Exercise Research Articles

Cardiorespiratory fitness and response to exercise treatment in depression.

Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and reduces depressive symptoms in people with depression. It is unclear if changes in CRF are a predictor of the antidepressant effect of exercise in people with depression. To investigate whether an increase in CRF is a predictor of depression severity reduction after 12 weeks of exercise (trial registration: DRKS study ID, DRKS00008745). The present study includes participants who took part in vigorous (n = 33), moderate (n = 38) and light (n = 39) intensity exercise and had CRF information (as predicted maximal oxygen uptake, V̇O2max) collected before and after the intervention. Depression severity was measured with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). V̇O2max (L/min) was assessed with the Åstrand-Rhyming submaximal cycle ergometry test. The main analysis was conducted pooling all exercise intensity groups together. All exercise intensities improved V̇O2max in people with depression. Regardless of frequency and intensity of exercise, an increase in post-treatment V̇O2max was significantly associated with reduced depression severity at follow-up (B = -3.52, 95% CI -6.08 to -0.96); adjusting for intensity of exercise, age and body mass index made the association stronger (B = -3.89, 95% CI -6.53 to -1.26). Similarly, increased V̇O2max was associated with higher odds (odds ratio = 3.73, 95% CI 1.22-11.43) of exercise treatment response (≥50% reduction in MADRS score) at follow-up. Our data suggest that improvements in V̇O2max predict a greater reduction in depression severity among individuals who were clinically depressed. This finding indicates that improvements in V̇O2max may be a marker for the underpinning biological pathways for the antidepressant effect of exercise. None.

Physical Activity and Community Engagement (PACE) to facilitate community reintegration among returning veterans: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

There is a surprising lack of disseminable, community-based interventions for veterans experiencing difficulties during the reintegration process from military to civilian life. Physical Activity and Community Engagement (PACE) is a program which combines routine vigorous-intensity exercise with community engagement. The program builds on emergent evidence supporting the benefits of routine vigorous-intensity exercise among and establishing social connection. Using a randomized controlled trial (N = 60), we will obtain feasibility data and initial effect sizes for the early effects of PACE on reintegration difficulties.

Does exercise aid smoking cessation through reductions in anxiety sensitivity and dysphoria?

Research shows that high anxiety sensitivity (AS) and dysphoria are related to poor smoking cessation outcomes. Engaging in exercise may contribute to improvement in smoking cessation outcomes through reductions in AS and dysphoria. In the current study, we examined whether exercise can aid smoking cessation through reductions in AS and dysphoria. Participants were sedentary and low activity adult daily smokers (N = 136) with elevated AS who participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing smoking cessation treatment (ST) plus an exercise intervention (ST + EX) to ST plus wellness education (ST + CTRL). Self-reported smoking status was assessed in-person weekly from baseline through week 16 (end of-treatment; EOT), at week 22 (4 months postquit day), and at week 30 (6 months postquit day), and verified biochemically. Results indicated that both AS and dysphoria at 6-month follow-up were significantly lower in the ST + EX group compared to the ST + CTRL group (controlling for baseline levels). Moreover, reductions in AS and dysphoria emerged as independent mechanisms of action explaining success in quitting. These novel findings offer clinically significant evidence suggesting that vigorous-intensity exercise can effectively engage affective constructs in the context of smoking cessation. (PsycINFO Database Record

Physical activity and structured exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or heart failure (HF) are encouraged to adopt a physically active lifestyle and participation in structured exercise is endorsed as a safe and effective adjunct to medical therapy in both conditions. This article aims to provide health care professionals with the information required to tailor guidance relating to physical activity and exercise for individuals with T2DM and HF by: (1) presenting an overview of current guidelines, and (2) providing practical suggestions for their implementation. ‘Traditional’ forms of exercise training include moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise and dynamic resistance exercise. Benefits of exercise training include improved cardiorespiratory fitness and physical function, more favourable body composition, lower metabolic risk and enhanced quality of life. Before engaging in structured exercise, medical clearance may be required for certain types of activities, and precautions should be taken to minimise the risk of hypoglycaemia and left-ventricular overload in patients with T2DM and HF. Importantly, patients with HF should be educated to distinguish severe adverse symptoms during exercise from expected feelings of breathlessness and fatigue. The latter should not be a reason to discourage patients from engaging in as much physical activity and structured exercise as possible. In order to optimise adherence, exercise prescription should be driven by patient preferences, motivations and individual circumstances. Consideration should also be given to more novel approaches, such as reducing sedentary behaviour and high-intensity interval training. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons.

Association between Exercise and Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans.

BackgroundThe favorable role of exercise on metabolic syndrome is well established; however, there is a lack of consistent epidemiological data. Thus, we analyzed the association between exercise intensity and metabolic syndrome using data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009).MethodsA total of 10,533 Korean individuals were screened. Exercise amount and intensity were assessed from questionnaire responses. Subjects were divided into three groups according to exercise intensity: no activity (n=607), walking only without intense exercise (n=2,336), and moderate to vigorous activity with or without walking (n=3,855). Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between exercise intensity and metabolic syndrome.ResultsThe overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.3% (total n=6,798). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 20.4% for the intense exercise group, 24.0% for the walking only group, and 29.9% for the no activity group (P<0.001). The intense exercise group had a significantly lower odds ratio for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components, especially abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, but not for blood pressure. Interestingly, there were no negative associations identified within the walking only group, other than prevalence of metabolic syndrome itself. The risk of hyperglycemia was slightly lower in the walking group compared to the no activity group but disappeared after multiple adjustments.ConclusionA strong inverse relationship between metabolic syndrome and moderate to vigorous intensity exercise was identified, which may reflect a protective effect of intense exercise, but not walking, on metabolic syndrome. Further prospective studies are needed to consolidate our findings.

Oxygen uptake on-kinetics before and after aerobic exercise training in individuals with traumatic brain injury

Objective: The high prevalence of fatigue among persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be related to poor cardiorespiratory fitness observed in this population. Oxygen uptake on-kinetics is a method of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and may be used to examine performance fatigability (decline in performance during a given activity) in persons with TBI.Purpose: To examine the effect of aerobic exercise training on oxygen uptake on-kinetics during treadmill walking in individuals with TBI.Methods: Seven ambulatory adults with chronic non-penetrating TBI performed short moderate-intensity (3–6 metabolic equivalents) walking bouts on a treadmill, prior to and following an aerobic exercise training program (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01294332). The 12-week training program consisted of vigorous-intensity exercise on a treadmill for 30 min, 3 times a week. Breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange was measured throughout the bouts, and oxygen uptake on-kinetics described the time taken to achieve a steady-state response.Results: Faster oxygen uptake on-kinetics was observed after exercise training, for both the absolute and relative intensity as pre-training.Conclusions: Faster oxygen uptake on-kinetics following aerobic exercise training suggests an attenuated decline in physical performance during a standardized walking bout and improved performance fatigability in these individuals with TBI.Implications for rehabilitationSevere fatigue is a common complaint among persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Oxygen uptake on-kinetics may be used as an objective physiological measure of performance fatigability in persons with TBI.Faster oxygen uptake on-kinetics following aerobic exercise training suggests improved performance fatigability in these individuals with TBI.Aerobic exercise training appeared beneficial for reducing performance fatigability and may be considered as part of the rehabilitative strategy for those living with TBI.

Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise Training and Physical Fitness on Telomere Length as Biomarker of Cell Aging

PURPOSE Telomeres play an important role in regulating cellular replicative capacity and maintaining genomic stability. However, the results of the association among physical activity, exercise training, physical fitness and telomere were not inconsistency. The purpose of this review was to summarize available data on the effect of physical activity, exercise training and physical fitness on telomere length to prevent cell aging. METHODS In this review, we have reviewed currently available data mainly from studies and other available literature on physical activity, exercise training and physical fitness on telomere length. RESULTS It has been shown that physical activity, exercise training, and physical fitness may be effective prevention on telomere attrition due in part to increase antioxidant enzymes activity and proteins for protect chromosome end-cap, and decrease oxidative stress and risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it seems that high and excessive exercise may increase telomere length attrition by up-regulated cell turnover. Moreover, long-term regular moderate to vigorous intensity exercise will play an important role in suppressing cell senescence after middle age. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, adequately vigorous exercise improved physical fitness and may act to preserve telomere length. 색인어: í ”ë¡œë¯¸ì–´, ì‹ ì²´í™œë™, ìš´ë™í›ˆë ¨, ì²´ë ¥ Keywords: Telomere, Physical activity, Exercise training, Physical fitness

Effect of short bouts of high intensity activity on glucose among adults with prediabetes: A pilot randomized crossover study

AimFew data exist on the effects of vigorous-intensity activity on blood glucose. The study aim was to determine the effects of 2-min and 4-min bouts of vigorous-intensity stair climbing on glucose levels. MethodsNine overweight/obese adults with prediabetes (40–64 years, HbA1C 5.7%–6.4%) participated in a randomized cross-over design with three conditions on consecutive days: control; 2-min bouts of stair climbing once per hour for 8 h; and 4-min bouts of stair climbing once every 2 h for 8 h, with the two activity days randomized in order. Continuous glucose monitoring estimated five-minute average interstitial glucose values. ResultsTotal physical activity and 12-h AUC did not differ significantly by condition. The 4-min bout caused a significant decrease in glucose after 30 min (Cohen’s d = −0.91) compared to the control condition, while the 2-min bout did not (Cohen’s d = −0.13). Post-exercise change in glucose varied by pre-exercise glucose and by condition. No significant change in post-exercise glucose with stair climbing was found when pre-exercise glucose was <90 mg/dl, but when pre-exercise glucose was ≥90 mg/dl, the 4-min condition caused significant reductions in glucose. ConclusionsThese results suggest short, intermittent bouts of vigorous-intensity exercise can be substituted for an equivalent volume of lower-intensity lifestyle activity when glucose is over 90 mg/dl.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials NCT02827383.

The Acute Effects of Exercise Intensity on Blood Glucose Levels in Type 1 Diabetics

For individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), regular physical activity is a fundamental strategy in the management of glycemic control. Previous studies have shown that continuous, moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with T1DM decreases blood glucose concentrations, often resulting in hypoglycemia, whereas vigorous-intensity exercise can increase blood glucose, impacting the risk of hyperglycemia. Sprint interval training (SIT), characterized by brief, all-out bursts of supramaximal exercise, has been shown to improve indices of cardiometabolic health, despite a minimal time commitment. However, the effects of low volume SIT on individuals with T1DM is largely unknown. PURPOSE: to contrast the acute effects of exercise intensity on blood glucose levels in Type 1 diabetics. METHODS: Four recreationally active college- age students with T1DM, completed a treadmill test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and performed each of the following 20-min treadmill-based protocols: 1) Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT): 5-min warm-up (WU), 10 minutes at 70% MAS, 5-min cool-down (CD); 2) high-intensity interval training (HIIT): 5-min WU, 1-min at 90% MAS, 1-min at 30% MAS repeated 5 times, 5-min CD; 3) SIT: 5-min WU, 30-sec at 120% MAS, 2-min, 50-sec at 30% MAS repeated 3 times, 5-min CD. Blood glucose was monitored via glucometer every 5-min during exercise and for 45-min after. RESULTS: A statistically significant decline in blood glucose was observed in both the MICT and HIIT conditions (p <0.001, respectively) but not in the SIT condition (p = 0.696). From baseline to the 45-min mark, blood glucose decreased by 27% in both the MICT (180 ± 27 to 132 ± 39) and HIIT (183 ± 29 to 132 ± 15) protocols, but only 11% in the SIT (193 ± 41 to 165 ± 70) protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide initial proof-of-concept that a low volume SIT protocol can maintain target blood glucose levels while exercising in individuals with T1DM.

Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Uptake and Time to Exhaustion in NCAA Division I Middle‐Distance Runners

PurposeIschemic preconditioning prevents reduction in blood flow after strenuous endurance exercise, and has been shown to improve swimming, cycling and running time trial performance, particularly at vigorous exercise intensities. However, not all studies have corroborated these findings. In addition, data supporting the role of ischemic preconditioning to improve supramaximal exercise is limited, particularly in competitive elite trained athletes seeking a performance advantage. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning improves supramaximal accumulated oxygen uptake and time to exhaustion in NCAA Division I middle‐distance runners.MethodsA randomized sham‐controlled crossover study was employed in which 10 NCAA Division I middle‐distance (800 to 1600 meter) track athletes (age: 21±1 yr; VO2 max: 65±7 mlO2·kg· −1·min−1) completed three supramaximal (110% VO2max) treadmill running protocols to volitional exhaustion coupled with indirect calorimetry to assess maximal accumulated oxygen uptake at baseline, after a sham control trial (mock preconditioning), and with limb‐based ischemic preconditioning (4×5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia/reperfusion). Accumulated oxygen demand (mlO2·kg−1), the primary outcome variable, was calculated by multiplying VO2 (mlO2·kg· −1·min−1) by duration (min) of the respective supramaximal run. Total treadmill work (kg·m) was determined by multiplying body mass (kg) × velocity (m·min−1) × %grade × time (min). Experiments were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for protection of human subjects.Statistical AnalysisA three‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA with adjustment for multiple comparisons was used for within‐group differences (i.e., baseline vs sham vs ischemic preconditioning) in maximal accumulated oxygen uptake.ResultsIschemic preconditioning (122±38 sec) increased (P=0.0001) time to exhaustion by 22% compared with both baseline (99±23 sec, 95% CI: 4.8–40.6, P=0.014) and sham (101±30 sec, 95% CI: 6.7–34.2, P=0.001). Effect size for these trial differences as estimated by the Partial Eta2 (0.58) were large. As a result, the maximal accumulated oxygen demand was considerably greater (P=0.001) with ischemic preconditioning. During their supramaximal run in the presence of ischemic preconditioning, athletes accumulated 132±40 mlO2·kg−1, a substantial (Partial Eta2 = 0.64) increase compared with baseline (106±28 mlO2·kg−1, P=0.006, 95% CI:7.9–42.6) and sham (110±34 mlO2·kg−1, P=0.007. 95% CI: 6.6–36.5). Likewise, total treadmill work also significantly (P=0.002) increased (from baseline: 1908±204 kg·m to 2331±303 kg·m with ischemic preconditioning). There were no statistical differences in time to exhaustion, maximal accumulated oxygen demand, or treadmill work between baseline and sham.ConclusionsLimb‐based ischemic preconditioning considerably improves anaerobic treadmill time to exhaustion and accumulated oxygen uptake in NCAA Division I middle‐distance track athletes. Additional work is needed to confirm whether these laboratory‐based performance benefits can be translated to better outcomes in real competitive track meets.Support or Funding InformationWe thank the Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences for the equipment and supplies to conduct the study.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Physical Activity and Pancreatic Cancer Risk among Urban Chinese: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies.

Background: Associations between physical activity and pancreatic cancer risk are unclear.Methods: In two prospective cohort studies, the Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study, physical activity and other information were collected at the baseline interview of 72,451 women and 60,037 men. Participants were followed up through annual linkage with a cancer registry in combination with in-person interviews taking place every 2 to 4 years.Results: We identified 225 female and 159 male cases during a median follow up of 16.1 and 10.3 years, respectively. Adult exercise participation was significantly associated with a decreased pancreatic cancer risk in men [hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71 (0.50-1.00)]. Meeting the recommended minimum exercise threshold to achieve health benefits of 150 min/week of moderate-intensity or 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity exercise was associated with further decreased pancreatic cancer risk [HR (95% CI): 0.59 (0.40-0.87)]. We also observed an inverse association between adolescent physical activity and pancreatic cancer risk in men [HR (95% CI): 0.54 (0.33-0.90)]. Exercise throughout one's lifetime was associated with a 68% decrease in pancreatic cancer risk [HR (95% CI): 0.32 (0.16-0.66)]. No significant association was found in women. Adult non-exercise daily activity and occupational activity were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk in either men or women.Conclusions: Adult exercise and adolescent physical activity were significantly associated with a decreased pancreatic cancer risk in men but not in women.Impact: These findings underscore the importance of investigating the possible modification by sex on the exercise and pancreatic cancer risk association. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(4); 479-87. ©2018 AACR.

Effects of a Ketogenic Diet and Chronic Aerobic Exercise on C57BL6 Mice

INTRODUCTIONLow carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKD) alter metabolic processes and have been proposed as a means to attenuate adiposity and reduce hyperglycemia. Aerobic exercise training promotes a suite of metabolic adaptations effective in reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome. There is potential for combined LCKD and aerobic exercise training to alter substrate metabolism in a manner that could enhance body composition. To investigate whether a LCKD could favorably alter metabolic function and potentiate the effects of chronic aerobic exercise, mice were fed a LCKD for a total of 7 weeks, while during the final 3 weeks half of the mice concurrently engaged in daily treadmill exercise.METHODS40 C57BL6 mice were randomized into 4 groups (n=10/group): 2 groups were fed a low‐fat control diet (16% protein, 72% carbohydrate, 12% fat) with one group performing vigorous intensity (blood lactate &gt;4mM post‐exercise) daily treadmill exercise (CEX) and the other serving as sedentary controls (CSED). The remaining 2 groups were fed a LCKD (84% fat, 16% protein) with one exercise group (KEX) and a group of sedentary controls (KSED). Body composition (NMR) was measured weekly. At the end of the 4 week exercise training program, mice were euthanized and substrate oxidation was assessed using 14C labelled substrates, while blood was analyzed for lipids, glucose and β‐OHB.RESULTSThe LCKD resulted in a mild increase in circulating ketones; however, mice on this diet did not exhibit differences in serum fatty acids, triglycerides (TG), or glucose levels despite consuming a lipid‐enriched, carbohydrate‐deficient diet. Body weight and fat mass increased in response to the LCKD, but exercise training limited weight gain. A LCKD did not alter TG levels in liver or muscle; however, exercise training increased TG accrual in both tissues and this effect was more prominent in mice fed the control diet. In the liver, LCKD reduce carbohydrate oxidation, but increased leucine oxidation, incomplete palmitate oxidation, and peroxisomal oxidation. Alternatively, in skeletal muscle carbohydrate oxidation did not change in response to LCKD, whereas mitochondrial and peroxisomal fat oxidation both increased. Exercise training had minimal effect on hepatic substrate oxidation, but increased oxidation of leucine, palmitate, and lignocerate in skeletal muscle; however, no synergistic effects were detected between a ketogenic diet and exercise training.CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that mice fed an 84% fat, 16% protein diet demonstrate a shift in substrate utilization toward an increased reliance on fatty acid and branch‐chain amino acid catabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, while vigorous‐intensity exercise effects were more prominent in muscle. Despite the fact that both LCKD and exercise independently induced shifts in substrate metabolism, the effects do not appear to be additive or synergistic and mice fed an LCKD retained greater adiposity than mice fed a protein‐matched control dietSupport or Funding InformationThis work was supported by NIH R01 DK103860‐01 (R.C.N).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Magnitude and duration of acute-exercise intensity effects on symptoms of restless legs syndrome: a pilot study

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that affects 5–15% of the population. There is increasing interest in exercise for managing the symptoms of RLS. To date, no research has examined the duration of acute-exercise intensity effects on RLS. The present study estimated the magnitude and duration of effect of two acute bouts of treadmill exercise at different intensities on severity of RLS. Eight participants (median age 44 years) with RLS completed three different conditions: rest, moderate-intensity exercise [50% heart rate reserve (HRR)], and vigorous-intensity exercise (70% HRR). RLS severity was measured with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLS) Scale and daytime sleepiness was measured with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) pre-condition, 24, and 48 h post-condition. There was no significant effect of time on IRLS or ESS for rest, moderate-intensity exercise, or vigorous-intensity exercise based on the Friedman test per condition. Effect sizes based on the z-value from the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test indicated that moderate-intensity exercise had a moderate effect (r = 0.350) on IRLS in the first 24 h, but no effect on ESS. Vigorous-intensity exercise had a small effect on both IRLS (r = 0.191) and ESS (r = 0.210) in the first 24 h. Both conditions returned to normal or worsened within 48 h. Our results suggest that acute exercise, at either intensity, may have an immediate effect on RLS symptoms that dissipate within 48 h. These results highlight the importance of continual participation in exercise as a non-pharmacological approach to manage symptoms of RLS.

Intensity of Leisure-Time Exercise and Risk of Depressive Symptoms Among Japanese Workers: A Cohort Study.

BackgroundData on the effect of physical activity intensity on depression is scarce. We investigated the prospective association between intensity of leisure-time exercise and risk of depressive symptoms among Japanese workers.MethodsThe participants were 29,052 employees (24,653 men and 4,399 women) aged 20 to 64 years without psychiatric disease including depressive symptoms at health checkup in 2006–2007 and were followed up until 2014–2015. Details of leisure-time exercise were ascertained via a questionnaire. Depressive states were assessed using a 13-item questionnaire. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of depressive symptoms was estimated using Cox regression analysis.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 5.8 years with 168,203 person-years, 6,847 workers developed depressive symptoms. Compared with workers who engaged in no exercise during leisure-time (0 MET-hours per week), hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) associated with >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to <15.0, and ≥15.0 MET-hours of leisure-time exercise were 0.88 (0.82–0.94), 0.85 (0.76–0.94), and 0.78 (0.68–0.88) among workers who engaged in moderate-intensity exercise alone; 0.93 (0.82–1.06), 0.82 (0.68–0.98), and 0.83 (0.71–0.98) among workers who engaged in vigorous-intensity exercise alone; and 0.96 (0.80–1.15), 0.80 (0.67–0.95), and 0.76 (0.66–0.87) among workers who engaged in both moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise with adjustment for age, sex, lifestyles, work-related and socioeconomic factors, and body mass index. Additional adjustment for baseline depression score attenuated the inverse association, especially among those who engaged in moderate-intensity exercise alone.ConclusionsThe results suggest that vigorous-intensity exercise alone or vigorous-intensity combined with moderate-intensity exercise would prevent depressive symptoms among Japanese workers.

Mini-trampoline enhances cardiovascular responses during a stationary running exergame in adults.

A new class of video game called exergame (EXG) has been used to promote physical activity and cardiovascular fitness, but EXGs are not as efficient as traditional aerobic exercises. However, auxiliary tools, such as the mini trampoline (MT), may enhance the physiological responses obtained by the EXG. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic and cardiovascular responses of a stationary running EXG with and without an MT. Nineteen healthy males performed a treadmill test for the determination of VO2max and HRmax. In sequence, the VO2, HR, and METs were measured during the Free Run, a Nintendo Wii’s stationary running EXG, according to two distinct protocols. One protocol used the traditional EXG (EXG-PT), and the other protocol used an MT during the EXG (MT-PT). The normalized data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 20.0 using a t-test and ANOVA for repeated measures (p < 0.05). The results supported that stationary running EXG performed on an MT showed an increased intensity, in all variables analyzed, when compared with the traditional EXG. Furthermore, the MT-PT was classified as a vigorous-intensity exercise and EXG-PT as a moderate to vigorous intensity exercise. In conclusion, these findings support that the MT is a feasible auxiliary tool to enhance physiologic responses during a stationary running EXG.

Effects of 6 Months of Active Commuting and Leisure-Time Exercise on Fibrin Turnover in Sedentary Individuals with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Obesity and exercise constitute important factors for cardiovascular disease risk, but the long-term effects of different exercise modalities on haemostatic biomarkers are not well elucidated. We investigated the effects of 6 months of active commuting or leisure-time exercise on measures of fibrin turnover in individuals who are overweight and obese. Ninety younger (20–40 years), sedentary, healthy women and men who are overweight and obese (BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) were randomised to 6 months of habitual lifestyle (CON, n=16), active commuting (BIKE, n=19), or leisure-time exercise of moderate (MOD, ∼50% VO2peak reserve, n=31) or vigorous intensity (VIG, ∼70% VO2peak reserve, n=24). Fasting blood samples (baseline and 3 and 6 months) were analysed for cholesterols and triglycerides, thrombin generation, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, D-dimer, fibrin clot properties, and fibrinolytic activity. We observed no differences between CON, BIKE, MOD, and VIG during the intervention and no time effects for any of the variables measured despite increased VO2peak in all exercise groups. We found no difference between CON and all exercise groups combined and no gender-specific effects of exercise. Our findings suggest that thrombin generation capacity, coagulation activation, fibrin clot structure, and lysability are unaffected by long-term active commuting and leisure-time exercise in women and men who are overweight and obese.

Toxicities Associated with Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Long-Term Testicular Cancer Survivors.

Testicular cancer has become the paradigm of adult-onset cancer survivorship, due to the young age at diagnosis and 10-year relative survival of 95%. This clinical review presents the current status of various treatment-related complications experienced by long-term testicular cancer survivors (TCS) free of disease for 5 or more years after primary treatment. Cardiovascular disease and second malignant neoplasms represent the most common potentially life-threatening late effects. Other long-term adverse outcomes include neuro- and ototoxicity, pulmonary complications, nephrotoxicity, hypogonadism, infertility, and avascular necrosis. Future research efforts should focus on delineation of the genetic underpinning of these long-term toxicities to understand their biologic basis and etiopathogenetic pathways, with the goal of developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies to optimize risk-based care and minimize chronic morbidities. In the interim, health care providers should advise TCS to adhere to national guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease risk factors, as well as to adopt behaviors consistent with a healthy lifestyle, including smoking cessation, a balanced diet, and a moderate to vigorous intensity exercise program. TCS should also follow national guidelines for cancer screening as currently applied to the general population.

Comparison of Right Ventricle Adaptive Changes in Weekend Warriors, Compared to Normal Sedentary Subjects

Background: It is known that the heart of an athlete undergoes adaptive changes by training. But as society gets more health conscious, we see a rise in these groups of “weekend warriors” that undergoes vigorous intensity exercise of more than METS 6 of at least 75 minutes twice a week.

Glucose response to exercise in the post-prandial period is independent of exercise intensity.

This study investigated the acute glucose response to low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity interval exercise compared to no-exercise in healthy insufficiently active males using a four-arm, randomized, crossover design. Ten males (age: 37.3±7.3years, BMI: 29.3±6.5kg·m-2 ) completed four 30-minute interventions at weekly intervals comprising low-intensity exercise (LIE) at ~35% V˙O2 R, moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) at ~50% V˙O2 R, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) at ~80% V˙O2 R, and a no-exercise control. Participants performed cycle ergometer exercise 30minutes after finishing breakfast. Glucose response was assessed using a continuous glucose monitor under free-living conditions with dietary intake replicated. A significant effect for intensity on energy expenditure was identified (P<.001) with similar energy cost in MIE (mean±SD: 869±148kJ) and HIIE (806±145 kJ), which were both greater than LIE (633±129kJ). The pattern of glucose response between the interventions over time was different (P=.02). Glucose was lower 25minutes into each of the HIIE, MIE and LIE trials respectively (mean difference±SD: -0.7±1.1; -0.9±1.1; -0.6±0.9mmol·L-1 ; P<.05) than in the no-exercise trial. Glucose response was not different between exercise intensities (P>.05). Twenty-four-hour AUC was not affected by exercise intensity (P=.75). There was a significant effect for exercise enjoyment (P=.02), with LIE (69±4) preferred less than HIIE (mean±SD: 84±14; P=.02), MIE (73±5; P=.03), and no-exercise (75±4; P=.03). Exercise at any intensity 30minutes after a meal affects glycemic regulation equally in insufficiently active males. Moderate to vigorous exercise intensities were preferred, and therefore, the exercise guidelines appear appropriate for the prevention of cardiometabolic disease.

Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on fat loss in women and men with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

Aerobic exercise is recommended for weight management but energy balance is often less negative than predicted from exercise energy expenditure (ExEE). To examine effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on fat loss in women and men with overweight and obesity. We randomized 130 younger, physically inactive women and men with overweight and obesity (body mass index: 25-35 kg m-2) to 6 months of habitual lifestyle (control; CON, n=18), active commuting (BIKE, n=35) or leisure-time exercise of moderate (MOD, 50% VO2peak reserve, n=39) or vigorous intensity (VIG, 70% VO2peak reserve, n=38). The primary outcome was change in fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, which was analyzed intention-to-treat. Accumulated energy balance was calculated based on changes in body composition, and ExEE was calculated based on heart rate monitoring during exercise. Testing at 3 and 6 months was completed by 95 and 90 participants, respectively. Fat mass was reduced after 3 and 6 months in BIKE (3 months: -3.6 (-5.5; -1.7) kg (mean (95% CI)); 6 months: -4.2 (-6.6; -1.9) kg; both: P<0.001), MOD (3 months: -2.2 (-3.9; -0.4) kg; 6 months: -2.6 (-4.8; -0.5) kg, both: P<0.02) and VIG (3 months: -3.4 (-5.2; -1.7) kg; 6 months: -4.5 (-6.6; -2.3) kg; both: P<0.001) compared with CON. Furthermore, fat loss was greater in VIG compared with MOD (6 months: -1.8 (-3.6; -0.1) kg, P=0.043). Based on the ExEE and the accumulated energy balance MOD compensated for the ExEE (77 (48; 106) %) but not BIKE (38 (-18; 95) %) and VIG (21 (-14; 55) %). A meaningful fat loss was obtained by 6 months of active commuting and leisure-time exercise, but fat loss was greater with vigorous compared with moderate intensity exercise. Active commuting is an alternative to leisure-time exercise in the management of overweight and obesity. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01962259 (main trial) and NCT01973686 (energy metabolism sub-study).