Black Gram Research Articles

Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Yield Component Traits and Grain Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Due to its high nutritional content and ability to supply a diet rich in protein, pulses hold a special place in Indian agriculture. In contrast to the world's production of cereals, pulses are grown seldom in low-fertile soils under conditions of moisture stress, which eventually hides their actual yield capability due to inadequate management approaches. The current study's objective is to estimate the genetic parameters of 13 yield attributing traits in 20 genotypes of urd bean to choose more yield-contributed characters in urd bean. Number of pods per plant revealed high estimates of PCV, GCV and heritability. In the Metroglyph study, superimposition of genotypes was seen because to the near closeness of two variables used to display the genotypes. In this classification analysis made based on number of pods per plant and harvest index for all the 20 genotypes of urd bean form four complexes. Out of 20 genotypes, 4 genotypes like IC-331226, IC-261173, IC-385718, and IC-426495 were recorded highest index score and fell into different complex, hence used as parents for getting good combinations for future hybridization programmes.

Variation among Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Genotypes for Antioxidant Defence System and Yield under High Temperature Stress

Background: Blackgram is a short duration pulse crop which is sensitive to high temperatures. Raising global temperatures are becoming a serious threat to the production of blackgram by altering biochemical processes at cellular level. Hence, the present investigation was carried out for better understanding of genotypic variability and the biochemical mechanisms governing heat stress tolerance which can help in identifying heat tolerant blackgram genotypes that can yield better under climate change scenarios. Methods: Thirty blackgram genotypes selected from temperature induction response technique were evaluated for biochemical efficiency under natural high temperature conditions during summer, 2022 and 23. Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Bapatla. Biochemical and yield parameters were recorded at flowering and the data were analyzed statistically and pooled. Result: The results of the study revealed that the genotypes TBG-129, LBG-1015, PU-1804 and PU-31 recorded higher seed yield indicating their ability to withstand high temperatures by up-regulating various biochemical pathways involved in increased production of proline, carotenoids and antioxidant defense enzymes that might have scavenged the free radicals that were produced due to high temperature stress, thereby preventing lipid peroxidation. Lower seed yield was recorded in TBG-125 and LBG-1023 which might be due to oxidative damage caused by higher accumulation of free radicals and poor scavenging activity of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the results of correlation analysis revealed that all the biochemical traits such as proline, carotenoids and antioxidant defense enzymes showed positive association with seed yield except free radicals and malondialdehyde. The principal component analysis results revealed considerable variability among the traits accounting for 80.0%. The genotypes TBG-129, LBG-1015, PU-1804 and PU-31 can be used in breeding programmes for development of heat tolerant genotypes.

Assessment of Physical Properties of Black Gram and Green Gram Seeds in Relation to the Design of Seed Metering Mechanisms

In 2023, a comprehensive study was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi, India, focusing on the investigation of vital physical properties encompassing size, sphericity, test weight, bulk density, true density, coefficient of static friction, and angle of repose for black gram and green gram seeds. Black gram seeds were characterized by mean dimensions of 4.90 mm (length), 3.74 mm (breadth), 3.57 mm (thickness), and a geometric mean diameter of 4.02 mm. In contrast, green gram seeds exhibited corresponding values of 5.08 mm, 4.06 mm, 3.99 mm, and 4.45 mm. Sphericity percentages were quantified as 82% for black gram and 86% for green gram. Mean bulk density measurements of 0.86 g/cc (black gram) and 0.87 g/cc (green gram) were accompanied by true density values of 1.36 g/cc and 1.38 g/cc, respectively. The mean angle of repose measurements were recorded as 24.06° (black gram) and 23.94° (green gram). The mean coefficient of static friction exhibited variability across different materials: 0.50 (aluminum), 0.45 (mild steel), 0.47 (galvanized iron), and 0.60 (plywood) for black gram seeds; while for green gram seeds, corresponding values were 0.48, 0.43, 0.45, and 0.57. Additionally, the mean thousand-grain weight was found to be 41.82 g for black gram and 46.18 g for green gram.

Identification and characterization of NHX gene family for their role under salt stress in Vigna mungo.

In the current study, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger (NHX) gene family in Vigna mungo, and a total of 44 NHX genes were identified. A bimodal distribution based on domains, gene structure and phylogenetic analysis was evident. All intronpoor and intron-rich genes were clustered in clades I and II, respectively. Interestingly, all genes of subclade IIb were localized to vacuoles and possess only the NHX domain. The isoelectric point and trans-membrane domain analysis reflect the wide distribution of the NHX genes. Interestingly, Vm_NHX2 and Vm_NHX3 lacked trans-membrane domain but were found to interact with other NHX genes as well as vital salinity pathway genes, including calcium-mediated salt-responsive genes. The comparison of the mRNA sequences with that of V. marina, a halophytic species, reflects their independent evolution, majorly supporting the convergent evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio reflects the abundance of purifying selection supporting their conserved function during evolution. In our analysis, several abiotic stress and hormone-responsive elements and transcription factor binding sites were present in the promoter of the NHX genes. Further, the ion partitioning of a tolerant (K90) and a susceptible (K49) variety of V. mungo suggested that K90 managed the Na+/K+ ratio more affluently, which was also supported by profiling of superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, peroxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity. From the expression, we identified five candidate Vm_NHX genes, four of which, i.e. Vm_NHX16, Vm_NHX17, Vm_NHX29 and Vm_NHX33, were localized to the vacuolar and lysosomal membrane.

Effect of date of sowing and genotypes on productivity and profitability of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)

Effect of date of sowing and genotypes on productivity and profitability of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)

Effect of mulching and herbicides on weed dynamics and productivity of black gram

Effect of mulching and herbicides on weed dynamics and productivity of black gram

Development and quality evaluation of pancake premix prepared from chickpea, quinoa, black gram, pearl millet and sorghum flours

Development and quality evaluation of pancake premix prepared from chickpea, quinoa, black gram, pearl millet and sorghum flours

In-vitro efficacy of fungicides against Rhizoctonia bataticola causing black gram root rot

In-vitro efficacy of fungicides against Rhizoctonia bataticola causing black gram root rot

Genetic inheritance of leaf and pod traits in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Genetic inheritance of leaf and pod traits in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Monitoring Insect Pest Complex on Black Gram

The pest spectra, comprising of thirteen species, were observed to attack black gram at different stages of crop growth. The stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), black aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch), pod bug Riptortus pedestris (F), surface grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterous (Blanchard), semilooper, Plusia orichalcea (F), tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F), blue butterfly Lampides boeticus (L) and blister beetle Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg) have assumed the status of minor pests whereas, gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata (Geyer), Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) and leafhopper Empoasca kerri (Pruthi) were recorded as major pests.

Effect of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

The present research study aimed to evaluate the combined influence of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on the growth and yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). The result indicated that using a combination of 50% of the recommended dose of fertilizer and 50% vermicompost had a significant positive impact on growth attributes, yield parameters, and biochemical parameters. These findings suggests that the simultaneous application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can effectively improve soil fertility and crop yield. Notably, integrating 50% of the recommended fertilizer dose with 50% vermicompost proved to be particularly beneficial in enhancing both the growth and yield of black gram compared to other treatments, including the control group.

Pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heteroderacajani Koshy) pathogenicity in black gram (Vigna mungo L.): Quantitative and qualitative yield losses, and bio- organic management

The pigeonpea cyst nematode (PCN) Heterodera cajani Koshy infects black gram (Vigna mungo L.), causing significant yield losses. However, there is a lack of systematic information on PCN pathogenicity, as well as quantitative and qualitative yield losses in black gram under various inoculum levels and soil conditions. Therefore, we have assessed the threshold inoculum level(s), estimated the yield and protein losses caused by PCN, and evaluated eco-friendly management option(s) with botanicals (neem cake, neem seed powder) and a microbial agent (Trichoderma harzianum). The results revealed a gradual and significant decline in crop growth parameters as the inoculum levels increased from 0 to 3000 juveniles (J2s)(2 kg soils). The severity of PCN infestation was notably higher in alluvial soils compared to lighter soils, exhibiting higher cyst counts (+63%) in plant roots. The threshold inoculum level(s) causing a 25% reduction in various agronomic parameters was significantly lower in alluvial soil(176–1262 J2s; mean = 921) compared to light soil (720–1444 J2s, mean = 1308), indicating that alluvial soil conditions favored increased PCN infestation over light soils, leading to more substantial growth inhibition. Strong positive correlations were found between initial inoculum levels and final populations of PCN. Inoculum levels ranging from 90 to 120 thousand J2s (representing 45–60 J2s per 100 cc soils) resulted in yield losses of 26–78% (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a corresponding decrease in grain protein content by 9–22% (p < 0.01), subsequently reducing protein productivity by 11–83% (p < 0.001). In the PCN management experiment, among the different bio-organic components, neem cake at 1.0 t ha−1 exhibited the highest efficacy against PCN at crop harvest stage, leading to significant improvements in both dry shoot weight (4.3 g) and dry root weight (1.0 g)/plant compared to the inoculated check. Also, neem seed powder (at 0.1 t ha−1) and T. harzianum + farmyard manure (1 kg in 100 kg farmyard manure ha−1) showed increased effectiveness against the nematode. This study emphasizes the substantial influence of nematode infection on crop performance, particularly in alluvial soils, resulting in significant losses in both yield and protein content. Neem cake emerges as a promising eco-friendly management for managing the PCN in black gram.

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth and Yield of Blackgram Varieties (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth and Yield of Blackgram Varieties (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

A new isolate of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in Vigna mungo L. reported from a Dayalbagh field, Agra.

Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) plants showing yellow mosaic symptoms during 2019-2022 crop seasons were collected randomly from a Dayalbagh field, Agra Region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Total genomic DNA was isolated from the infected leaf samples by the Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and subjected to PCR. After viral confirmation, the viral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification following the standard protocol. The DNA A and DNA B subgenomes were cloned individually as a PstI and BamHI fragment in the pUC18 vector. Positive clones were subjected to DNA sequencing. The results revealed that DNA A and DNA B show the closest nucleotide identity with "mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-[Mungbean], DNA-A, the complete sequence" (GeneBank Accession No AF416742.1) with 98.14% identity, and "mungbean yellow mosaic India virus isolate Mu1-Dholi segment DNA-B, the complete sequence" (GeneBank Accession No MW814723.1) with 97.94% identity, respectively. The new isolate of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) shows sequence similarity with the coat protein gene of various strains of MYMIV. In the new isolate of MYMIV, a point mutation wasobserved at the 2036th nucleotide of DNA B, which disrupts the reading frame to introduce a stop codon and thus leading to a decrease in the size of the movement protein gene. In the present study we are reporting the whole genome sequence of the MYMIV Dayalbagh isolate for the first time.

Silicon-Mediated Improvement in Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) by Modulating Growth, Physiological, Biochemical, and Root Attributes.

Water is a precious commodity for plant growth and metabolism; however, its scarcity and saline sand conditions have a drastic effect on plant growth and development. The main objective of the current study was to understand how silicon (Si) application might help Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) against the negative impacts of salt stress and drought. The treatments of this study were: no silicon = 0 mg/kg; silicon = 40 mg/kg; control = no stress; drought stress = 50% field capacity (FC); salinity = 10 dSm-1; drought + salinity = 10 dSm-1 + 50% field capacity (FC). The findings showed that the application of silicon in the sand significantly affected growth indices such as leaf area (LA), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and shoot length (SL). Root length (RL) increased significantly up to 55.9% in response to drought stress. Applying Si to the sand increased the root length (RL) by 53.9%. In comparison to the control, the turgor potential of leaves decreased by 10.3% under salinity, while it increased by 44.7% under drought stress. However, the application of silicon to the sand significantly improved the turgor potential of leaves by 98.7%. Under both drought and salt stress, gas exchange characteristics and photosynthetic pigments dramatically decreased. Applying 40 mg/kg silicon to sand improved the gas exchange characteristics, protein contents, and photosynthetic pigments of plants under drought and salt stress, such as levels of chlorophyll (a, and b) increased by 18% and 26%, respectively. Under control conditions, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration was lower but increased during periods of drought and salinity stress. The concentrations of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased by salt and drought stress and increased by sand application of silicon at a rate of 40 mg/kg. Application of silicon at 40 mg/kg sand rate improved the growth and development under control and stress conditions. Overall, this study provides an extensive understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the black gram's ability to withstand under salt stress and drought stress by application of Si which will serve as a roadmap for future cellular research.

Genetic Studies of Diverse Genotypes of Blackgram in Kymore Plateau District of Madhya Pradesh, India

The experiment was conducted involving 96 genotypes of black gram for genetic variability of 13 quantitative traits at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed existence of significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied. Among the genetic parameters phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits indicates the role of environment in expression of the characters. High GCV and PCV were maximum in case of biological yield followed by number of pods per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant and plant height. Characters like plant height, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield per plant and harvest index shows high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. Correlation and Path analysis studies revealed that the important yield attributing traits like biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight exhibited a highly significant correlation values both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Further, the same traits also exhibited a higher value of direct effects on seed yield per plant. Hence, these traits should be given the top priority while developing the superior hybrids in blackgram.

Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Cooking Quality, and Texture Profile Analysis in Himalayan Landraces of Black Gram (Vigna mungo).

The black gram is a traditional pulse crop and is a source of different nutritional components. Due to the scientific community's preference for yield and its components, the area of nutritional composition remains unexplored. Therefore, the evaluation of various quality traits such as proximate composition, cooking quality, texture profile, and association between them is keen important for the identification of the traits influencing the selection of the genotypes. This research aimed at the evaluation of the 25 black gram genotypes for their proximate composition, the effect of different cooking methods (conventional and microwave) on cooking quality parameters, and texture profile analysis. The genotypes were screened on 17 parameters, mean and replicated value of each variable were subjected to statistical analysis. The results for proximate composition showed the range from 11.2-11.7%, 24.24-28.22%, 1.25-1.85%, 3.10-4.45%, 5.35-6.60%, 60.23-64.86% and 368.35-372.75 Kcal/100g for moisture, protein, fat, dietary fiber, ash, utilizable carbohydrate, and gross energy respectively. Cooking time ranged from 33 to 55.5min (traditional) to 29.5-48.5min (microwave), L: B ratio from 1.35 to 1.85, WUR from 1.85 to 2.60, and GSL from 0.25 to 11.30%. TPA's cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness ranged from 0.19 to 1.44N, 0.14-1.30N, 0.58-3.67N, 1.14-10.81N, and 0.58-5.29; 1.16-10.50N in traditional and microwave cooking. Chewiness, gumminess, protein, ash, and cooking time were positively correlated. The first seven PCs have ≥ 1 eigenvalues, accounting for 23.30, 18.00, 13.50, 9.50, 7.40, 6.70%, and 6.40% of total variability. Mandi-2, Kinnour-1, Kirmour-1, Kangra-2, Bilaspur-1, Kangra-3, Kullu-1, Kullu-4, Chamba-3, and Chamba-7 to PCs 1-2 contributed the most to diversity, indicating good selection for subsequent upgrading initiatives.

Bio Efficacy of Bio Pesticides against Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer) Infesting Black Gram

The study entitled “Bio-efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer) infesting black gram” at Organic Research Farm, Karguan Ji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) during kharif 2023 containing nine treatments viz, Neem oil 5%, Garlic bulb extract 5%, Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l, Verticillium lecanii 5 ml/l, Panchagavya 10%, NSKE 5%, Castor oil 5%, Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l and untreated control in RBD with three replications aiming to evaluate their efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer. To evaluate the efficacy, two applications of treatments were carried out, and the spotted pod borer infestation on selected plants were evaluated after three, seven, and fourteen days after spraying. The outcomes showed that In the management of the spotted pod borer after the first and second spray, the Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l (2.14) was superior and best effective in controlling larval population, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l (2.34), and neem oil 5% (2.59), and the maximum yield 13.85 qt/ha and C: B ratio 1:1.71 was obtained from the Beauveria bassiana treated plot followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil by that obtained 12.89 qt/ha and 12.55 qt/ha yield, moreover 1:1.64 and 1:1.52 C: B ratio respectively.

ZnO Nanoparticles Seed Invigouration for the Maintenance of Seed Vigour and Viability in Black Gram

ZnO Nanoparticles Seed Invigouration for the Maintenance of Seed Vigour and Viability in Black Gram

Citric Acid Alleviated Salt Stress by Modulating Photosynthetic Pigments, Plant Water Status, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Citric Acid Alleviated Salt Stress by Modulating Photosynthetic Pigments, Plant Water Status, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]