Philosophical Views Research Articles

Translation in Flux: Revisiting the Past, Envisioning the Future

Abstract Translation and translators are emerging as powerful catalysts for promoting vibrant cross-cultural interaction among individuals from different backgrounds. Commonly perceived as the process of converting content from one language to another, translation is a nuanced and multifaceted endeavor that transcends mere linguistic conversion. Translators act as adept mediators, deftly navigating the intricate web of diverse texts and cultures while shaping their uniquely insightful perspectives. This article explores the rich historical dimensions of translation, highlighting its deep connections to philosophical beliefs and socio-political dynamics. It also aims to enhance our understanding of the complex nature of this practice by dissecting various dichotomies in translation studies, including contrasting philosophical views of translation and divergent approaches to the art of translation. In today’s interconnected world, the role of the translator has become increasingly indispensable, underscoring that translation goes beyond mere words; it serves as a mirror that reflects the ever-evolving globalized landscape. To chart a path forward, we must recognize the importance of revisiting the past, drawing wisdom from history, and gaining valuable insights for the future.

Медиаманипуляции: критический подход

This article provides a critical analysis of the phenomenon of media manipulation in the context of the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse. The works of the philosopher reveal in detail the essence of manipulation as a way of introducing imposed standards of consumption into the minds of individuals. This way of managing society in a market economy is aimed at the hidden enslavement of citizens as well as increasing the profits of the ruling class. According to H. Marcuse, the main task of the media in bourgeois society is the formation of false needs, prerequisites for the purchase of goods. As practice shows, in the conditions of the information society and the increasing influence of new media, this interpretation of manipulation remains relevant. New forms of destructive audience control (consumers, voters) are currently being used on social networks. They mimic various community initiatives that are identified through critiques of reports and fact-checking. Based on modern material, the article shows some of the characteristic features of manipulative influence. New forms of employment – freelancing and play work – are considered manipulative constructs aimed at increasing the exploitation of individuals. Such forms of employment are widespread in the modern media industry. The penetration of the phenomenon under consideration into all spheres of human life allows us to speak about the total nature of the manipulative world order. Based on the analysis performed in the article, we can conclude that H. Marcuse's conceptual apparatus still applies. Some modern followers of his philosophical views successfully use critical theory as a way to explain various events and social processes. A critical assessment of the various manifestations of a one-dimensional society in the future serves as the basis for overcoming various destructive practices. The article emphasizes that a critical analysis of manipulative influence is connected with the ethical side of the work of mass media. The idea of morally acceptable forms and practices of mass communications today is one of the most common topics in scientific, scientificpractical, and industry literature on the ethics of journalistic creativity.

ВІД HOMO SACER ДО ПУЛЬЧІНЕЛЛИ: «КОМІЧНА ПОЛІТИКА» ДЖОРДЖО АГАМБЕНА В КОНТЕКСТІ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

The article discusses the critical views of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben on the ethical and political consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic in a retrospective review of his political theory. First of all, it is about empirical confirmation in times of pandemic of theoretical hypotheses proposed by the Italian philosopher in the famous series of books by the Homo Sacer project. The comparative analysis shows how the concept of «bare life» (which in the first books of the project is personified by Agamben in the paradigmatic figure of Roman law homo sacer) is transformed into the definition of «asymptomatic patient» during the pandemic, and the sovereign power turns into an «administrative Leviathan» that keeps people in the «noose» of decrees and regulations. The way out of this crisis situation seems possible primarily through a change in the optics of seeing the paradigmatic figure of the bare life. Namely, through the transition from the tragic figure of Roman law, homo sacer, whom anyone could kill with impunity, to the figure of Pulcinella's commedia dell'arte, who cannot be killed. Contrary to the conventional view of Agamben's philosophy as a negative statement of crisis situations without suggesting possible solutions, the author seeks to show the positive nature of the Italian philosopher's thought, which offers a way out of political contradictions by turning to the non-political, in this case, to comedy.

The Ultimate Reality in the Universe: A Study on the Views of Quantum Physics and Vedanta Philosophy

The majority of quantum mechanics' founding fathers were sensitive to the philosophical implications of quantum mechanics. The theories of relativity developed by Einstein also turned out to have philosophical implications. Although quantum physics could seem enigmatic, it explains everything in our environment, whether we are aware of it or not. Using the abilities of quantum physics results in the expansion of innovative technologies, both for use now and maybe in the future. Everything is explained by quantum physics, which provides the greatest description we currently have of the nature of the particles in the cosmos. The efforts to explain the universe in terms of quantum physics, which regulates the behaviour of the subatomic, microscopic world, are presented in Quantum Universe. It shows a revolution in quantum physics as well as a quantum leap in our understanding of the universe's mystery and beauty. Quantum physics is trying to find a common singularity for all objects. They are trying to discover the ‘Theory of Everything, that will explain everything in this universe. Vedanta and Quantum Physics both are looking for the same underlying reality and searching for the absolute truth in the universe, though their approach to searching is different. This paper will attempt to concentrate on the perspectives of Quantum Physics & Advaita Vedanta about the ultimate reality in the universe, the nature of consciousness.

Legal Philosophy's View of the Role of Advocate Professional Ethics as an Honorable Profession in Carrying Out Good Law Enforcement

The lawyer profession plays a crucial role in maintaining integrity and justice in the legal system. From the perspective of legal philosophy, the professional ethics of advocates is a deep and complex foundation. Several philosophical views, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and contractualism, provide a framework for understanding advocate ethics. The utilitarian view emphasizes the importance of achieving the best outcome for society as a whole, which can create ethical dilemmas when advocates are faced with controversial cases. In contrast, deontology emphasizes the moral obligations that advocates must follow, which can give rise to conflicts between obligations to clients and society. Contractualism links the ethics of advocates to the moral agreements that underlie the legal system, emphasizing their responsibility for better social change. Advocate ethics is also closely related to the concept of social justice, where advocates must ensure that the law is applied fairly, regardless of individual background. In addition, in dealing with ethical conflicts in practice, advocates must refer to the ethical principles of their profession as a guide. Advocates' ethics not only underlie their duties as legal representatives, but also involve moral considerations about how their actions may affect society as a whole. This is a very important foundation in maintaining professionalism and carrying out their role as law enforcers

Влияние образа России на развитие философско-религиозных взглядов Райнера Марии Рильке (по материалам сборника «Часослов»)

One of the most important works of Rainer Maria Rilke, reflecting the formation and development of the poet’s philosophical and poetic views at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, is the cycle of poems “Book of Hours” (1899–1903), created under the influence of the image of Russia that the author developed during his travels around the country. The aim of this work is to analyse Rilke’s “Book of Hours” in the context of the influence of this image on the dynamics of the poet’s philosophical and religious views in a certain period of his work. The hermeneutical approach was chosen as the main research method, within the framework of which the texts of R.M. Rilke’s works were interpreted taking into account the socio-historical conditions existing at the time of their writing. Systematisation and generalization of the obtained data made it possible to evaluate the author’s expe-rience of Russia as a deep religious experience, expressed in a rethinking of Rilke’s attitude towards God, and to identify the contradictions of his philosophical and religious views. On the one hand, the concept of God, which occupies a central place in Rilke’s “Book of Hours”, represents an artistic refraction of the key ideas of the biblical tradition; on the other hand, God, according to the poet, manifests himself as a human creation, or more precisely, as a work of art: in the process of self-knowledge it must be discovered as the hidden “treasure” of one’s own soul. Consequently, this is not so much God the creator as a kind of internal resource, “God in man”, the idea of creation, which man must allow to arise within himself. The image of Russia as a country seeking God sets the vector for a “revaluation of values” modulated by the “Russian experience”, bringing Rilke closer to the point of view according to which spiritual journey requires a reorientation from orthodox ways of thinking and faith to an understanding of God as a path, as a “kingdom of God” that matures in the soul of an inner per-son.

The Experience of Discursive Problematization of the Axiomatics of Revolution (K.S. Aksakov)

Introduction. This article discusses the ideas about the revolution, the Russian people and the state in the works of Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov. K.S. Aksakov was a well-known Russian publicist, literary critic, poet and one of the main ideologists of Slavophilism. Over the years, many researchers of Russian philosophy and history have shown interest in his legacy, noting his originality and incredible love for Russia. The purpose of this article is to analyze and highlight the views of Konstantin Aksakov on the revolution - as a reflection on the events that took place in Europe and the Russian Empire during his life and work.Methodology and sources. The results of the study were based on the textual and conceptual analysis of the works of K.S. Aksakov. The main sources were journalistic notes, essays and letters.Results and discussion. Based on the analysis of historical and philosophical sources, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that for a comprehensive analysis and complete understanding of the idea of revolution in the works of K.S. Aksakov, it is necessary to closely study the key concepts of his philosophical views on Russia, the Russian people, the state and their relationship. Conclusion. For K.S. Aksakov's revolution is an exclusively Western phenomenon. The very idea of revolution is extraneous to the Russian people, since the Russian people themselves chose the state for themselves and entered into an equal alliance with it, seeking to protect themselves from any state activity in order to stay in the process of moral and spiritual improvement.

Философские константы в творческом самоопределении песенных поэтов

The article compares the views of foreign philosophers on the nature of creativity, their reception in the Russian literary criticism and the creative implementation of some points in the Russian songwriting. The works of W. Benjamin (1892–1940) The Task of the Translator (1923), M. Blanchot (1907–2003) The Space of Literature (1955), P. Valery (1871–1945) Poetry and Abstract Thought (19390, S. Mallarme (1842–1898) The Crisis of Verse (1896), M. Heidegger (1889–1976) Hölderlin and the Essence of Poetry (1936), K. G. Jung (1875–1961) Archetype and Symbol (1934–1961) are used as a theoretical basis. Song texts of the representatives of the author’s song tradition A. Galich, A. Bashlachev, whose work is usually attributed to bard rock, and E. Letov, one of the main representatives of Russian punk rock, are used as research material. The choice of the authors is determined by the concept of the work, which seeks to show the universality of the constants identified in the process of research for various song and poetic traditions and philosophical systems. As such constants, the utopian concepts of “a single discourse”, a single “conversation” of poetry, and “pure art”, which is a “goal-in-itself”, stand out. Other constants relate to the inner state of the poet, techniques aimed at achieving inspiration – we are talking about the concepts of “removal”, or, according to Shklovsky, “estrangement”, as well as “silence”. The central constant is the concept of the “inexpressible”, “elusive”, which is the essential goal of every poet, clearly seen, but always unattainable. In thinking about each of the constants of philosophical thoughts about creativity, we find confirmation or discrepancies in the creative practice of song poets. It leads us to the conclusion that song poetry, following traditional poetry, accepts and transmits the experience of the Russian and Western philosophical and poetic thoughts about the essence of creativity. Typological overlaps are of a supranational, cosmopolitan nature, which indicates the universality of the constants we have identified. The work contributes to the study of song poetry, which confirms its status as the next stage in the existence of poetic discourse, which proves the legitimacy and necessity of studying song texts from a philological standpoint.

Otto Friedrich Bolnow: between philosophy and pedagogy: monograph

The monograph highlights the creative heritage of the German 20th century thinker Otto Friedrich Bolnow (1903–1991): for the first time in Russian literature, an attempt has been made to reconstruct his creative heritage, and a systematic analysis of his philosophical and pedagogical views is given. Along with this, the publication contains a translation of an essay by O.F. Bolnova on a similar topic - “Self-Representation”. The book is intended for specialists in the field of philosophy and pedagogy, as well as the history of German culture.

Mutual entailment between causation and responsibility

The standard view in philosophy is that responsibility entails causation. Most philosophers treat this entailment claim as an evident insight into the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Further, it is taken to be equally obvious that the reversal of this claim does not hold: causation does not entail responsibility. In contrast, Sytsma and Livengood have put forward an account of the use of ordinary causal attributions (statements like “X caused Y”) that contends that they are typically used interchangeably with responsibility attributions (statements like “X is responsible for Y”). Put in terms of the concepts at play in these attributions, this account suggests that the reversal of the entailment claim may also hold, and, a fortiori, there would be mutual entailment between the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Using the cancellability test, we report the results of three pre-registered studies providing empirical evidence that causation and responsibility are mutually entailed by each other.

Ontology of the Art Phenomenon in Iris Murdoch’s Fiction

This article explores the intermedial dialogue of the arts in the oeuvre of British writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch. The ontology of the phenomenon of art and its functional meaning in Murdoch’s fiction, the specifics of the relationship between the arts in her philosophical essays and dialogues are considered from the perspective of intermediality. Based on the intermedial study methodology, Murdoch’s theoretical and philosophical views on the multifunctional nature of art, the interaction of the artist and the artwork are revealed. Key techniques of interartistic discourse, including anthroponymic allusions, are considered as intermedial markers of Murdoch’s texts, identified and explored at the level of imagological transformations. People of art: artists, artistic discourse partakers, as well as recipients of art constitute a particular kind of characters in Murdoch’s novels. Accordingly, the importance of the recipient, who acts as an essential link in the receptive matrix of “author-text-recipient-artwork,” is emphasized in the ontology of an artwork. The particular meeting point of Murdoch’s characters is the artistic topos: a museum, an exhibition, an art gallery or an artist’s house. In addition, the reader of her fiction repeatedly encounters various ekphrastic codes: the ekphrases of paintings are not only present in Murdoch’s texts, but function as anthropomorphised characters, dramatis personae, have their own space (physical and mental places) and play a crucial role in the protagonists’ lives. Consequently, we find that the use of intermedial components is one of the markers of Iris Murdoch’s idiostyle, which topicalizes important aspects of the philosophy of art and brings it into the realm of ontological questions.

Evolution of education as a constitutional and legal paradigm: historical context and philosophical discourse

This article is devoted to the study of the evolution of education as a constitutional and legal paradigm in the historical context and philosophical discourse. Within the framework of the work, the historical path of education development is considered, starting from primitive and ancient times and ending with the present. Emphasis is placed on the development of the educational paradigm from the point of view of philosophical and cultural changes that had an impact on the perception and regulation of the educational process.
 In particular, the historical gradation of the development and establishment of education as a constitutional and legal category is proposed to be considered through the prism of the following chronological framework:
 Stage I: The Age of the Ancient World (Primitive Age and Ancient times);
 Stage II: The Age of the Middle Ages;
 III stage: Age of Enlightenment;
 IV stage: The period of industrial revolution and modernization;
 Stage V: Modernity.
 The article examines the role of great philosophers and ancient jurists, such as Aristotle, Democritus, Plato, Seneca, Socrates, Ulpian, Cicero, etc., in shaping the concepts of the right to education.
 Special attention is paid to how the history of education reflects social and cultural changes. From primitive forms of learning to modern education systems, this article shows how education has always been not only a right, but also an important factor in social evolution.
 Emphasis is placed on the works of the following famous philosophers, the American - J. Dewey, the Brazilian - P. Freire and the domestic - P. Kulish, who had an impact on the formation and development of the philosophy of modern education.
 The conclusions of the article emphasize that the right to education is determined not only by legal norms, but also by the social context and philosophical views. They emphasize the importance of understanding the historical development of education for the modern understanding of the constitutional and legal paradigm of education, which reflects the dynamics of society and its needs for education and development

Potential applications and benefits of humanoids in the construction industry: a South African perspective

Purpose In most developing countries, the delivery of construction project is still characterised by inefficiencies resulting from the use of outdated methods and techniques, which retards project performance. Hence, the call for the implementation of innovative technologies such as humanoids in the execution of construction projects as it has been proven to be very effective in other sectors while improving productivity and quality of work. Consequently, this study looks at how humanoids can be used in the construction industry and what benefits they can bring.Design/methodology/approach The study employed a quantitative approach underpinned in post-positivist philosophical view using questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. The target respondents were construction professionals, and purposive sampling was used, while a response rate of 62.5% was gotten. The methods of data analysis were mean item score, standard deviation and one-sample t-test.Findings The findings revealed that humanoids can be used in progress tracking, auto-documentation and inspection and surveillance of tasks in construction activities. Also, the most important benefits of using humanoids in construction work were found to be shorter delivery times, fewer injuries and more accurate work.Practical implications The outcome of the study gives professionals and relevant stakeholders in construction and other interested parties' information about the areas where humanoids can be used and their benefits in construction.Originality/value The novelty of this study is that it is a pioneering study in South Africa on humanoids' usage in the construction industry. Also, it expands the existing borderline of the conservation of construction digitalisation for enhanced project execution.

Vasil Ekzemplarsky and Petro Kudryavtsev: at the Crossroads of Creative Paths

In the article, for the first time, a comparative analysis of the creative biographies of Kyiv thinkers, pupils and teachers of the Kyiv Theological Academy (1819–1924), Pyotr Kudryavtsev (1868–1940) and Vasyl Ekzemplyarskyi (1875–1933) was carried out. The educational, cultural and historical background of the formation of religious-philosophical and religious-publicist views of Kyiv philosophers is reproduced, the common origin of their creative intuitions is shown. The main similar research ideas, topics and directions of their scientific and educational activity are revealed. The similarity in the interpretation of one of the core ideas of their work – the Christian idea of the kingdom of God – is shown. The origin of this idea in the philosophical worldview of thinkers is admitted, the significance of this idea in their ethical and historicalphilosophical heritage is demonstrated. Both thinkers have distinctly similar interpretations of the themes of religious journalism, the core of which are: religious revival, the relationship between politics and religion and politics and morality, state-church relations in the Russian state, ways of church reformation. The inseparable unity of their philosophical and worldview foundations, theoretical principles with life, the practical implementation of the ideas advocated by the thinkers, which allowed them to preserve the integrity and organicity of their own personality, is shown. It was also demonstrated the importance for the development of philosophical thought of the unique communicative space created by Kyiv academic philosophers, the atmosphere of lively communication, within which similar philosophical and worldview intuitions, value-meaning principles and life guidelines were developed.

Антиантропологизм в современной западной философии

This research is relevant since it allows us to understand more deeply the specifics of contemporary European discourse about the human being, which is characterized by denaturalization and rejection of wholeness of a human subject, criticism of anthropocentrism and the tendency towards an ontological equation of the human being and material objects. The origins and causes of anti- anthropologism are associated with the crisis of European humanism and attempts to overcome this crisis through a different idea of a human being. Based on the analysis of the philosophical views of M. Heidegger, A. Kojeve, G. Bataille, L. Althusser, M. Foucault and some other thinkers, the author shows the main stages of the development of anti-anthropologism in European philosophy: anti-fundamentalism, anti-humanism, structuralist and theoretical anti-humanism, and ontological anthropology. One of the objectives of this paper is to perform a retrospective analysis of the discourse about the human being in the 20th and 21st centuries. The article considers anti-fundamentalism in the philosophy of M. Heidegger, who dissolves anthropology in ontology. The author demonstrates that in the structural anthropology of C. Lévi-Strauss the problem of unconscious processes paves the way for anti-anthropology. Attention is paid to the influence on philosophical anthropology of the philosophy of M. Foucault, whose interests lie not in the human subject, but in discourse structures. He replaces anthropology with epistemology. The article reveals the essence of the ontological turn in anthropology and discusses the key ideas of ontological anthropology and the concept of multinaturalism. It is emphasized that ontological anthropology not only raises ethical issues, but also aims to reformat our traditional understanding of the world and society. The author stresses the inadequacy of the anti-anthropological trends aimed at discovering a place of harmonious coexistence beyond humanity and postulating the idea of abandoning the traditional understanding of a human being. With the prospects of such a fundamental change, the question inevitably arises of a new axiological model of value orientations, which cannot be resolved without turning to the discourse about the human being.

The hegemony of values: Revisiting Stanisław Pietraszko’s concept of culture with Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony

In my reinterpretation of Stanisław Pietraszko’s writings, I seek to identify their elements that exhibit some affinity with the concept of cultural hegemony, which germinated from entirely different ideological soil and has been developed under different historical circumstances. The idea of hegemony is usually traced back to Antonio Gramsci’s texts, though also to the work of other scholars inspired by Karl Marx’s thought, including the British philosophers who founded cultural studies. I argue that in distancing himself from all Marxism-underpinned theories, therein those that evolved toward semiology, Pietraszko was prompted not only by his philosophical views on the ontology of culture and possibilities of studying it but also by the social and political conjuncture in which hedeveloped his conception of culture (specifically, the socialist or communist regimes in Eastern Europe). I ponder how the two divergent models of understanding culture (i.e. culture defined in terms of ways of life and the idea of cultural hegemony) can be brought together. In my argument, I consider various media and communication forms in public space, such as murals, graffiti, posters, billboards, monuments and the like. It is in them that I see manifestations of values.

Dynamics of Workforce Diversity in Ethiopian Higher Education Institutions

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to understand the dynamics of diversity in higher educational institutions in Ethiopia particularly the dynamics in terms of gender, marital status, age, religious and educational status. The study also emphasized on main diversity dimensions as: diversity climate, organizational justice, identity, values, schema and communication practices in higher educational institutions. Theoretical Framework: This study which deals with the dynamics of diversity in higher educational institutions in Ethiopia is based on the taxonomy of work place diversity used by Tailer (2011). Methods: The study is conducted using descriptive research design and mixed approach. The researchers describe the gender diversities and infer something based on the empirical evidences available. The Universities were selected using convenience sampling and self-administered questionnaires were distributed to respondents. Results and Conclusion: Diversity is one of the buzzwords of our contemporary organizational realm as lack of diversity affects their performance in different perspective. Gender, marital status, age, religion and educational status were the diversity dimensions considered to see the dynamics of diversity. The analysis indicated that Ethiopian higher educational institutions are diversified in terms of the indicated variables and especially are advised to focus on gender and religion diversities. The diversity taxonomy result indicated the following: availability of inclusive climate, fair treatment of employees and hence, they perceive as they are part and parcel of their organization. Furthermore, employees are not subject to stereotyping at work and availability of a clear communication system in Ethiopian higher educational institutions. Finding and Implication: Diversity can manifest in many ways and it is expressed as the differences in race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, upbringing, and philosophical views are just a few ways in which people can be diverse. Hence, leaders of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in Ethiopia thus need to create an environment where people with diverse attributes work together to achieve enhanced organizational performance.

Bigi as Marjani’s Follower

The paper deals with two aspects of continuity of religious and philosophical views of the Tatar thinkers Sh. Marjani and M. Bigi. The fi rst is about the universality of divine grace. Marjani, in his “Book on Mature Wisdom that Helps to Explain the Hanafi Creed», gave arguments according to which the decision on this issue remains with the Almighty. Bigi in the “Proofs of Divine Mercy” asserted the inevitability of salvation for all the peoples of the world. The second aspect is about ‘aqida, kalam and ij - tihad. Despite the more than fi fty-year diff erence in the time of the publication of their views by two Tatar thinkers, they are basically identical: for the progress of the Tatar nation, Islam requires the “purifi cation” of ‘aqida from Kalam layers, in Muslim education — the replacement of Kalam with secular sciences and the adoption of ij tihad based on primary sources — the Qur’an, Sunnah and ij ma‘.

Extrapolation of traditional views on women in China

The purpose of the study, the results of which are briefly presented in this article, was to assess the influence of traditional Chinese thought on women.The following research methods were chosen: historical scientific method, abstract-logical scientific method, formal-legal scientific method, comparative analysis method, scientific objectivism method.Briefly, the results of the study can be presented as follows: practices such as meditation, wushu, qigong have a direct impact on women around the world due to their use for exclusively health purposes. In this sense, it is appropriate to assume that in this way Chinese philosophy can influence the worldview of people (in particular, women). At the same time, from the point of view of Chinese philosophy, a woman plays a subordinate role in relation to a man.The author makes the following conclusions. In our opinion, one of the ways that can adapt traditional Chinese teachings to the realities of today should be the idea of using a woman not only as a homemaker, but also as a manager, negotiator, manager (transformation concepts of Taoism). Thus, the ability to negotiate, based on modern scientific psychology, is inherent in people with an androgynous type of thinking. And in this sense, men should learn communication skills, first of all, from women. This may be relevant not only from a moral point of view, but also from the point of view of the development of modern economics. Moreover, this idea is quite applicable to other countries, including Russia.

Causal Pluralism in Medicine and its Implications for Clinical Practice

AbstractThe existing philosophical views on what is the meaning of causality adequate to medicine are vastly divided. We approach this question and offer two arguments in favor of pluralism regarding concepts of causality. First, we analyze the three main types of research designs (randomized-controlled trials, observational epidemiology and laboratory research). We argue, using examples, that they allow for making causal conclusions that are best understood differently in each case (in agreement with a version of manipulationist, probabilistic and mechanistic definitions, respectively). Second, we analyze clinical practice and argue that these manipulationist, probabilistic and mechanistic causal claims can be used as evidence for different therapeutic decisions. We differentiate among ‘predicting’ that does not change the relata of causal claims, (mechanistic) ‘interferences’, and ‘interventions’ in the strict sense that act on causes to change effects. The central conclusion is that causal claims agreeing with diverse concepts of causality can deliver evidence for different types of therapeutic decisions.