Critical View Research Articles

Analysis of The Implementation of The Salam Agreement in The Marketplace: A Critical View of Buying Orders on Shopee

The facts of online transactions, there are many differences in dissimilarity when ordering and suitability of goods received. This discrepancy caused problems afterwards with many complaints, the effect was not willing of each other.. This study aims to find out how online buying and selling transactions are carried out through Shopee, what are the advantages and disadvantages, whether online buying and selling transactions can be said to be a transition from system of salam contracts in the sharia context, and whether the activities buying and selling online at Shopee according to the greeting agreement or not. This research method uses qualitative methods, the source of the data obtained is primary data, researchers also use secondary data sources originating from literature related research. The results of the study show that buying and selling online at Shopee has the same concept as the implementation of the salam contract. Online buying and selling transactions have advantages and disadvantages for both sellers and buyers. Online buying and selling transactions can be said to be a transition from the implementation of the salam contract, provided that both parties understand the same in terms of responsibility and trust. By system, buying and selling transactions at Shopee are said to be in accordance with the salam contract.

THE STUDENT-AGE POPULATION IMAGE OF DOMESTIC ABUSE

The problem of domestic violence does not lose its relevance: in a changing society, the institution of the family is also undergoing constant changes, contacts within the family are being transformed, and there is an escalation of negative trends in interpersonal communication. The consequences of domestic violence have the broadest profile of action: at the physiological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and global levels. Domestic violence, being inherently an unlawful phenomenon that infringes on personal integrity and dignity, is still perceived in society as an ordinary phenomenon. However, one can confidently assert its unambiguously negative impact on both the social structure and the mental organization of the individual. This work aims to explore the student-age youth’s ideas about domestic violence, since it is young people who are both a reflection of modern society and a flagship of change within it. Identification of students' views on domestic violence was carried out through an appeal to the psychodiagnostic apparatus. The study revealed the dominant level of trust in the myths about domestic violence among students, revealed the absence of significant differences in the answers of boys and girls. This indicates a fairly deep spread of false ideas related to domestic violence, the eradication of which seems to be a difficult, but quite feasible process, which should originate not so much within an individual, but in a system of social relationships. We also assume the existence of a general trend towards the unification of standards of education for both sexes. In addition, in the context of the spread of humanistic values, it is quite natural to adopt a critical view of the problem of domestic violence. Finally, respondents who are inclined to minimize the damage of domestic violence are more likely to justify the abuser. This can be explained by the young people's belief that violence must be earned and that its actor has good reason to ‘punish’ his partner in this way.

A Critical View On Doctoral Supervisor Capacity Development At A South African University Of Technology

Growing the number of doctoral graduates, increasing the capacity for study supervision, and enhancing the quality of research output and impact remain some of the many challenges for higher education institutions in South Africa – especially for universities of technology (UoTs). Study supervisors at UoTs often lack sufficient experience and capacity to guide doctoral students to timely and successful completion. This article explores one such case as an example of critically assessing the capacity, quality, and effectiveness of supervisory development at a UoT. Our valuational stance involves observing aspects of institutional support to grow supervision capacity, comparing research performance to peer universities in the UoT cluster and engaging the South African university system as related to relevant literature on doctoral supervision and graduation. The selected institutional case revealed that supervisory capacity and subsequent graduations have improved significantly over time. However, the challenge remains to graduate increasing numbers of doctoral students, hence the need for further enhancing supervisory capacity. The inquiry also points to the need for increasing throughput figures and graduation in meeting institutional targets. The UoT under scrutiny had introduced several strategies to capacitate doctoral supervisors, including promoting relevant supervisory skills, scientific writing and communication. It also promoted research dissemination, incentives to support research capacity development, and policies to enhance quality supervision. Since the range and scope of developmental actions and activities at the selected UoT were too broad to evaluate in one project, the focus was on one aspect of supervisor support, namely an institution-wide postgraduate supervision developmental programme. Programme results for the period 2017 to 2021 were critically evaluated, addressing two key dimensions: enhancing doctoral supervision capacity and trends in doctoral graduations. These dimensions are discussed against the background of relevant literature on supervisory capacity, peer UoT cluster trends in South Africa, as well as trends related to the whole public university system in South Africa. The article concludes with important lessons learnt from the institutional case and suggestions to enhance research into doctoral supervisor developmental interventions within an UoT context.

Critical View of Safety Dissection and Rouviere's Sulcus for Safe Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Descriptive Study.

Objective: To determine the importance of a critical view of safety (CVS) techniques and Rouviere's sulcus (RS) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and its relation to biliary duct injuries (BDIs) and to determine the frequency and the type of RS. Design, Setting, and Participants: A descriptive study was carried out among 76 patients presenting to the surgery department of a tertiary care center in Nepal. The study population included all patients in the age group 16-80 years undergoing LC. Outcome Measures: The main outcome of interest was to calculate the percentage of BDIs along with the frequency and the type of RS. Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled in the study, out of which 57(75%) were female patients with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3 and a mean age of 45.87 ± 15.33 years. Seventy-one (93.4%) patients were diagnosed with symptomatic gallstone disease. The CVS was achieved in 75 (98.7%) of the cases, whereas in 1 case, the CVS could not be achieved, and in the same patient routine LC was converted into open cholecystectomy owing to the difficult laparoscopic procedure. In 56 (73.7%) cases, RS was first visible to the operating surgeons after port installation, alignment, and adequate traction of the gallbladder; in 20 (26.3%) cases, RS was not originally apparent. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study and the literature's critical assessment of safety, this method will soon become a gold standard for dissecting gall bladder components. The technique needs to be extended further, especially for training purposes. Major difficulties can be avoided by identifying RS before cutting the cystic artery or duct during LC.

Menanamkan Kritisisme Konstruktif di Perguruan Tinggi: Peran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Mengelola Tren Kontroversial Mahasiswa

Constructive criticism in colleges is a practice that proposes a critical view of controversial issues with the aim of improving understanding and existing conditions. Research aims to determine the role of citizenship education in colleges in helping students use controversial trends wisely, develop critical abilities, and encourage reflective thinking that can contribute to social development and improvement. This research method uses qualitative and descriptive methods. The research participants consisted of students from various study programs and educational levels at several Tasikmalaya colleges. As for the results of this study, five indicators of constructive criticism show the role of citizenship education in managing student controversy: (1) ability to deliver constructive criticism; (2) response to criticism; (3) active listening skills; (4) ability for effective feedback; and (5) collaboration and problem solving.

The Regulatory Standards of Extraordinary Circumstances in Carriage of Passengers by Air: An Analysis of EU law and Implications for Korea

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review the statutory framework and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law concerning the extraordinary circumstances under EC 261/2004 Regulation (the Regulation). This paper also conducts an examination of the compensation liability system of air carriers within the context of Korean aviation transportation laws.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper studies the scopes, application, and requirements of the extraordinary circumstances in EC 261/2004 Regulation by analyzing cases of CJEU. It seeks to conduct a detailed analysis of extraordinary circumstances in the Korean Aviation Business Act, and contains a comparative analysis between the Regulation and the stance of Korean law.
 Findings - This paper confirms that previous CJEU cases have taken a stringent and passive stance in recognizing extraordinary circumstances that exempt carriers from compensation liability. Also, it presents some critical views against CJEU perspectives and offers several implications for Korean law in its conclusion.
 Research Implications - This paper sheds light on legal issues surrounding applications of the extraordinary circumstances in EC 261/2004 Regulation via case law review. In conclusion, it emphasizes the need for amending the Regulation by explicitly specifying the criteria for the application of extraordinary circumstances to better ensure the appropriate fulfillment of air passenger rights protection. This suggests that it is essential to establish uniform legal standards for procedures related to compensation for air passengers in cases of denied boarding, flight cancellation, or flight delays, rather than solely relying on the flight compensation terms and conditions in Korea.

Cultural Identity in the Shackles of Modernization: The Case of Mentawai Indigenous Peoples

This paper examines the shackles of cultural identity in the new flow of the times. Mentawai people as a community group have a local identity as a characteristic of an ethnic group. However, the attraction between local culture and the pace of modernization is getting stronger, where the influence of development hegemony and policies conflict with the cultural identity of the Mentawai people. So, it raises the chaos that is still ongoing until now. Through literature study and critical anthropology view, it shows that human has the potential to create creativity and self-adjustment. However, Mentawai people are limited and suppressed by social factors and conditions, and exploited by the 'authorities'. This means that the reality of being Mentawai people is not created by nature but by humans, namely humans who have the power to 'manipulate conditions' and patent meanings that suit their minds that are full of conflict, illusion, and distortion. Mentawai people are in a 'false consciousness' that modernization helps them see the world better and have consciously stuttered (cultural backwardness) from that objective condition. Culture is deliberately clashed with the pace of modernization in various elements of life. However, Mentawai people are not rigid and make adjustments from the politically charged situation that makes them marginalized, exploited, and subordinated. Cultural tactics (cultural meaning) to follow the pace of modernization are used. Modernization and globalization are considered 'interaction spaces' in which there is a contestation arena of various elements of human life.

Situation of Elderly Person with TB: A Comparative Study of Countries in the SAARC Region

SAARC has adopted WHO’s Global Stop TB partnership strategy which envision a TB-free world and elimination of TB by 2050. This research study mainly focused on the situation of Elderly Person with TB in the SAARC region. The main moto of the research to assess the SAARC regions situation of elderly persons with TB. This research goes to focused on prevalence of TB burden in SAARC region. Elderly people who are vulnerable it is easily affect with TB. Along with the elderly population’s growth in numbers, there has been an increase in the number of Tuberculosis (TB) cases among elderly people. The research study emphasized on South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation elderly people trend and scenario for the elderly Persons and living condition, Treatment adherence, Treatment Supporter, Government Scheme. Several Studies report contrasting data about poorer tolerance of TB drugs in this population. Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment is a fundamental issue for the outcome of treatment. Decreased completeness of treatment was shown in older people as well as a higher risk of treatment failure. This study used a qualitative research approach, descriptive analysis, and the study's primary method to analyze multiple research studies, find any discrepancies, and subsequently address this qualitative analysis. This study will contribute positively and provide a critical view of scholars and aging professionals in relation to the phenomenon of trends. The rate of population increase of the elderly in SAARC Countries is more than the overall population growth rate. The resulting ever increasing size of older people are likely to raise demands for several specific social services including medical facilities, financial support, family care and improved public infrastructure.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy critical view of safety (LC-CVS): a multi-national validation study of an objective, procedure-specific assessment using video-based assessment (VBA).

A novel 6-item objective, procedure-specific assessment for laparoscopic cholecystectomy incorporating the critical view of safety (LC-CVS OPSA) was developed to support trainee formative and summative assessments. The LC-CVS OPSA included two retraction items (fundus and infundibulum retraction) and four CVS items (hepatocystic triangle visualization, gallbladder-liver separation, cystic artery identification, and cystic duct identification). The scoring rubric for retraction consisted of poor (frequently outside of defined range), adequate (minimally outside of defined range) and excellent (consistently inside defined range) and for CVS items were "poor-unsafe", "adequate-safe", or "excellent-safe". A multi-national consortium of 12 expert LC surgeons applied the OPSA-LC CVS to 35 unique LC videos and one duplicate video. Primary outcome measure was inter-rater reliability as measured by Gwet's AC2, a weighted measure that adjusts for scales with high probability of random agreement. Analysis of the inter-rater reliability was conducted on a collapsed dichotomous scoring rubric of "poor-unsafe" vs. "adequate/excellent-safe". Inter-rater reliability was high for all six items ranging from 0.76 (hepatocystic triangle visualization) to 0.86 (cystic duct identification). Intra-rater reliability for the single duplicate video was substantially higher across the six items ranging from 0.91 to 1.00. The novel 6-item OPSA LC CVS demonstrated high inter-rater reliability when tested with a multi-national consortium of LC expert surgeons. This brief instrument focused on safe surgical practice was designed to support the implementation of entrustable professional activities into busy surgical training programs. Instrument use coupled with video-based assessments creates novel datasets with the potential for artificial intelligence development including computer vision to drive assessment automation.

The Critical Reflections on Chinese Students Stereotypes

This article analyses the critical thinking of previous studies from various perspectives on the stereotypes of Chinese students. It focuses on three aspects: What are the earlier stereotypes of Chinese students from numerous international scholars? What do they regard as the reasons for these stereotypes, and what are their respective attitudes? What are the new in-depth views of scholars on these stereotypes, and what initiatives have been proposed to improve the stereotypes of Chinese students? These questions are answered in the following main body section. Through the analysis and summary of scholars findings, it is found that stereotypes of Chinese students can be mainly related to learning styles and traditional Chinese cultural characteristics. The cause of stereotypes primarily comes from the influence of cultural differences between China and the West and the lack of understanding of Chinese education. The scholars critical views on Chinese students stereotypes are mainly about the internal and external environmental influences on Chinese students and the consequences of stereotypes. Therefore, this paper contributes to future research on improving Chinese students stereotypes in the context of international education.

Assessment of Attitudes, Ethics and Communication Skills in a Competency-Based Undergraduate Medical Curriculum

Affective learning outcomes are difficult to objectively analyse and assess as they refer to feelings and internal processes of the mind and heart. These cannot be quantified by traditional testing methods. The available methods rely on qualitative self-reflection and the observation of simple to complex internally consistent qualities of character. Just as in the other domains of learning, the validity and reliability of these assessments need to be ensured. The assessment of the affective domain requires careful observation of specified behaviours by multiple observers. Miller’s pyramid, Krathwohl’s levels and Epstein’s conceptual frameworks can be used to devise suitable assessment plans for the complex and varied competencies in this domain. Many techniques including paper-based tests, self-administered rating scale, faculty and peer assessment, simulations, reflections, portfolios, observed clinical encounters, collated views of co-workers, record of incidents of unprofessionalism, critical incident reports, patient surveys and global view of supervisor have been used for assessment of affective domain. The effective utilization of these assessment tools needs to factor in the ground realities that exist in different medical colleges. The acceptability and feasibility of using resource intensive assessment methods needs to be carefully balanced against their contributions towards increasing validity and reliability

Global Standard-Setting for Artificial Intelligence: Para-regulating International Law for AI?

Abstract Although there are several ongoing attempts at the international level to develop rules applicable to artificial intelligence (‘AI’) across countries, only the joint work of the International Organization for Standardization (‘ISO’) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (‘IEC’) has been successful at delivering a text with global character: the foundational standard, ‘ISO/IEC 22989:2022(E)—artificial intelligence concepts and terminology’, published in July 2022. This article explores the meaning and implications of this new standard from a regulatory point of view. The argument advanced is that despite its voluntary nature, this standard sets a pathway for future regulation of AI internationally, making it a paramount example of para-regulation. Para-regulation is understood here as the norms that do not place themselves within the legal space but delineate boundaries for posterior developments within that legal space. The author adopts a critical view of this para-regulatory role, arguing that the institutional arrangements in which these standards are created, in terms of representation and decision-making procedures, are far from ideal. This is particularly the case given the possibility of regulatory confrontation between key international players.

Iron supplementation: A qualitative study on the perception of blood donors, blood collection staff and donor physicians.

Iron supplementation is an effective strategy to mitigate donation-induced iron deficiency in blood donors. However, evidence on the perception of individuals involved in blood donation on iron supplementation as a blood service policy is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and perception of whole blood donors (donors), blood collection staff (collection staff) and donor physicians (physicians) regarding donation-induced iron loss and iron supplementation. Online focus group discussions had four to six participants and followed a structured questioning approach. All participants had to be fluent in Dutch to participate, and donors had donated at least five times. Sixteen donors, eight collection staff members and four physicians participated in this study. Recordings were transcribed, coded and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Awareness of donation-induced iron loss was limited in donors. Donors and physicians were predominantly positive towards iron supplementation; the primary motivator for donors was to prevent deferral and reduce iron-deficiency-related symptoms. Improving donor health was the main argument for physicians to advocate iron supplementation. Staff had a critical view on iron supplementation as a policy, as they perceived it as unethical and possibly ineffective. A knowledge gap might underlie their concerns. Most individuals involved in blood donation are positive towards iron supplementation as a blood service policy. If implemented, guidance and monitoring is desired and adequate education of all stakeholders is required.

Critical view on oligo(dT)-based RNA-seq: bias arising, modeling, and mitigating.

The precise biological interpretation of oligo(dT)-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets, particularly in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), is invaluable for understanding complex biological systems. However, the presence of biases can lead to misleading results in downstream analysis. This study has now identified two additional biases that are not accounted for in established bias models: poly(A)-tail length bias and fixed-position GC-content bias. These biases have a significant negative impact on the overall quality of oligo(dT)-based RNA-seq data. To address these biases, we have developed a universal bias-mitigating method based on the lower-affinity binding of short and nonanchored oligo(dT) primers to poly(A) tails. This method significantly reduces poly(A) length bias and completely eliminates fixed-position GC bias. Furthermore, the use of short oligo(dT) with impartial binding behavior toward the diverse poly(A) tails renders RNA-seq with more reliable measurements. The findings of this study are particularly beneficial for scRNA-seq datasets, where accurate benchmarking is critical.

‘Nobody Is Proud of Soft Dollars’: the Impact of MiFID II on US Financial Markets

Abstract Scholars and policy makers have long debated whether securities firms should be allowed to bundle the cost of execution services with the cost of research. Investor advocates condemn the practice whereas industry representatives defend it. In 2018, as part of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) legislative regime, the EU forced the unbundling of commission charges, diverging from US legal standards which still allow ‘soft dollar’ payments for research. The EU’s unbundling regime has challenged global financial services firms, which must now comply with conflicting rules across national boundaries. For more than five years, the US Securities and Exchange Commission provided temporary no-action relief to facilitate compliance with MiFID II, but that relief expired in July 2023, presenting an opportunity to reconsider the impact of MiFID II’s unbundling regime and its implications for US regulators and investors. While this article takes a critical view of soft dollar practices, the story of MiFID II presents contested issues of policy analysis as the agency costs inherent in bundled commissions could be offset by the public benefits of additional research. Unbundling also offers a noteworthy example of an innovation in capital markets regulation flowing from Europe to the United States rather than the other way around.

ChatGPT 활용 교육에 대한 현장 교사의 인식 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore the direction of ChatGPT utilization in education for fostering future talents by analyzing teachers’ perceptions of ChatGPT awareness and its application in education. Methods A survey was conducted with 141 teachers as participants. The questionnaire was developed based on relevant prior studies and modified for improvement. The collected survey data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, independent samples t-test, and ANOVA analysis using SPSS 27 software. Additionally, word frequency analysis was conducted using Python 3 programming language. Results First, significant differences were found in the understanding of concepts and ethical issues related to ChatGPT based on teachers' experience, training, and educational background. Male teachers showed a higher understanding of ChatGPT compared to female teachers. Second, an analysis of the images associated with ChatGPT revealed the key keywords in order of frequency as follows: ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI)’, ‘questions’ and ‘answers’. Third, the analysis of criticisms and concerns about ChatGPT showed that 72.3% of teachers had critical views on utilizing ChatGPT in education. The identified keywords and frequency analysis of the concerns were ‘students’, ‘information’, ‘abilities’, ‘utilization’ and ‘ethics’. Fourth, the analysis of ChatGPT training showed that 88.7% of teachers expressed a desire for future ChatGPT training. The key keywords for desired training topics were ‘utilization’, ‘methods’, ‘lessons’, and the preferred training methods were remote training, face-to-face training, and self-paced learning using media. Conclusions To improve teacher perception of ChatGPT in education and boost their understanding, practical teacher training on ChatGPT should be offered. Furthermore, developing an educational program and usage manual for ChatGPT is essential. This study provides crucial data by analyzing teacher perceptions, facilitating ChatGPT's educational integration.

Too little too late - a critical view of Bulgaria’s increased excise tax regime

Too little too late - a critical view of Bulgaria’s increased excise tax regime

Demobilizing knowledge in American schools: censoring critical perspectives

Controversies have erupted in recent years over the teaching of critical perspectives in United States K-12 schools, particularly related to issues of diversity, race, gender, and sexuality. These tensions have resulted in attacks on critical curriculum, with nearly one-third of states banning curriculum that offers critical views of the racial past of the U.S. and over 200 bills introduced in 40 states that would restrict curriculum related to diverse topics. In this study, we apply a knowledge mobilization framework to examine what and whose knowledge is being restricted in U.S. K-12 schools, and how and why this is happening. Our findings indicate that in 16 Republican-dominated states, policies have been enacted to restrict the teaching of critical perspectives on race, sexuality, and other controversial subjects and to perpetuate a positive view of U.S. history. The study sheds light on the prevalence, underlying nature, and consequences of these educational policies.

Gen-Z university students’ attitudes toward current global trends: environment, globalisation, immigration, feminism and capitalism

ABSTRACT Generation Z is characterised by being digitally native, socially conscious, and diverse. These values influence the way they learn, communicate and relate to the world. The present study aims to examine the attitudes of university students towards some emerging global trends, including environmental change, globalisation, immigration, feminism and capitalism. It involves a cross-sectional exploratory study to describe the attitudes of a group of 1,346 students belonging to Generation Z from a Spanish university. Most students are concerned about the environment and support policies to protect it. They also view globalisation and immigration positively. A specific critical view of the capitalist system, however, is reflected by more intermediate scores. There are also gender differences in perceptions of progress on feminism and criticism of the capitalist system. Men score higher on globalisation but less on immigration. There are two profiles among Gen-Z students: those with more positive attitudes towards immigration, feminism and a critical view of the capitalist system (Social Sciences, Health, Translation-RI, Philosophy-Theology students) and those with less positive attitudes (Business, Law and Engineering). These distinctions coincide with different fields of study. Overall, these results are important in enabling social psychologists and educators to understand better the values of their students.

Let's call! Using the phone to increase vaccine acceptance.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we develop and test experimentally three phone-based interventions to increase vaccine acceptance in Mozambique. The first endorses the vaccine with a simple positive message. The second adds the activation of social memory on the country's success in eradicating wild polio with vaccination campaigns. The third further adds a structured interaction with the participant to develop a critical view toward misleading information and minimize the sharing of fake news. We find that combining the endorsement with the stimulation of social memory and the structured interaction increases vaccine acceptance and trust in institutions.