Views Of Scholars Research Articles

Paradigms for Political Action. A Draft for a Repertoire

Whether politics is a separate sphere or an aspect of human action is a subject of academic controversy. I focus here on the political aspect of action, which is not exclusive of other aspects. There are no ‘naturally political’ issues nor is there anything completely devoid of a political aspect. I am now taking a step backwards to discuss the seemingly simple ‘political or not’ question, as compared to the ‘political in which sense’ question, which I have discussed elsewhere. In this article, I stay on the ideal–typical level, as I want to discuss alternative ways of marking the criteria for the political aspect, without discussing the views of other scholars in detail. I call the procedure for judging and naming this aspect political literacy, a way of making explicit the presence of the political aspect in some phenomena or questions. What is political at a certain time can, in other words, be judged as the result of a politicising reading of the phenomena in question. Here I shall construct a repertoire of certain ideal–typical criteria for marking the political aspects and making sense of actual disputes regarding the political. The repertoire includes the criteria of political action under such headings as expediency, partisanship, controversy and contingency. I regard the view of politics as belonging to a separate sphere as a zero option. All of the paradigms can be regarded as different facets of politics as a contingent activity.

The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity, Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name and Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God

The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity, Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name and Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God

The Modern Malay: A Comparative Study of Katherine Sim’s Malacca Boy (1957) and Mahathir Mohamad’s The Malay Dilemma (1970)

This article examines the representations of the modern Malay in Katherine Sim’s Malacca Boy (1957), which is set against the backdrop of historical events in British Malaya, including the Japanese Occupation. An important historical commentary on Malay life and modernising Malaya, the novel invites us to revisit the ingrained scholarly views about colonial writers as well as the contemporary racial discourse about the Malay. Using a new historicist approach, this article has a two-fold aim: first, to analyse how Malacca Boy engages the critical issues of race and modernity in its portrayal of Malay identity through the protagonist, Hassan; and second, to examine the relevance of Sim’s portrayal in relation to the contemporary political narrative of the Malay in Mahathir Mohamad’s The Malay Dilemma (1970). Indeed, very little research has been done to consider how the trajectories of fiction and non-fiction intersect in the discussion of race and modernity, and therein lies the novelty and strength of our study. Although it is uncommon to compare literary fiction and non-fiction writing, we contend that such an unconventional approach to literary analysis will yield important insights to the narration of Malaysian history, both in the colonial past and postcolonial present, and the place of the modern Malay in it.

PENERAPAN ASAS KEPENTINGAN TERBAIK ANAK: TELAAH IJTIHAD HAKIM PENGADILAN AGAMA DALAM PUTUSAN HAK ASUH ANAK

The study of child protection in Islam remains an interesting topic in several family law studies. This is because there are several views of scholars and judges related to children's rights such as child custody, inheritance, protection of orphans out of wedlock and so on. This paper discusses the judge's ijtihad in determining child custody in religious court decisions to fulfill children's rights. This paper will focus on analyzing of five court decisions and the judge's legal arguments. This study uses a juridical-normative approach by focusing on the enforcement of provisions related to children's rights and the principle of the best interests of children on the judge's legal attitudes and arguments. The author finds at least two types of arguments used by judges in cases related to lineage and children's rights: legal reasons based on legal-maslahah and maslaḥah sosial based.

General classification of the document: suggestions for improvement

The purpose of the article is to optimise the scheme of the general classification of the document and continue the discussion for the development of the typology of the document. Research methodology is based on the application of a complex of theoretical and empirical methods of general scientific cognition, as well as on special methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, comparative and logical methods, the method of visualisation of research results, systematic, and informational and communicational approaches when building a general classification of the document. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the article, based on the general classification of the document proposed by famous Ukrainian researcher Professor G. M. Shvetsova-Vodka, the classifications of the leading experts in document studies, and our own scientific investigations, outlines a number of proposals for solving the most important issues of document typology, and presents a detailed classification scheme of the document. Conclusions. The proposed block document classification scheme reflects the latest views of scholars on its nature as a social-communication phenomenon, on the architecture of the block classification scheme and the facets of dividing documents according to the most important feature of their classification, which create a certain block. The research is aimed to develop the general theory of the document, taking into account the classification features inherent in all documents regardless of their purpose. As a result of the conducted research, the characteristics by which the general classification of the document should be carried out, the names and sequence of the blocks, the content of the facets and sub-facets that make up the general multi-faceted classification, and the characteristics of individual types of the document have been specified. Keywords: document science, document typology, general classification, research directions, features of information recording.

Contested concepts in a predominantly anglophone publication market

ABSTRACT Critical readers of the book “Contested concepts” have pointed out the choice of concepts that are being treated is debatable. It has also been said that the book suffers from “European parochialism”. However, it could be argued that a more valid criticism would be that we should have focussed more on the effects of language, linguistically embedded discourses and the difference of perspective of scholars living in “sending” countries of migration flows rather than focus on the point of view of scholars working in “destination countries”.

Riba According to Sjafrudin Prawiranegara (1911 – 1989) and Muhammad Syafii Antonio (1967) (Critical Comparative Analysis of Islamic Legal Theory Perspective)

Sjafrudin Prawiranegara and Syafii Antonio are two influential figures of Islamic economists in Indonesia. Both are considered to represent two different poles of Islamic economics. Sjafrudin represented critical thinking, while Syafii Antonio represented mainstream thinking. This paper was made with a theory approach istinbat} law. Based on an analysis with this approach, it was revealed that Sjafrudin Prawiranegara tended to interpret usury philosophically, while Syafii Antonio tended to emphasize more on the linguistic aspects (bayani) as the views of the main religious scholars. According to Syafrudin Riba is all the profits obtained based on transactions or agreements in which one party is abusing his strong economic position to take advantage that crosses the line from his weak counterpart. While Syafii Antonio equates usury with interest which means more than credit.

Framework of National Architectural Identity of Public Administration Buildings: A Case Study of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) Tower

In the context of a multi-racial country consisting of Malays, Chinese, and Indians as the main majority, the search for the value of national architectural identity is important in highlighting racial harmony. Therefore, establishing the national architectural identity framework is necessary to ensure this can be realized. This paper focuses on the construction of an architectural frameworkof national identity based on the results of previous scholarly studies. This study uses a hermeneutic methodology in which data were collected from scholarly views through literature reviews and then interpreted into its disciplinary subject matter in compiling the indicators for the national architectural identity to propose a framework for public administration building in Malaysia. A case study of green building certified –MBJB Tower is used to further broaden the understanding of the national identityof architecture in Malaysia. An interview session with related personnel and site observation was carried away at MBJB Tower to test the proposed framework. An interpretive paradigm was used to explore each architectural element of national identity and anarrative method was used to discuss the findings in this paper. As an outcome, the architectural framework of the national architectural identity of public administration buildings consists of an understanding of the role, typology, and themes of architectural national identity. The architectural design pattern of national identity for public buildings is seen at three levels, namely macro, mesoand microlevels. The architectural measurement of the national identity of a building can be defined by the design features produced based on the context of venustas, firmitas,and utilitas. In general, the MBJB Tower building is a good example of national identity architecture and can be used as a benchmark to produce more national architectural identity buildings in the future.

A review of the issues in language teaching

Due to the complexity of learning a new language, there are different aspects that need to be taken into consideration while teaching language, especially the English language. Due to the necessity of ascertaining the views of people towards English language teaching, this research aimed to review and summarise most of the theories and models related to the issues of teaching and learning English. In the current paper, the views of different scholars are discussed varying from cognitive views, sociocultural views, identity views and so on. Based on the results of the study, it was found that technological advances bring about huge changes to the educational contexts and one of the reasons behind such advances is the COVID-19 pandemic. Some other researchers connect other aspects to the issues in ELT such as aspects of a good teacher or technological advances. This paper presents some of the issues. Keywords: Cognition, education, language, teaching, technology;

The Impact of the Local Environment on Achieving an Atmosphere in Interior Architecture

Studies of atmosphere considerably expand the humanist aspect of architectural and urban design theory. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the concept of atmosphere went beyond aesthetics, to the field of anthropology, musicology, art criticism, architecture and urban design. However, this term is still new in Egyptian studies, where the concept of atmosphere is abbreviated with the concept of identity or mood. Therefore, this research sheds light on thephilosophicalnotion of the term atmosphere in the field of interior architecture. One of the most important goals of interior architecture, besides achieving the physical function, is designing interior spaces that achieve an atmosphere of a distinctive character that bears aesthetic values ​​and meanings that affect the human psychologically and physiologically. This research studies the possibility of achieving an atmosphere of a distinctive character inspired by the different local environments in Egypt. It displays the importance of atmosphere in interior architecture and the methods of achieving it from the point of view of scholars. A set of criteria is deduced that includes methods of deriving design elements from the surrounding environment, such as shape, colour, materials, shade and light. Then, three models of interior architecture in three different Egyptian local environments are analysed. The research studies the extent to which each building’s design elements are inspired by their surrounding environment. Then, it analyses how these elements are implemented in the interior architecture to create sensory and psychological experiences. The research concludes that the Egyptian local environments are diverse and rich. It is possible to extract design elements from it, whether from an environmental, social, heritage and cultural point of view. This interior architecture designs creates an atmosphere that maintains psychological and mental health, which is considered one of the Sustainable Development Goals to achieve a better life. Research problem: Does the inspiration from local environment achieve a distinctive atmosphere for contemporary interior architecture in Egypt? How can the local environment be used to inspire contemporary interior architecture that achieves a distinctive atmosphere, and connect the building with the place and the user? Research objective: The research seeks to study the extent to which an atmosphere of a distinctive nature is achieved in the interior architecture of Egypt.

Categorical and concept apparatus for the transformation of catering enterprises’ marketing strategies

The article presents the results of a study of the transformation processes of catering enterprises’ marketing strategies. In particular, the study considers the views of domestic and foreign scholars concerning the definitions of the concepts of “loyalty”, “satisfaction” and “engagement”. It has been argued that they are complementary and mutually reinforcing. The main approaches to the marketing strategies transformation (product-oriented, customer-oriented and value-oriented) have been identified, the change of targets in the formation and implementation process of the marketing strategies (from focusing on the company’s product to focusing on interaction with consumers) has been reflected, and that constitutes in whole the scientific novelty of the study. From the standpoint of a value-oriented approach, the marketing strategy concept has been clarified as a system of strategic actions for the development of a company, which aims to form long-term relationships with consumers and increase their level of involvement, satisfaction and loyalty throughout the entire period of interaction with the consumer (customer life-time cycle). As a direction for further research, is indicated an assessment of the satisfaction, involvement and loyalty influence level on the implementation effectiveness of catering enterprises’ marketing strategies.

DAVLAT EKOLOGIK NAZORATINI AMALGA OSHIRUVCHI MAXSUS VAKOLATLI DAVLAT BOSHQARUV ORGANLARI TIZIMINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHNING AYRIM MASALALARI

This article discusses the concept of state environmental control, its main tasks and functions, types of state environmental control, and the views of domestic and foreign legal scholars on the need for state control in the field of environmental protection and rational nature management, as well as environmental monitoring, statistical data on existing shortcomings in the implementation of environmental control, the circle of subjects of state environmental control, the system of specially authorized state bodies exercising state environmental control, and the scope of their analysis. The issue of optimizing the system of specially authorized state bodies exercising state environmental control in the Republic of Uzbekistan is also highlighted, based on the experience of foreign countries. At the same time, substantiated proposals have been developed to improve the system of specially authorized government bodies exercising state environmental control. In particular, in accordance with the legislation in force in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, the issue of transferring the powers to exercise state environmental control in our country to a single state body was analyzed.

The Unknown Carnival of Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal): Community, Heritage, and Identity on Stage

Terceira Island hosts a Carnival that enjoys unique features in the landscape of European folklore. It involves a major share of the resident population, it takes place on stages scattered all over the island, and it involves a blend of dancing, music, and acting. This paper presents the preliminary results of a collaborative project between native and foreign scholars, with the activist goal of providing Terceira’s Carnival with visibility in order to ensure its preservation. Documentary evidence and fieldwork activities undertaken in 2020 provide grounds to interpret Terceira’s Carnival as a multi-modal endeavour that nurtures social cohesion through mythopoesis, subversion of hegemonic roles, and the distribution of leadership to folk elites. As such, we argue that Terceira’s Carnival does not fit traditional scholarly views on European Carnivals. Additionally, we show that, thanks to its ability to trigger identity-making processes, this Carnival is a case for cultural sustainability: in fact, it ensures the preservation of communal bonds in face of changing global and regional social landscapes.

أبو العباس أحمد بن عبد الله محب الدين الطبري التعريف به وبيان منهجه الحديثي في كتابه (غاية الإحكام في أحاديث الأحكام)

This study aims to determine the author of the book of Gayah al-Iḥkām fī Aḥādīṡ al-Aḥkām, namely Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad bin 'Abdulāh al-Ṭabārī as one of the Shafi'i scholars and to reveal his character in the field of Hadith science through a study of the hadith methodology of the book. This research is a descriptive study with an inductive methodology. The results of the study show that: first, Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad bin 'Abdulāh al-Ṭabārī is one of the very central Syafii scholars in the Shafii school and has been widely praised by scholars; second, his expertise in the field of hadith is evident through his book, Gayah al-Iḥkām, from the following points: (1) that this book is one of the books that collects the most ahkam hadiths, and its author is among the scholars who first wrote ahkam hadith books as a whole; (2) the main purpose of writing this book is to collect the narrations of the ahkam hadith without including the sanad, so that the author includes the authentic and hasan ahkam traditions, and this is the dominant one, although sometimes he also mentions weak hadiths and very rarely does he explain their weaknesses; (3) through this book, the author's expertise on the science of hadith is seen in his attention to hadith lafaz, explanations of garib hadith, syaraḥ musykil hadith, nasikh and mansūkh, laws of hadith and so on. This book is also more perfect because of the author's attention to the views of the school's scholars and a very systematic arrangement when describing their arguments on the problem of khilafiyah. Through this research, it also appears that the author mentions a lot of information that we don't have today..

XORIJIY MAMLAKATLAR JINOYAT PROTSESSUAL QONUNCHILIGIDA EHTIYOT CHORASI SIFATIDA UY QAMOG‘INING HUQUQIY TARTIBGA SOLINISHI

One of the priorities is the liberalization and improvement of criminal procedural legislation in the process of implementing judicial and legal reforms in our country. House arrest is seen by most legal scholars as a means of humanizing modern criminal politics and criminal justice. According to our national legislation, house arrest is a new legal institution concerning other precautions. Therefore, in order to find a rational solution to some problematic cases arising in the practice of applying the law, it is desirable to use scientific-theoretical in-depth study and positive experience of the views of foreign countries with extensive experience in the implementation of this precautionary measure. In this article, the author examines the legal regulation of the measure of house arrest on the basis of the norms of criminal procedural legislation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the USA, and some European countries, in particular, the basis and conditions for the application of this measure, the types of restrictions imposed on a person by comparative analysis. Also, the scientific and legal aspects of issues related to the procedure for applying for house arrest are expressed through the views of foreign experts and legal scholars, and the essence is revealed, and in the summary section of the article, conclusions and suggestions on improving the national legislation on the home arrest precaution and the practice of its application are presented.

Transparent by choice: Proactive disclosures increase compliance with digital defaults.

Default nudges successfully guide choices across multiple domains. Online use cases for defaults range from promoting sustainable purchases to inducing acceptance of behavior tracking scripts, or “cookies.” However, many scholars view defaults as unethical due to the covert ways in which they influence behavior. Hence, opt-outs and other digital decision aids are progressively being regulated in an attempt to make them more transparent. The current practice of transparency boils down to saturating the decision environment with convoluted legal information. This approach might be informed by researchers, who hypothesized that nudges could become less effective once they are clearly laid out: People can retaliate against influence attempts if they are aware of them. A recent line of research has shown that such concerns are unfounded when the default-setters proactively discloses the purpose of the intervention. Yet, it remained unclear whether the effect persists when defaults reflect the current practice of such mandated transparency boils down to the inclusion of information disclosures, containing convoluted legal information. In two empirical studies (N = 364), respondents clearly differentiated proactive from mandated transparency. Moreover, they choose the default option significantly more often when the transparency disclosure was voluntary, rather than mandated. Policy implications and future research directions are discussed.

Причинный комплекс и направления профилактики организованной преступности

This article discusses the determinants of organized crime and measures to prevent it. To date, the need to implement comprehensive measures aimed at preventing organized crime is obvious. This is pointed out by many experts, including those in the field of criminological science. The paper analyzes various points of view of legal scholars on this topic with the presentation of alternative views of representatives of criminological science on the designated problem.
 The authors focuses on a comparative analysis of organized crime statistics from 2018 to the present.This is especially true when the development of rule-making activity in connection with the demands of the Russian society and global trends reaches a new level and many controversial situations arise. Based on a comparative analysis, the article attempts to streamline the author’s and scientific positions on the prevention of organized crime.
 The author’s opinion is substantiated on the issue of the relationship between the actual causes and conditions of organized crime and the prevention of this type of crime, conclusions are drawn regarding the prospects for the development of the institutions under consideration for criminological science.

СПЕЦИФІКА КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ЕКСТРАВЕРТОВАНИХ ТА ІНТРОВЕРТОВАНИХ ТИПІВ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

The article is devoted to studying the peculiarities of the use of means of communication by students of introverted and extroverted personality types. The main concepts of the outlined problem, in particular interaction and communication, are studied, and their differences are determined. The importance of studying communicative processes is emphasized, their impact on the development of the entire society and involvement in various spheres of life is ascertained. The paper summarizes the knowledge of world experience and the views of modern scholars regarding the study of the research problem. It is found out that there are many typologies that classify personality according to various criteria. The most common are introversion and extroversion ones that are determined by an individual’s dominant psychological attitude (according to Jung C.G.). The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of introvert and extrovert students’ verbal and non-verbal communication. Scientific novelty. The conducted research revealed the peculiarities of the use of verbal and non-verbal means of interaction in the process of communication of students in different positions: with teachers, friends and fellow students. The psychodiagnostic toolkit for solving the research tasks is defined, the actual data obtained are collected and analyzed. It is empirically determined that extroverts and introverts have both differences and overlaps in the use of non-verbal communication tools, and the ratio of their manifestations of the students of both personality types are determined. Conclusions. The necessity of forming communicative competence among students, developing skills of understanding manifestations of non-verbal communication for better socialization and improving one’s image in the eyes of another person are proven. Key words: interaction, communication, verbal means, non-verbal means, introversion, extroversion.

Conclusion and performance of commercial contracts with the use of information technologies

The article attempts to evaluate the possibilities of using blockchain and smart contract technologies, as well as big data and artificial intelligence technologies in traditional commercial contracts. In addition, the author illustrates the legal risks of using information technologies and the limits of their implementation in the field of contract law. The goal chosen by the author predetermined the use of the formal legal method in the analysis of the current legal norms. At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the search for answers to the questions without referring to the comparative legal method: in the article, the author refers to the views of English and American scholars when considering the problems of using artificial intelligence technology in commercial contracts.As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that firstly smart contracts designed for automatic transactions on the Internet do not allow moving real goods in the real world, therefore the scope of their use is only limited to the conclusion, but not to the execution of contracts of sale. Secondly, a smart contract can completely supplant traditional contracts and obligations in mediation contracts aimed at performing only legal actions. Thirdly, there is a problem of ensuring the right to privacy when using big data, therefore, the commercial use of the collected data, though does improve sales, violates basic human rights. And finally, the mastered capabilities for automating the processes of selecting counterparties, determining and changing storage conditions, tracking the balance of goods in the warehouse, etc., allow author to discuss the potentially great possibilities of using AI in commerce.

Italian Diasporic Studies: The Then and Now

Italian Diasporic Studies: The Then and Now