View Of Metaphor Research Articles

Healing with Ayahuasca the Plant Teacher: Psychedelic Metaphoricity and Polyontologies

ABSTRACT Shamans, neo-shamans, atheists, and others describe gaining special knowledge from drinking ayahuasca, supporting the cross-cultural idea of ayahuasca as a plant teacher. While secular enthusiasts interpret this metaphorically, animists and others take it literally. This article examines ontological collisions at a healing retreat in the Peruvian Amazon, considering Shipibo shamans and their international clients. It explores how embodied experiences, such as purging and visions, inform both literal and metaphorical views of healing and illness. By addressing incommensurable ontologies, the article highlights how a polyontological framework approaches ontological collision without necessarily privileging specific ways of knowing.

An Integrated Framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis and Multi-level View with an Application to Metaphors for the Vietnam War

Since Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) was introduced, methods of studying conceptual metaphor have kept improving to respond to methodological criticisms. Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) proposed by Charteris-Black (2004) has been considered as a “thought-provoking contribution” to metaphor analysis (Deignan, 2005) when approaching metaphor from various perspectives: critical discourse analysis, corpus analysis, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. CMA is originally applied to one conceptual level in metaphor – domain. However, this paper argues that CMA can be exploited at four conceptual levels in Multi-level View of conceptual metaphor (Kövecses, 2017b) - image schema, domain, frame, and mental space. The combined framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis – CMA (Charteris-Black, 2004) and Multi-level View of conceptual metaphor – MLV (Kövecses, 2017b) can gain deeper insights into ideologies motivating metaphorical concepts for the Vietnam war as well as elucidate the conceptual structure of metaphor via the four levels. Hence, this combination fills the gap of lacking a framework with optimal balance of semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and critical dimensions. It also features the intriguing relationship between ideologies and conceptual structure, i.e., ideologies are embedded in all the four conceptual levels and systematically develop with increasing specificity from image schema to domain, frame and mental space. The focus of this paper is on our argument for an integrated framework of conceptual metaphor and the newspaper articles written by American war correspondents during the Vietnam war are used for illustration of how the integrated framework can help us better understand the conceptual metaphors in the articles.

Reading meatphors in DNA (and RNA): a bio-rhetorical view of genetic text metaphors

ABSTRACT The ongoing digitization of biological life rests in part on the idea of genetic information being contained in genetic texts written in the four-letter language of DNA. Genetic text metaphors have been criticized for being inaccurate, misleading, and outdated. They are also inescapable, malleable, and remarkably generative for engineering biology. Yet problematic understandings of genetic texts as containing information do not inhere in the metaphor but rather depend on particular ways of understanding how texts work – in particular, thinking about texts as containing information as shaped by cybernetic redefinitions of information. The concept of meatphor, analogizing biomolecular relations to discursive relations described through metaphor, enables rethinking those metaphors through a bio-rhetorical approach. Doing so foregrounds how nucleic acids make meaningful relationships in context over how they contain deterministic or controlling information. That approach distinguishes between how human readers have tended to make meanings with genetic texts and how molecules that interact with or ‘read’ texts do so, opening up underexplored ways to think about those metaphors. Through this lens, meatphor becomes one strategy to attend to how diverse meanings may be made with genetic text metaphors themselves, with consequences for bioengineering and societal practices.

Metaphors for legal terms concerning vulnerable people

Abstract This study takes a cognitive view of metaphor to investigate the terms designating vulnerable people used in two legal languages, namely English as used in the European Union and Mandarin Chinese. We applied a discourse dynamics approach to metaphor to explore the implicit connotations of the terms identifying different groups of vulnerable people (e.g., minors, disabled people, victims of human trafficking). The findings show that even when appearing in legal texts, many of the key terms for these groups are not objective, nor are they unbiased and detached from our subjective and bodily experience of the world. When these terms are connoted, they tend to have negative connotations, raising concerns about their social implications. This study highlights the entailments of embodiment theories for terminology and proposes that the identification of groups of vulnerable people is a social product motivated by unconscious relations of power rather than relations of assistance and reciprocity.

The representation, quantification, and nature of genetic information

Current genetics studies often refer to notions from information science. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and structure the different notions of information used in biology, as a step towards developing a taxonomy of information. Within this framework we propose an extension of Floridi’s conceptual model of information. We also make use of the concept of specified information and show that functional information and many other notions of information are either special cases of, or are closely related to, specified information. Since functionality of the proteins that genes code serves as an external and independent specification, this makes it possible to define genetic information in a way that includes semantic aspects. In particular, we discuss how to understand the qualitative aspects of genetic information, how to measure its quantitative aspects, and how variants of Shannon’s information measure can be applied to molecular sequence data of protein families. While a mathematical framework may not be able to incorporate all that is included within biological information, some aspects of it allow for statistical modelling. This is especially true if we restrict our focus on the discipline of genetics. The concept of genetic information is still disputed because it attributes semantic traits to what seems to be regular biochemical entities. Some researchers maintain that the use of information in biology is just metaphorical and may even be misleading. We argue that the foundation of the metaphorical view is relatively weak given the current findings in bioinformatics and show that the present understanding of genetics fits well into the context of the modern philosophy of information. The paper concludes that informational concepts have robust scientific applications at the level of genes.

SONG TRANSLATION OF SPEECHLESS BY NAOMI SCOTT: METAPHOR AND UNTRANSLATABILITY

Song is an expressive text which is not an easy task to translate. Many considerations must be taken in order to create a well-produced song translation. In defining the song’s meaning, many procedures are needed to be done. Metaphor and untranslatability need to be presented as the analysis of the song translation. Metaphor which employs hidden and deepen meaning of a text comes along with the song’s expressive feature as a tool to deliver the writer’s feeling and emotions. Translation loss in metaphorical text is also presented while untranslatability deals with the linguistics, cultural, and compensation value of the text. The method used in this research was qualitative descriptive methodology. Metaphorical analysis was done to scrutinize the unseen feature of the text’s meaning. Translation loss in metaphorical view is also being presented in order to reveal the equivalence and inequivalence of the song translation. Two kinds translation loss are found, inevitable and avertable. Untranslatability dealt with the song’s linguistic and cultural phenomenon such as alliteration, assonance, and rhyme. Compensation which deals with untranslatability is also explained in this paper. Compensation in Kind, Compensation in Place, and Compensation in Merging are used to deal with the translation loss of the metaphorical sense of the song.

Levels of Schematicity in Metaphorical Animal Nicknames: The Case Study of Koczkodan Nickname in Polish

The aim of this paper is to recognise the contemporary meaning of the nickname koczkodan in Polish [English: hag, frump; literally: a vervet monkey], based on extracts of real discurse taken from the Polish Corpus. This meaning has been obtained by examining the metaphors underlying the nickname, which are motivated by various contextual factors, e.g. the speaker’s gender and discourse registers in which the phrase is pronounced. Accordingly, the working CMT-CMA hybrid model is applied for the purpose of the study, which derives both from the extended view of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and from the discursive and critical view of metaphor within Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA). The results obtained in the study reveal that the meaning of the koczkodan nickname is based on six metaphorical dynamic structures organised hierarchically, from the most schematic image schema that emerges at the very moment when the speaker needs to use the nickname, through more detailed metaphors at the levels of domains and frames, until the level of mental spaces is reached. This level is of great importance for the new meaning of the koczkodan nickname, as the integration of two incompatible input spaces (animal and human characteristics) are blended to form one single space. This results in the generation of a novel meaning of koczkodan in Polish, which makes reference not only to one’s physical ugliness but also to one’s evil character traits.

Сreative potential of metaphor in the cycle of stories by Hryhor Tiutiunnyk «Steppe Tale»

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of metaphors in Hryhor Tiutiunnyk’s short story cycle «Steppe Tale». The classification of metaphors is considered according to the partial language affiliation, the way of formation and existence and the structure.
 It was established that from the point of view of partial linguistic affiliation, verbal and adverbial metaphors are most often used. Adjective metaphors are used less often, noun metaphors are also not marked by frequency of use. Adverbial metaphors mostly complement verbal metaphors. Such an interaction between two types of metaphors is evidence that metaphor should be considered as a phenomenon of syntactic semantics, which makes it possible to trace the formation of metaphorical meaning within the context due to the successful combination of words.
 According to the method of formation and existence, fixed, individually authored and conceptual metaphors function. Metaphors form a content integrity, and the combination of their meanings actualizes the figurative and associative plan.
 From the point of view of structure, simple metaphors prevail, but complex ones are not inferior to them quantitatively. A simple metaphor is based on a simple comparison, i.e., the convergence of images is based on one feature. A complex metaphor describes a concept using a combination of images or primary metaphors.
 A detailed metaphor deserves special attention, in which the carrier of the metaphorical image is a whole complex of associatively connected words. The text-creative role of the developed metaphor is most noticeable primarily in the linguistic design of the text, in its semantic expansion and in the realization of the pragmatic task of the text.
 Peculiarities of the use of metaphors and their pictorial and expressive possibilities were also studied.
 To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, the following methods were used: the method of analyzing scientific and theoretical sources, the method of contextual analysis, and the method of continuous sampling.

Familiarity is the Path to the Dark Side

This paper considers depictions of politicians as servants of the Dark Side in political cartoons and political satire comic books from 2015-2020. Particular attention is given to images of Donald Trump as Darth Vader. The use of such pop culture references provides what Morris (1993) called “domestication” – the conversion of abstract ideas into concrete ones, unfamiliar people to familiar ones, and/or distant events to close ones. Guided by the interaction view of metaphor offered by the philosopher Max Black, this paper will discuss how different audiences may decode Dark Side allusions in political satire differently and, significantly, how the domestication of public figures like Donald Trump as Darth Vader and Darth Sidious may result in greater public acceptance of egregious political acts.

Metaphorical Creativity in Discourse

On the “standard” view of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 2002), metaphorical creativity arises from the cognitive processes of extending, elaboration, questioning, and combining conceptual content in the source domain (Lakoff and Turner, 1989). I will propose that such cases constitute only a part of metaphorical creativity. An equally important and common set of cases is comprised by what I call “context-induced” metaphors. I will discuss five types of these: metaphors induced by 1) the immediate linguistic context itself, 2) what we know about the major entities participating in the discourse, 3) the physical setting, 4) the social setting, and 5) the immediate cultural context. Such metaphors have not been systematically investigated so far, though they seem to form a large part of our metaphorical creativity.

An Analysis of Metaphors in Daily Life

Metaphor is the psychological behavior, linguistic behavior and cultural behavior of perceiving, experiencing, imagining, understanding and talking about such things under the hint of other things. Metaphor can make things vivid and tangible and also make profound and abstract truth be expressed more simply and concretely. In daily life, sometimes words can not be understood according to their literal meaning, but need to be combined with people's perception of the objective world to understand the real intention of the speaker to express. This linguistic phenomenon is called metaphorical view in cognitive linguistics. Metaphor is an indispensable part in both Chinese and English. People often use proverbs containing metaphors to express their meanings, and popular online expressions also often contain metaphors. However, some metaphors have already been integrated into daily life and are easy to be overlooked. This paper will analyze the metaphor phenomena and essences in daily life from the aspects of network popular terms, proverbs, teleplay and so on.

A linguistic view of truth and metaphor in the book “The End of Access to the Science of Fundamentals” by Allama Al-Hilli

يتناول البحث الحقيقة والمجاز عند العلامة الحليّ وفق رؤية لسانيّة معاصرة وتأصيل هذا الموضوع لدى العلامة الحليّ وكيف عالج هذا الموضوع من حيث بيان مفهومي الحقيقة والمجاز ومدى موافقته لعلماء عصره ومن سبقوه حتى من أصوليين ولغويين في بيان المفهوم ، كما لا يخفى على أحد أنّ العلاّمة الحليّ من أبرز علماء الإماميّة ولديه جلة من الأفكار التي بنى عليها مؤلفاته وعالج موضوعاته ، ولما كان موضوع الحقيقة والمجاز من أهم الموضوعات اللغوية التي تمس تحليل النصوص ولاسيما النص القرآنيّ فإن العلاّمة الحلي وقف عند هذا الموضوع وقفة طويلة بيّن من خلالها كيفية معالجة الألفاظ المستعملة من حيث حقيقتها أو انزياحها للمجاز ، مبيّناً نوع هذه الحقيقة سواء كانت لغويّة أم عرفيّة أم شرعيّة .

Metaphorical language change is Self-Organized Criticality

Abstract One way to resolve the actuation problem of metaphorical language change is to provide a statistical profile of metaphorical constructions and generative rules with antecedent conditions. Based on arguments from the view of language as complex systems and the dynamic view of metaphor, this paper argues that metaphorical language change qualifies as a Self-Organized Criticality state and the linguistic expressions of a metaphor can be profiled as a fractal with spatio-temporal correlations. Synchronously, these metaphorical expressions self-organize into a self-similar, scale-invariant fractal that follows a power-law distribution; temporally, long range interdependence constrains the self-organization process by the way of transformation rules that are intrinsic of a language system. This argument is verified in the paper with statistical analyses of twelve randomly selected Chinese verb metaphors in a large-scale diachronic corpus.

An Analysis of Discourse Occurrence Mechanism of Grammatical Metaphors

The theory of grammatical metaphor is an important tool for human beings to understand the world. Its application makes texts have strong explanatory and persuasive powers, and contributes to the production of good cognitive effects. However, many scholars have found that there are many gray areas that are difficult to identify in the study of grammatical metaphors, which place too much emphasis on the relationship between the forms of language expressions, but do not pay enough attention to the semantic relationships embodied by expressions, resulting in different grammatical metaphors. Starting from the grammatical and metaphorical views of systemic functional linguistics, this paper affirms the grammatical-metaphorical relationship between different expressions that express the meaning of the same proposition, discusses the discourse generation mechanism of grammatical metaphor, emphasizing the importance of register in the formation of grammatical metaphors. It regards language expressions that meet the needs of the register as congruent, treats language expressions that deviate from the register as metaphors, and emphasizes that semantic relevance is the premise and foundation of the existence of grammatical metaphors.

Translating Sexual Taboos

This paper outlines an approach for translating sexual references in the Bible in a culture that considers the subject taboo in public discussions. Such is the case in most Pacific Island cultures, especially in the Tongan culture. We will look at various examples of sex-related language, and conceptual metaphors in particular. For this, a method is proposed for understanding metaphorical expressions based on Lakoff and Johnson's cognitive linguistic view of metaphor. Then, this method is applied to biblical references to sex in the biblical storyline, focusing especially on the Old Testament. Finally, suggestions are offered for how best to translate sexual terms in Tongan Bible translation.

A Metaphorical View Regarding the Career and Sports Perceptions of University Students

A career is a process in which people prepare themselves for a higher level in their professional life by gaining certain experiences and knowledge in their professional life and direct proportion to the increase in their knowledge. Sports are activities that socialize people through certain physical activities, reveal their performance and contribute to the development of people emotionally. This study aimed to reveal the perceptions of the faculty of sports sciences students about the concept of career and sports through metaphors. The study group of the research consisted of 61 students studying at Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Faculty of Sports Sciences, physical education and sports teaching department. In the study, the metaphorical perceptions of the 1. grade students studying in the department of physical education and sports teaching, and coaching education in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year regarding the concept of "Career and Sports" were examined by qualitative data collection method. In the study, data were collected after the participants completed the statements “Career is like … because…” and “Sport is like … because…”. By using the word "like" in the metaphor, an attempt was made to establish a connection between the subject and the source, and the phrase "because" was asked to be completed to obtain other information. In the study, phenomenological design and qualitative research techniques were used. For the solution and explanation of metaphors, the study was performed by revealing the metaphors, classifying the metaphors, categorizing them, and determining their validity and reliability. As a result of the information gathered, the participants wrote 42 metaphors in 7 categories following 60 themes related to the concept of career, and they wrote 43 metaphors in 5 categories following 60 themes for the concept of sports. As a result, when the metaphorical perceptions of university students towards the concepts of career and sports were investigated, it was seen that the students had the most variability category for the concept of "career" and the psychological impact categories for the concept of "sports."

The representation of Hands in Jordanian Spoken Arabic: A Cognitive Study

This study explores the figurative meanings of the idiomatic expressions related to human hand as used in Jordanian spoken Arabic. It adopts the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Conceptual metaphor consists of a large number of mappings between a ‘source’ and a ‘target’ domain. The meaning of a particular linguistic expression is absolutely based on such mappings. The study is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s view of metaphor as part of everyday language. The sample of the study consists of twenty-four participants, twelve males and twelve females, who were asked to participate in the study. The participants interpret the target expressions (30 expressions) according to their underlying meanings rather lexical ones. The study shows that Jordanian Spoken Arabic is rich in metaphorical expressions on the body part ‘hand’. The results reveal that the metaphorical mappings are at work in linking the figurative meanings with the literal meanings of the idiomatic expressions of human hand in Jordanian spoken Arabic. Moreover, the results also reveal that some of these expressions have positively figurative meanings, others have negatively figurative meanings and some others have both positively and negatively figurative meanings, according to the context they occur in.

Umberto Eco´s Scandal of Metaphor

The article analyses Umberto Eco's philosophical view of metaphor in his essay The Scandal of Metaphor, based mainly on the interpretation of Porphyry's tree and the disharmony between encyclopaedic and dictionary entries with reference to Aristotle's theses, and tries to provide an analysis of Eco's background and ideas about the role of metaphor in the development of knowledge against the background of contemporary philosophical, linguistic and psychological approaches to metaphor. The focus is not on Eco's literary output, but on his actual linguistic reflection on metaphor.

A Case Study of Preservice Teachers’ Classroom Management Dilemma in a Climate of Uncertainty during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 Pandemic process has brought with it a climate of uncertainty. This uncertain environment also contains a lot of uncertainty about classroom management for preservice teachers. The main purpose of this study was to reveal the metaphorical perceptions and views of preservice teachers about the source of the uncertainties they encounter in online courses conducted via Google Classroom. In this case study, the metaphors and opinions produced by the preservice teachers were evaluated. The results of content analysis revealed that the metaphorical perceptions of preservice teachers are grouped under two different themes. These themes are; “Students’ Individual Uncertainties” and “Environmental Uncertainties in Learning”. They use the metaphors of “dead end” and “confusion” to describe the environmental uncertainties they encounter in the classroom. It can be concluded that the metaphorical perceptions and views of the preservice teachers about the uncertainties they encounter in the online arrangements in Google Classroom overlap with each other.

A cognitive analysis of war metaphors in English business texts and their Arabic translations

ABSTRACT The main role of metaphor in economic discourse is essential in facilitating our understanding of some business situations or concepts. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of English business war metaphors in their immediate context of use and their Arabic equivalents as they naturally occur in authentic business texts. The data of the study are drawn from business articles on BBC, CNN, Financial Times and Project Syndicate websites. The study departs from the traditional view of metaphor as a linguistic expression that has only an aesthetic value in the text and it examines how metaphors shape our perception of the business world as they express business ideas. The study reveals that Arabic and English business metaphorical expressions share both similar and different cognition modes and hence four strategies of translating English war metaphors into Arabic are discussed: SL war metaphor is rendered into its comparable metaphor in Arabic using literal translation; SL war source domain is shifted into another TL source domain; an English metaphor is toned down into an Arabic non-metaphor and finally an English non-metaphor is shifted into an Arabic metaphor.