View Of Architecture Research Articles

A Reference Architecture of Human Cyber-Physical Systems – PART I: Fundamental Concepts

We propose a reference architecture of safety-critical or industry-critical human cyber-physical systems (CPSs) capable of expressing essential classes of system-level interactions between CPS and humans relevant for the societal acceptance of such systems. To reach this quality gate, the expressivity of the model must go beyond classical viewpoints such as operational, functional, and architectural views and views used for safety and security analysis. The model does so by incorporating elements of such systems for mutual introspections in situational awareness, capabilities, and intentions in order to enable a synergetic, trusted relation in the interaction of humans and CPSs, which we see as a prerequisite for their societal acceptance. The reference architecture is represented as a metamodel incorporating conceptual and behavioral semantic aspects. We illustrate the key concepts of the metamodel with examples from cooperative autonomous driving, the operating room of the future, cockpit-tower interaction, and crisis management.

A digital twin reference architecture for pharmaceutical cannabis production

ABSTRACT The production of pharmaceutical cannabis is a complex and dynamic industry that has to meet critical challenges concerning product quality, compliance, traceability, food safety, sustainability and health. Digital twins have the potential to be powerful enablers for producers to meet these challenges. However, digital twins for the pharmaceutical production of cannabis are still under exploration and not yet researched. This paper contributes to overcoming this situation by proposing a reference architecture for the development and implementation of digital twins in this domain. Based on a design-oriented methodology, it defines and applies a coherent set of architecture views for modelling digital twin-based systems. Furthermore, a proof of concept of an immersive digital twin has been developed in order to test the applicability of reference architecture. This digital twin is developed in the open, cross-industry platform Unity and includes an extensive 3D model of a cannabis production facility. It is connected with real-world data through an application programming interface integration displaying real-time sensor data from a live greenhouse. The 3D environment is fully explorable, where the user takes control of an avatar character to walk around the facility and view real-time sensor readings. The expert validation shows that the developed digital twin is a valuable and innovative first step for remote management of pharmaceutical cannabis production. Further developments are needed to leverage its full potential, especially adding more types of sensor data, developing implementation-specific 3D models, extending the digital twin with predictive and prescriptive capabilities and connecting it to actuators.

A review on evolving domains of Internet of Things: Architecture, applications, and technical challenges

SummaryThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that includes smart items with different sensors, advanced technologies, analytics, cloud servers, and other wireless devices that integrate and work together to create an intelligent environment that benefits end users. With its wide spectrum of applications, IoT is revolutionizing both the current and future generations of the Internet. IoT systems can be employed for broad‐ranging real applications, such as agriculture, the environment, cities, healthcare, and the industrial sector. In this paper, we briefly discuss the three‐tier architectural view of IoT, its different communication technologies, and the smart sensors. Moreover, we study various application areas of IoT such as the environmental domain, healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, and industrial, commercial, and general aspects. A critical analysis is shown for the existing schemes and techniques related to this work. Further, this paper addresses the basic context, tools and evaluation approaches, future scope, and the advantages and disadvantages of the aforestated IoT applications. A comprehensive analysis is provided for each domain along with its fundamental parameters like the quality of service (QoS), network longevity, scalability, energy efficiency, accuracy, and cost. Finally, this study highlights the technical challenges and open research problems existing in different IoT applications.

Delegating Data Plane With Cloud-Assisted Routing

Data centers are embracing the software-defined networking (SDN) as it is evident that this technology of completely separating the data plane from the control plane gives more flexibility for their internal routing management and provides better Quality-of-Service (QoS) to the users. Implementing a similar solution to serve the purpose of software-defined wide-area networking using public Internet routing is also gaining popularity. Although, instead of having a complete separation, a hybrid approach to keep most of the control plane along with the least of the data plane in the remote and vice-versa for the local platform may be more fitting. To this end, we propose a new hybrid SDN approach, Cloud-Assisted Routing (CAR), that utilizes the high computational services that cloud offers at a lower price by splitting both control and data plane functions between a local router and a remote cloud computing platform. Such delegation of data plane to a third-party authority requires proper control plane management policies and handling or avoiding possible loops and failures. We detail the architectural view of CAR, address its associated challenges, and present prototype-based evaluations of it for reducing routing table sizes.

The relevance of words and the language/communication divide.

First, the wide applicability of the relevance-theoretic pragmatic account of how new (ad hoc) senses of words and new (ad hoc) words arise spontaneously in communication/comprehension is demonstrated. The lexical pragmatic processes of meaning modulation and metonymy are shown to apply equally to simple words, noun to verb 'conversions', and morphologically complex cases with non-compositional (atomic) meanings. Second, this pragmatic account is situated within a specific view of the cognitive architecture of language and communication, with the formal side of language, its recursive combinatorial system, argued to have different developmental, evolutionary and cognitive characteristics from the meaning side of language, which is essentially pragmatic/communicative. Words straddle the form/meaning (syntax/pragmatics) divide: on the one hand, they are phrasal structures, consisting of a root and variable numbers of functors, with no privileged status in the syntax; on the other hand, they are salient to language users as basic units of communication and are stored as such, in a communication lexicon, together with their families of related senses, which originated as cases of pragmatically derived (ad hoc) senses but have become established, due to their communicative efficacy and frequency of use. Third, in an attempt to find empirical evidence for the proposed linguistic form-meaning divide, two very different cases of atypical linguistic and communicative development are considered: autistic children and deaf children who develop Homesign. The morpho-syntax (the formal side of language) appears to unfold in much the same way in both cases and is often not much different from that of typically developing children, but they diverge markedly from each other in their communication/pragmatics and their development of a system (a lexicon) of meaningful words/signs.

Microservice reference architecture design: A multi‐case study

AbstractMicroservice architecture (MSA) is an architectural style that is designed to support the modular development of software systems within a particular domain. It is characterized by the use of small, independently deployable services, which can be developed and deployed autonomously. The benefits of MSA include improved scalability, fault‐tolerance, and ease of deployment and maintenance. However, developing MSA for a specific domain can be challenging and requires a thorough consideration of various concerns such as service boundaries, communication protocols, and security. To support the easy development and guidance of an MSA for practitioners, we present a reference architecture design for MSA. The reference architecture has been designed after a comprehensive domain analysis of MSA in the literature and the MSAs of key vendors. This analysis has been used to identify best practices and common patterns that can be applied to the development of MSA. Additionally, relevant architecture viewpoints have been selected to model the corresponding architecture views, providing a clear and comprehensive understanding of the architecture. To validate the proposed reference architecture, a multi‐case study research approach has been used. In this approach, two industrial case studies have been used to demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed reference architecture. The results of these case studies have shown that the reference architecture can be used to effectively guide the development of MSA in real‐world scenarios.

Detecting deviations in the code using architecture view-based drift analysis

ContextOne of the key requirements for the code is conformance with the architecture. Architectural drift implies the diverging of the implemented code from the architecture design of the system. Manually checking the consistency between the implemented code and architecture can be intractable and cumbersome for large-scale systems. ObjectiveThis article proposes a holistic, automated architecture drift analysis approach that explicitly focuses on the adoption of architecture views. The approach builds on, complements, and enhances existing architecture conformance analysis methods that do not adopt a holistic approach or fail to address the architecture viewpoints. MethodA model-driven development approach is adopted in which architecture views are represented as specifications of domain-specific languages. The code in its turn, is analyzed, and the architectural view specifications are reconstructed, which are then automatically checked with the corresponding architecture models. ResultsTo illustrate the approach, we have applied a systematic case study research for an architecture drift analysis of the business-to-customer (B2C) system within a large-scale software company. ConclusionThe case study research showed that divergences and absences of architectural elements could be detected in a cost-effective manner with the proposed approach.

Chilean mountain architecture

In Chile, the word mountain requires further disambiguation, otherwise it will not define a specific landscape or climate condition. Unlike other mountainous conglomerates, climatically it is as highly diverse as it can be expected when covering such different latitudes. With the arrival of mountain sports in the first decades of the last century, a number of first Refugios were explored in several valleys primarily in central Chile, where altitude, precipitation, temperature and population density overlapped with the will and power of the first pioneers, many of them carrying their own dreams and knowledge from Europe. These settlements, together with a handful of new villages further south, constitute the bulk of study, to which we at DRAA (Del Rio Arquitectos Asociados) have been mostly invited, aiming to provide a sensible approach to the changing needs of the mountain in a diverse array of topographic and climatic situations, such as those described. Mountain design has influenced the way we have understood architecture, regardless of context; the limited use of space, energy efficiency and context pertinence have been key issues to address. At present, with the Farellones Mountain Museum and other museums, housing and refuge projects underway, we aim to convey our view of architecture.

The impact of overtourism on architecture and urban space in historic cities: an understudied phenomenon

Since the massive scale of urban tourism (at the end of the 20th century), which caused an exponential increase of visitors to cities, the density of tourist activity in historic boroughs has come to cause strong tourist pressure on the grid and buildings of these spaces. Motivated by local policies, which promote tourist attraction and expansion, this monoculture results in a simplification of the way in which urban centres operate. Beyond the academic acceptance of the concept of overtourism, the aim of this study is to lay the foundations to delve into a dimension of such impact that is barely explored: the influences of overtourism on the architecture and urban space of historic centres, affecting functionality, space, buildings, and urban landscape. In other words, the elements of heritage. The study of the state of the art on tourism and touristification in historic cities has made it possible to document the impacts of overtourism that affect the architectural and urban component of heritage cities mentioned in the scientific literature. This analysis reveals a significant lack of studies that address overtourism from the point of view of architecture and urban space and show the relevance of the subject.

A primer for the student joining the adult cardiac surgery service tomorrow: Primer 1 of 7

A primer for the student joining the adult cardiac surgery service tomorrow: Primer 1 of 7

Ontology-Based Architecture Process of System-of-Systems: From Capability Development to Operational Modeling

System-of-systems (SoS) architecture is crucial in managing complex and interconnected systems. However, the description and modeling of SoS architecture pose significant challenges and require a structured and organized approach. In this study, a metamodel for SoS architecture that considers both structural and behavioral perspectives is defined. The metamodel is then mapped to ontologies that are enhanced with a flow-based extension to characterize architecture views. On this basis, an SoS capability ontology (SoSCO) and an SoS operational ontology (SoSOO) are built with factors, relationships, and flows. A four-step architecture process for developing capabilities and a five-step architecture process for operational modeling are provided based on the ontologies. The proposed approach is applied in a search and rescue case study, demonstrating its ability to improve operability in the early design stage. The process is implemented using the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) so that various stakeholders and engineers can better understand and develop an SoS.

Evaluating the damage content of Karbandi using frequency domain analysis (Case Study: Timche Haj-Mohammad-Qoli of Tabriz Historic Bazaar)

In this study, an alternate method to evaluate structural systems, especially those with historical importance has introduced by applying Fourier Transform (FT) to the damage ratio of time history outcome in the frequency domain. The concept of damage content (DC) regarding the mechanical characteristics of the used material, including plastic strain, failure plane, and ultimate load-bearing capacity, along with drift value, record selection criteria, and architectural aspects, have employed. Due to its valuable aesthetic and architectural view, Timche Haj-Mohammad-Qoli of Tabriz Historic Bazaar, one of the traditional covered spaces with the complicated configuration of spatial masonry intersecting arches, selected for further assessment in the current research program. The required experimental samples for obtaining the mechanical properties and relevant geometrical measurements to prepare the numerical model of the structure obtained. The strong ground motions according to seismological and geological characteristics of the construction site selected. The records with different durations were merged by Fourier Transform (FT) and Damage Content (DC) analysis. According to the outcomes, the damage state of the structure due to the imposed strong motion at every stage of the lateral loading from the failure initiation to the final collapse was traceable. As a straightforward outcome, the vulnerability of the near-field earthquakes is more tangible than that of the far-field earthquakes. The provided methodology could have proper use in future similar studies for evaluating the performance of the structures.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SMART CITIES

Rapid urbanization creates new challenges and issues, and the smart city concept offers opportunities to rise to these challenges, solve urban problems and provide citizens with a betterliving environment. This paper presents an exhaustive literature survey of smart cities. First, itintroduces the origin and main issues facing the smart city concept and then presents the fundamentals of a smart city by analyzing its definition and application domains. Second, a data-centric view of smart city architectures and key enabling technologies is provided. Finally,a survey of recent smart city research is presented. This paper provides a reference toresearchers who intend to contribute to smart city research and implementation.

Abstract 1506: Decoding multi-omics genetic profiling reveals heterogeneity in adult pan-gliomas

Abstract Adult-type diffuse gliomas (Glioblastoma (GBM), Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma) are the most common malignant brain tumor in adults with dismal prognoses. Recent large-scale genomic studies have established molecular classification of glioma based on coding mutations and copy number variations. However, whole-genome landscape and multi-omics profiles of gliomas are not well analyzed. To understand the multi-omics genetic landscape of gliomas, we performed deep whole-genome sequencing (≥ ×120 coverage) of 357 cases with adult-type diffuse gliomas (162 GBMs, 96 astrocytomas, 99 oligodendrogliomas) along with EPIC DNA methylation profiling. RNA-seq, whole-genome bisulfate sequencing, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed on 349, 40, and 40 of these tumors, respectively. Deep WGS delineated a fine view of clonal architecture demonstrating mutational order during tumor initiation of each glioma. Mutational signature varies between clonal and subclonal mutations, supporting a model that tumors acquire genetic alterations by distinct mechanisms based on their developmental stage. Structural variants (SVs) are more frequently detected in higher malignant gliomas. While a complex SV is rare in Astrocytoma and Oligodendroglioma (35% of samples), a large proportion of GBM cases (85%) have complex SV with ≥ 10 breakpoints, which involves multiple different chromosomes including driver genes. CDKN2A homozygous deletions and focal CDK4 amplifications are often induced by complex SVs in GBM. These results suggest that complex SVs could play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of GBM. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles by similarity network fusion (SNF) identifies homogenous clusters in each glioma where those clusters are associated with mutational and SV signatures, suggesting that specific cell states may have distinct sensitivities to mutational processes. In oligodendrogliomas, the SNF classification detected a cluster with poor prognosis which has an enrichment of stem cell-like signature by CIBERSORTx deconvolution analysis. ATAC-seq demonstrated distinct features of genome-wide chromatin accessibility in each glioma which may reflect the difference of cell of the origin. Most of the focally amplified genes have open chromatin status suggesting that tumors take advantage of not only gene duplication but also a transcriptional activity to activate driver genes. Our integrated analysis uncovers molecular mechanisms of gliomas which will help to understand glioma-genesis. Citation Format: Takuma Nakashima, Yusuke Funakoshi, Atsuhito Uneda, Yuriko Sugihara, Shohei Nambu, Manabu Kinoshita, Yoshiki Arakawa, Shota Tanaka, Joji Ishida, Ryuta Saito, Ryosuke Hanaya, Koji Yoshimoto, Yoshitaka Narita, Hiromichi Suzuki. Decoding multi-omics genetic profiling reveals heterogeneity in adult pan-gliomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1506.

Access to parenting leaves for recent immigrants: a cross-national view of policy architecture in Europe

Parenting leaves play a crucial part in supporting women’s labour force participation as well as men’s participation in infant care. A major question is who has access to such leave policies and earlier research has pointed out large variations in eligibility. This article focuses on the leaves that are available to recently arrived immigrants, parents who are in a specific situation of being in transition between systems. Using information from the database of leave policies, the International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2021 (leavenetwork.org), we map eligibility and entitlements in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK, all countries with tiered systems of parenting leave entitlement as well as relatively large recent immigrant populations. Our findings indicate that the leave policies available to recent immigrants can be patchwork in nature and of a very different generosity to the benefits available to many other parents. In addition, the benefits available to this group are often (even) more gendered and perhaps suggest a fall back to a policy logic of maternalism. We discuss how parenting leave may facilitate (or not) an exit from the early vulnerable stage that many immigrant parents face during the first few years in a new country.

System Architecture Design of IoT-Based Smart Cities

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) networks into smart cities is crucial to enhance the efficiency of city operations and services. Designing a smart city architecture that can adapt to the constantly changing functional and quality requirements of city services is essential. However, critical decisions must be made during this process, such as selecting communication protocols, ensuring security and safety, optimizing time performance, and processing data capacity. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a systematic approach to guide the system architecture design of IoT-based smart cities. The approach starts with feature-driven domain analysis to model smart city requirements, followed by the design of a reference architecture for IoT-based smart cities. The architecture is modeled using selected architectural views, while considering key stakeholders and their concerns. Additionally, this paper presents valuable insights into lessons learned and challenges encountered during the process of creating IoT-based smart cities. This information can assist practitioners in developing such smart cities and pave the way for future research in this field. By following this proposed approach, smart city architects can design a robust and adaptable system architecture that can meet the evolving needs of smart city services.

Productivity from a Metapragmatic Perspective: Measuring the Diachronic Coverage of the Low Level Lexico-Grammatical Construction Have the N (Body Part/Attitude) to ↔<Metapragmatic Comment> Using the COHA

This paper seeks to address the relation between semantics, pragmatics and the productivity of a low level lexico-grammatical construction, Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment. The question posed is how semantics affects productivity, in the generative sense of extensibility of a construction (a form meaning pairing). The method identifies the specificity and variations of the Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment construction within the pragmeme of politeness using the COHA. Hereafter, we consider how to measure the extensibility within the onomasiological frame based on the available pool of forms expressing an attitude/emotion, i.e., the coverage or attractivity of the Have the N to construction. The paper discusses the findings, namely, how to overcome methodological issues relating to a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to the constructional architecture and the relative productivity of constructions. The experimental small scale corpus study of Have the N to in the COHA suggests that a global view of constructional architecture at multiple levels should be pertinent to identifying the extensibility potential of the construction.

A Systematic Review of Transformer-Based Pre-Trained Language Models through Self-Supervised Learning

Transfer learning is a technique utilized in deep learning applications to transmit learned inference to a different target domain. The approach is mainly to solve the problem of a few training datasets resulting in model overfitting, which affects model performance. The study was carried out on publications retrieved from various digital libraries such as SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar, which formed the Primary studies. Secondary studies were retrieved from Primary articles using the backward and forward snowballing approach. Based on set inclusion and exclusion parameters, relevant publications were selected for review. The study focused on transfer learning pretrained NLP models based on the deep transformer network. BERT and GPT were the two elite pretrained models trained to classify global and local representations based on larger unlabeled text datasets through self-supervised learning. Pretrained transformer models offer numerous advantages to natural language processing models, such as knowledge transfer to downstream tasks that deal with drawbacks associated with training a model from scratch. This review gives a comprehensive view of transformer architecture, self-supervised learning and pretraining concepts in language models, and their adaptation to downstream tasks. Finally, we present future directions to further improvement in pretrained transformer-based language models.

The Significance of Frank O. Gehry’s Museums in Contemporary Museum Design Methodology

Modern museums were born because of the spatial composition program, exhibition techniques, and the diversification of architectural styles. Frank Gehry is an architect pursuing extreme forms and thinks modern box-shaped architecture is bland and lacks feeling/passion/love. This paper aims to examine the characteristics and meaning of the museums designed by Gehry, Gehry's unique architectural view, and the elements of his museum designs. As a methodology, the classification of modern museums in Newhouse's "Towards a New Museum “and trends in modern museum architecture are classified into six categories in Montaner's book "Museums for the 21st Century," which are used as a framework for comparative analysis to point out the characteristics of the Gary Museum and derive the location and meaning in modern museum architecture. The result shows that his architectural tendencies of fragmentation and duality are applied to the Gary Museum, revealing complex characteristics in terms of composition by contrasting combinations of formality and irregularity in materials and forms. The intricate design of the Gary Museum reveals its strong presence by creating a sculptural museum that encourages a four-dimensional experience both inside and outside. It was statistically proven that the above characteristics of the Gary Museum represent an aspect of the modern museum that is becoming a popular entertainment medium. A relaxed and comfortable exhibition environment was promoted by weakening the excessive rigidity in the exhibition space through the changeable ceiling treatment. Gary's museums were born between radical experimentalism and a pragmatic professional temperament.

Reference architecture for digital twin-based predictive maintenance systems

ContextDigital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems are frequently integrated into complex systems. The success of the integration depends on the design of the system. A Reference Architecture can be used as a blueprint to design Application Architectures rapidly and consistently for various application domains, resulting in a reduced time-to-market. ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a Reference Architecture designed using renowned software architecture methods. MethodA domain analysis was performed to gather and synthesize the literature on Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems, which we used to model the key features. We applied UML diagrams to design the reference architecture based on the feature model. We evaluated the reference architecture using three case studies. ResultsWe derived three views for Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems. For the user's view, we developed a context diagram. We developed a package diagram for the structural view, and we designed a layered view to show the system's decomposition in layers. We designed an Application Architecture for each case study based on the study's features using each Reference Architecture view. Additionally, we designed a deployment view to describe the hardware and software and its environment. ConclusionWe demonstrated that the methods of creating a Reference Architecture could be used in the Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance domain and showed how an Application Architecture could be designed in this context.