Angled Views Research Articles

Electromagnetic analysis of the ITER wide angle viewing system components with a simplified approach

An electromagnetic (EM) analysis of the Optical Hinge (OH) and Optical Relay Unit (ORU) has been performed for the validation of their Final Designs. OH and ORU are reflective optical systems, being the starting ex-vessel components of the ITER diagnostic Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS). These two components share a support structure, attached in turn to the Interspace Support Structure (ISS).The methodology for the realization of the EM analyses for components in fusion devices is not standardized. The choice of the method highly depends on the goals of the study, on the required accuracy of results and on the available resources. A methodology to perform the EM analysis has been developed and validated. In the EM analysis, the arising EM forces have been calculated with a finite element 3D model, and the results obtained were used for the successive structural analysis.The publication presents the methodology developed, its implementation to the OHORU components, the results obtained for the validation of their Final Designs and additional studies for the methodology validation.

Final Design and Tests of the In-Vessel Shutter of the ITER Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) in Equatorial Port 12

Final Design and Tests of the In-Vessel Shutter of the ITER Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) in Equatorial Port 12

Final design analysis of the optical hinge of the wide angle viewing system for ITER equatorial port 12

The ITER Visible/Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is a machine protection optical diagnostic that is being developed for ITER. The first two ex-vessel components of WAVS are the Optical Hinge (OH) and Optical Relay Unit (ORU) and both share a common support structure. Equatorial Port 12 (EP12) WAVS should be operational for the first plasma and its facing its Final Design Review (FDR). It is being developed by the Consortium constituted by CEA, CIEMAT, INTA and Bertin Technologies through a Grant Agreement financed by F4E.To compensate vacuum vessel vertical displacements respect to the building during operation, an Optical Hinge (OH) will be placed at the beginning of the ex-vessel area for each Line of Sight (LoS). Each OH is formed by a pair of mirrors one of which is moveable using a piezoactuator. The OHs are attached to the common support which is, in turn, fixed to the Interspace Support Structure.To assure the optical performance, the common support structure has to withstand operational loads with low deviation and tilt. In addition, the structural integrity of the common structure has to be maintained in case of seismic or accidental loads as it is classified as a Safety Relevant component.This work exposes the analyses performed to face the FDR of ex-vessel WAVS in EP12. It comprises the structural analyses performed by CIEMAT for the OHORU common support structure to assure its integrity according to RCC-MR Code and the detailed model of one OH LoS to check also the diagnostic optical requirements.

Comparison between endoscopic and microscopic type 1 tympanoplasty using temporalis fascia graft

Aim: is to compare the outcomes of endoscopic vs microscopic type 1 tympanoplasty in patients with central perforation in tympanic membrane with conductive hearing loss. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, at a tertiary care hospital and medical college, Odisha. This study was a hospital based single centered simple randomised control trial. A total of 100 cases of CSOM randomised into endoscopic and microscopic assisted tympanoplasty group (50 each) after taking proper informed consent. The duration of study was from September 2019 - August2021. Results: Out of 100 surgeries, there was one failure of uptake of graft and the patient belonged to the endoscopic group. Operative time was significantly shorter in the endoscopic group as compared to the microscopic group. There was no significant difference in terms of graft uptake and hearing improvement among the two groups. Conclusion: In both microscopic and endoscopic Tympanoplasty have their own advantages and disadvantages, Endoscopic Tympanoplasty offers slight benefits over Microscopic Tympanoplasty in terms of shorter duration, less granulation, less post op pain, wide angled view but it has inherent disadvantages being a single handed procedure. Unlike microscope, endoscope is easily transportable, hence it can be ideally used in camps conducted in remote places

The Value of the Endoscope-Holding Arm in Transoral Pharyngeal Surgery.

Transoral pharyngeal surgery is mainly feasible with the use of a microscope or robotic systems. Data about alternative methods, with lower costs and easier availability, are sparse. We intended to examine to what extent the endoscope-holding arm is a suitable alternative to the microscope or robotic systems. We retrospectively reviewed subjects who underwent pharyngeal tumor resection with the endoscope-holding arm in our university department. We identified 13 subjects who underwent transoral pharyngeal surgery between November 2020 and November 2023. Most subjects presented with an oropharyngeal tumor (6/11 in the lateral wall or tonsil; 4/11 in the tongue base). The oropharyngeal lateral wall or tonsillar tumors were exposed with a standard mouth gag. The tongue-base tumors or hypopharyngeal tumors were exposed with an operating laryngoscope. Advantages over the microscope included an angled view. Advantages over robotic systems included haptic feedback and a faster setup. Advantages over both the microscope and robotic systems included lower costs and easier availability. Visualization with the endoscope was sufficient and similar to that of the microscope. Bimanual action was possible with surgical forceps and a monopolar electrode. Transoral pharyngeal surgery was feasible with the endoscope-holding arm. The endoscope-holding arm could be a cost-efficient alternative to the microscope or robotic systems.

Aesthetic Surgery Before-and-After Photography Bias on Instagram.

This study aims to systematically assess body and facial aesthetic surgery before-and-after photography bias on Instagram. An Instagram search using the term "plastic surgeon" was conducted on October 2020. The top 11 plastic surgeons' accounts were selected, and the first 15 images were selected from these profiles pertaining to different anatomical locations. Each photo was analyzed by a blinded board-certified plastic surgeon utilizing a 5-domain clinical photography bias score. The domains covered: (1) photo quality; (2) photo background; (3) position; (4) exposure/coverage; (5) bias. The search strategy identified a total of 161 sets of before and after. The most common anatomical site posted was the nose (n=47), followed by breasts (n=37). The most common angles posted were anterior-posterior view (n=61). The majority of images showed bias toward the post-operative image (70.8%). The main culprit with photo characteristics occurred due to there being a different post-operative background which was more flattering for the post-operative result (n=46, p=0.006) and a different view or angle, which again, flattered the post-operative image (n=36, p=0.02). Other factors that influenced the post-operative bias included photos of the patient covered with clothing (n=15, p=0.014) or standing (n=20, p=0.001), compared to a supine pre-operative image. Before-and-after photography conditions in aesthetic surgery is biased toward the post-operative result on Instagram. This observation was noticed across all surgical anatomical areas. Accounts photographer tends to misrepresent the photo background, view of angle, patients pose or position, or covering certain body parts. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

In-vessel final design of the ITER Wide Angle Viewing System in equatorial port 12

The ITER Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is a major diagnostic for machine protection, plasma control and physics analysis. It will measure the surface temperature of the plasma facing components by infrared thermography and will image the plasma emission in the visible range. The global system is composed of 15 lines of sight located in four equatorial ports, covering more than 80% of the tokamak internal surface.This article focuses on the In-Vessel components of the three lines of sight of the diagnostic in equatorial port 12, which have to be installed for the “first plasma” of ITER.The main components of the system are the First Mirror Unit (FMU) and the Hot Dog-Leg (HDL). The FMU contains two mirrors and all associated equipment allowing their support, protection, cleaning and monitoring. It is a critical component since it has to sustain severe constraints (harsh nuclear environment, plasma proximity, complex interfaces) while it has to achieve challenging optical performances. All elements of the FMU are actively cooled. Furthermore, a pneumatic shutter to avoid direct contamination of the mirrors during first wall conditioning phases can close the FMU. The HDL is composed of two mirrors generating a labyrinth avoiding the direct neutron streaming and transmitting the optical beam toward the windows and the Ex-Vessel components of the WAVS.The main design aspects of the FMU and HDL are presented in this paper. These In-Vessel components have been presented to their Final Design Review (FDR) in July 2022 and their design is mature enough to outline the main features to comply with all the challenging requirements of the ITER machine.

Vehicle Localization in 3D World Coordinates Using Single Camera at Traffic Intersection

Optimizing traffic control systems at traffic intersections can reduce the network-wide fuel consumption, as well as emissions of conventional fuel-powered vehicles. While traffic signals have been controlled based on predetermined schedules, various adaptive signal control systems have recently been developed using advanced sensors such as cameras, radars, and LiDARs. Among these sensors, cameras can provide a cost-effective way to determine the number, location, type, and speed of the vehicles for better-informed decision-making at traffic intersections. In this research, a new approach for accurately determining vehicle locations near traffic intersections using a single camera is presented. For that purpose, a well-known object detection algorithm called YOLO is used to determine vehicle locations in video images captured by a traffic camera. YOLO draws a bounding box around each detected vehicle, and the vehicle location in the image coordinates is converted to the world coordinates using camera calibration data. During this process, a significant error between the center of a vehicle's bounding box and the real center of the vehicle in the world coordinates is generated due to the angled view of the vehicles by a camera installed on a traffic light pole. As a means of mitigating this vehicle localization error, two different types of regression models are trained and applied to the centers of the bounding boxes of the camera-detected vehicles. The accuracy of the proposed approach is validated using both static camera images and live-streamed traffic video. Based on the improved vehicle localization, it is expected that more accurate traffic signal control can be made to improve the overall network-wide energy efficiency and traffic flow at traffic intersections.

Neutronics analysis of the visible infrared wide angle viewing system in equatorial port #12 of ITER

The ITER Equatorial Visible and InfraRed Wide Angle Viewing System (VisIR WAVS) is a major system for the monitoring of the components facing the plasma. It is of utmost importance as it is involved in the machine protection, in basic and advanced controls, and in physics analyses. The diagnostic reaches the final phase of its design for the Equatorial Port #12 (EP#12) and IRFM designed a very detailed model for the In-Vessel part with three lines of sight implemented in EP#12. This paper presents the neutronics analyses that have been performed in the framework of two contracts with Fusion for Energy F4E, the FPA-407/SG#04 and GRT-1146 grants. The nuclear analyses covered mode-0 for the nuclear heating calculations in supply to the thermomechanical analyses.

Tests on the prototype of the Optical Hinge for the Wide Angle Viewing System to ITER gamma radiation conditions

The Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) for ITER is a major diagnostic for machine protection, plasma control and physics analysis. The diagnostic will measure the surface temperature of the plasma facing components by infrared thermography being one of its main roles to protect them from damage. It will also image the plasma emission in the visible range. The full system is composed of 15 lines of sights located in four equatorial ports (3, 9, 12 and 17).As part of the ex-vessel optics, the first element of the optical chain is the Optical Hinge (OH). It is constituted by two folding mirrors which face the port plug exit optical beam. The mission of this component is to compensate the differential motion between the vacuum vessel and the building, during normal operation and baking. This function will be performed by means of a piezo actuator coupled to the OH upper mirror (and a set of reference switches) to drive the vertical displacement of the mirror in order to get the desired alignment position of the optical beam. The piezo actuator has been identified as the main critical item of the OH what has motivated the fabrication of an OH prototype (for one line of sight) aimed at performing a set of tests to validate the piezo actuator under operation conditions. The tests have consisted in the characterization of the piezo actuator behavior with the nominal load after being irradiated to 272.40 kGy of total accumulated gamma dose, which is the dose expected in ITER. Moreover, additional tests have been conducted to find out the influence of the cable length from the piezo actuator to the controller in the performance. A description of these tests and the results obtained will be presented in the paper.

Electromagnetic analysis of the Interspace Afocal Module of the Wide Angle Viewing System diagnostic for ITER

The ITER Visible and Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is a diagnostic aiming to optically monitor the tokamak first wall and divertor for machine protection, plasma control and physics analysis. The Interspace Afocal Module (IAM) is a refractive optical system, being one of the WAVS components located in the Interspace area.In order to assure the optical performance, the IAM has to withstand all the relevant loads defined for the Final Design, including the electromagnetic (EM) loads developed in the Interspace area under EM events. Volumetric forces during transient EM events arise from the interaction of the background magnetic field with the eddy currents induced in the conductive components when they experience time-varying magnetic fields. In case of Category III and IV loads, including load combinations with certain Major Disruption and Vertical Displacement Event cases, the IAM integrity has to be ensured since its structure is classified as Safety Relevant.The EM volumetric loads are calculated through a 3D Finite element model and will serve as inputs for the later structural analysis. The paper summarizes the EM analysis of the IAM, performed by CIEMAT, to validate its Final Design.

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) using a 3D Digital Surgical Ophthalmic Exoscope

Intraoperative positioning required for direct gonioscopy during minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) can pose a challenge for the patient, the surgeon, and the surgical trainee. With traditional optical microscopy, the patient's head, the microscope, and the surgeon's oculars must all be adjusted to achieve an adequate view of the iridocorneal angle. Even then, the surgical view is often inferior for observing or assisting trainees. This video demonstrates several benefits of digital microscopy using the Beyeonics One™ Surgical Exoscope (Beyeonics Surgical, Israel) and an augmented reality (AR) 3D immersive headset. The digital exoscope can be triggered to auto tilt to facilitate direct gonioscopy. The degree to which the exoscope and the patient's head are adjusted may be less than what one traditionally requires with optical microscopy. Surgeon working distance should also be less affected. A digital recenter feature maintains a centered view without having to physically move the camera. The surgeon, who is wearing an immersive headset, does not have to move or adjust the oculars. The foot pedal or headset can be used for fine focus or zoom. The gonioscopic view is near identical to optical microscopy, but the digital technology and automation allow for improved ergonomics and enhanced visualization. A trainee can also don a headset for an identical view to the primary surgeon.

8768 The Angled View of Hysteroscopy

<h3>Study Objective</h3> Understand the difference in viewpoint between a zero degree and thirty-degree hysteroscope. <h3>Design</h3> Recorded hysteroscopy performed with zero-degree and thirty-degree using an educational model and with patients. <h3>Setting</h3> Video recorded in OR with educational model and patient. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> N/A. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> N/A. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Visualize and understand the difference in viewpoint between a zero-degree and thirty-degree hysteroscopy.

How not to think like a hegemon

Abstract As the United States experiences a relative decline in its share of global GDP and China increases its relative share, there is growing concern about the consequences of intensifying competition between the two great powers. This article takes a wider angled view, warns against a single narrative and provides a collection of plausible stories. First, the story of the rise of China and the decline of the United States that relies heavily on ‘hard’ measures like GDP and relative military capability overlooks other relevant indicators such as normative and network power. I argue that the United States enjoys considerable advantages as measured by both these indicators and will continue to do so for some time. Second, the status of a great power in the international system is a product not only of systemic and structural forces but also of economic and political capacity that enables governments to make strategic choices. The future is contingent, not determined, because the strategies leaders choose matter. I build a matrix of nine possible worlds that result from the choices that the leaders of China and the United States could make over the next twenty years. Finally, I argue that the biggest threat to international peace may come not from rising powers, but when the leaders of the challenger as well as the defender fear that their power may have peaked and that they are beginning to decline.

Endodontic Management of Maxillary Premolar with Different Variations of Canal Configuration

Endodontic treatment is reported to have a high success rate, but the missed canal is reported in 42% as the cause of retreatment. Root canal morphology varies and is complex due to the splitting and union of canals. Wide variations in internal morphology of maxillary premolar have been studied; Vertucci even classified root canal systems into eight types of configurations. Ahmed et al. also classified root canal configuration in a new classification method. Studies of root canal morphology of maxillary premolar in Asian populations show that about 2-5 % of them are having (1-2) canal configuration, and 9-26 % are having (2-1) canal configuration. This article reports and discusses the endodontic management of maxillary premolars with different canal configurations. Endodontic success in teeth with additional canals requires meticulous clinical and radiographic examination. Angled radiographic view, magnification and also tactile examination with a small, pre-curved K-file tip are also recommended, to indicate the additional canal. A thorough understanding of common anatomy and appreciation of the possible variations in morphology are essential to gain success in root canal treatment. After successfully identifying canal configuration, cleaning and shaping can be done. Obturation is also a challenging part of the cases; some modification is needed to gain three-dimensional obturation to prevent reinfection.

The lower bow-shaped curve as a novel reference frame to determine the lateral limit of the maxillary anterior arch for smile esthetics

Smile analysis in horizontally angled views is indispensable for esthetic assessment and could reveal teeth-to-lip disharmony, which might escape discovery in the frontal and profile views. However, evidence is lacking on where the anterior teeth should be positioned for esthetics in angled smiles. Based on 3-dimensional facial image processing and geometric analysis, the lip edges were projected to the horizontal plane, and the horizontal teeth-to-lip relation was simplified and represented by the distances from dental landmarks to lower bow-shaped curves (LBSC), with the distance from facial-axis (FA) point of the canine to LBSC (FA-tangent line [TL] distance) identified as the key parameter. Using photographic modification and esthetic assessment, the effect of FA-TL distances on the attractiveness of 45° angled smiles was tested, with esthetic ranges identified. A simplified method was developed to obtain the estimative LBSC and FA-TL distances using 2-dimensional photographs and geometric analysis to facilitate clinical application. The FA-TL distance remarkably affected the esthetics of 45° angled smiles. Smiles were attractive when the FA-TL distance ranged from -1.0 to 1.5 mm perceived by orthodontists and from -1.5 to 1.5 mm perceived by laypersons. The 2-dimensional photograph-derived estimative FA-TL distance was not significantly different from that obtained in a 3-dimensional image, validating the simplified method. The LBSC could serve as a reference frame to determine the lateral limit of the maxillary anterior arch for the esthetics of 45° angled smiles. The FA-TL distance, which represented the spatial relation of the maxillary canine with the lower lip, was an esthetically essential parameter. For females aged 20-30 years, the FA point of the maxillary canines should be positioned no more than 1.5 mm labial or lingual to the LBSC.

Structural analysis of the optical hinge preliminary design for the ITER wide angle viewing system diagnostic

The ITER Visible/Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS) is an optical diagnostic aimed at monitoring the first wall for machine protection purposes. The Optical Hinge (OH) and Optical Relay Unit (ORU) are the first two components in the interspace area and both share a common support structure. The WAVS will be composed by 15 different lines of sight (LoS) distributed around ITER vacuum vessel in Equatorial Ports (EP) 3, 9, 12 and 17. EP12 is currently at its preliminary design and has to be operational for the first plasma. Its development is being carried out by the Consortium constituted by CEA, CIEMAT and Bertin Technologies, within the Framework Partnership Agreement financed by F4E.The OH mission is to compensate the vertical displacement of the vacuum vessel during operation with respect to the building. Therefore each OH LoS consists of a pair of flat mirrors arranged vertically. The upper one is driven vertically while the other remains fixed. Both mirrors are provided with alignment capabilities to assure their correct installation. The three OH LoS are placed in the OH-ORU common support structure, which is in turn directly attached to the Interspace Support Structure.In order to assure the optical performance, the OH-ORU common support structure has to withstand thermal and inertial loads during normal operation and SL-1 seism with low deviation (0.3 mm) and tilt (0.5arcmin). In case of Category III and IV (higher seismic or accidental loads) its integrity has to be maintained as it is classified as an ITER Safety Relevant component.This work comprises the structural analyses performed by CIEMAT of the OH mechanical set to evaluate its optical performance and the ones of the OH-ORU common structure in EP12 to check its integrity in accordance with the RCC-MR Code.

Structural analysis of the Interspace Afocal Module of the Wide Angle Viewing System diagnostic for ITER

The Interspace Afocal Module (IAM) is one integral component of the ITER Visible/Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (WAVS), which is an optical diagnostic aimed at monitoring the ITER plasma facing components for machine protection. The diagnostic comprises 15 lines of sight (LoS), strategically distributed in the ITER Equatorial Ports (EP) 3, 9, 12 and 17. Design of WAVS in EP12 is critical, since it has to be fully operational for the first plasma of ITER; it is at its Preliminary stage, carried out by the Consortium constituted by CEA, CIEMAT and Bertin Technologies, within the Framework Partnership Agreement financed by F4E.The WAVS in EP12 comprises three LoS that pass through the IAM, consisting in a refractive optical system that relays the pupil forward and controls the beam diameter. It includes two doublets of lenses for each LoS, made of Shappire and Calcium Fluoride, with diameters up to 128 mm. The afocal sets (up to 1.9 m in length) are tightly held in place by the support structure of the IAM, which is directly attached to the Interspace Support Structure (ISS).The IAM structural requirements are highly demanding, given the optical performance that has to be assured under thermal and inertial loads in normal operation, including seismic SL1. In addition, it also has to withstand loads in Category III and IV, including higher seismic events SMHV and SL2, or accidental loads such as the loss of coolant or fire events, since the IAM structure is classified as ITER Safety Relevant, due to its attachment to the ISS.The paper summarizes the structural analyses performed by CIEMAT to validate the mechanical behaviour of the IAM Preliminary design in EP12, to guarantee both the structural integrity and the optical performance, in accordance with the RCC-MR Code.

Virtual surgical analysis of endoscopic microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm

ObjectiveEndoscopic microvascular decompression (eMVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) clearly demonstrates the root entry zone (REZ) of the facial nerve with minimal invasiveness. The aim of this study was to identify the trajectory of the angled view under eMVD for HFS and to better understand the relevant anatomical landmarks using a virtual straight microscopic view on three-dimensional (3D) fusion images. MethodsEach 3D fusion image including arteries, veins, brainstem, cranial nerves, and skull was created using an image processing workstation. A trajectory of view under a 30° angled endoscope was defined as the angled view trajectory (AVT). To investigate the anatomy along the AVT, 3D fusion images were manually made consistent with the 30° endoscopic view, and a straight microscopic approach to obtain the same view as the endoscopic surgery was analyzed on 3D fusion images. ResultsThe 30° endoscopic view during eMVD visualized the lateral side of the pons, pontomedullary junction, REZ of the facial nerve, and offending arteries. The 30° endoscopic view correlated with 3D fusion images from the straight microscopic view obtained by the posterior petrosal approach after mastoidectomy with incision of the transition between the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb. ConclusionsThis 3D fusion image analysis revealed the AVT of eMVD for HFS. The present results explain how the angled endoscope can effectively visualize the REZ of the facial nerve without needing extensive skull base resection.

A Method for Assessing the Pupil Center Coordinates in Eyetracking with a Free Head Position

IR-illuminated Eyetracking systems include cornea reflection and pupil center coordinates detection to calculate the operator’s gaze fixation point. When you turn a view of a large angle, some of the frames are blurred, and the coordinates are unreliable. The article describes a method for determining the center of the pupil in the gaze fixation system for operation at an increased camera frame rate. Comparison with known algorithms is given. The algorithm execution average time is about 1.2 ms on a typical office computer by processing images in fragments of the order of 340x240 pixels.