Psychological View Research Articles

Political Orientation as Psychological Defense or Basic Disposition? A Social Neuroscience Examination

Psychological views on political orientation generally agree that conservatism is associated with negativity bias but disagree on the form of that association. Some view conservatism as a psychological defense that insulates from negative stimuli and events. Others view conservatism as a consequence of increased dispositional sensitivity to negative stimuli and events. Further complicating matters, research shows that conservatives are sometimes more and sometimes less sensitive to negative stimuli and events. The current research integrates these opposing views and results. We reasoned that conservatives should typically be less sensitive to negative stimuli if conservative beliefs act as a psychological defense. However, when core components of conservative beliefs are threatened, the psychological defense may fall, and conservatives may show heightened sensitivity to negative stimuli. In two ERP studies, participants were randomly assigned to either an ostensibly real economic threat or a nonthreatening control condition. To measure reactivity to negative stimuli, we indexed the P3 component to aversive white noise bursts in an auditory oddball paradigm. In both studies, the relationship between increased conservatism and P3 mean amplitude was negative in the control condition but positive in threat condition (this relationship was stronger in Study 2). In Study 2, source localization of the P3 component revealed that, after threat, conservatism was associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, regions associated with conflict-related processes. These results demonstrate that the link between conservatism and negativity bias is context-dependent, i.e., dependent on threat experiences.

Solving an EPQ model with doubt fuzzy set: A robust intelligent decision-making approach

This article deals with the novel application of complex neutrosophic set in a production inventory model. First of all, we develop a new set named doubt fuzzy set the real and imaginary parts of which are the membership functions of fuzzy variables. The real part of the set is coined as “true or sure” and that for complex part it is defined as “hesitation or suspect” membership functions or it may be defined as “optimism” and “pessimism” respectively in the psychological view point. Then, we give some definitions of doubt fuzzy set in a rectangular complex plane. Subsequently, we give novel defuzzification method by introducing the concept of power of difficulty/ opportunity power which are complementary to each other. Secondly, we develop a backlogging economic production quantity (EPQ) model the demand function of which is disrupted due to the presence of shortages. Assuming the demand function as complex in nature, we develop four types of doubt fuzzy sets namely proper doubt, harmful doubt, depressive doubt and confident doubt respectively and split the model into four sub-models accordingly. Based on new defuzzification method, we have introduced a new solution algorithm named dynamical doubt fuzzy optimization algorithm (DDFOA). By this new approach we have shown that with the application of learning vector by means of opportunity power/ fitness of various test functions the decision maker can achieve and avail the financial benefit as (s)he wishes to adopt. However, the concept of robust intelligent decision making has been discussed extensively through the numerical illustrations. Finally, sensitivity analysis, graphical illustrations are made to justify the proposed approach.

Taking a psychological view on another way to look at counterfactuals

Taking a psychological view on another way to look at counterfactuals

Processos de construção e desconstrução no filme ‘The Wall’ (1982) - Análise interpretativa nas perspectivas Semiótica e Psicanalítica

The article intends to shed light on certain aspects related to the perspective of semiotic and psychoanalytical analysis of the film The Wall (1982). The scope of the thematic field allows us to problematize the following question: What are the possible subjective readings or interpretations of the central visual, sound and verbal elements of The Wall’s film narrative, in the semiotic and psychoanalytic perspectives? The film reveals the complexity of human reality translated into real, symbolic and imagined narratives. Subjectivities expressed in its images, music, gestures and behavioral lapses, colors and shapes, verbalized and non-verbalized thoughts. Such communicative resources enable the psychological and semiotic interpretation of the messages intertwined in the filmic text. Qualitative Research, of a discursive nature, will be the methodological basis, able to investigate the subjective and intersubjective elements present in the feature film. The semiotic analysis added to the psychoanalytic psychological view proposes to translate the fundamental bases of the meanings intrinsic to the complex scenario of contents present in “The Wall”, since there are simultaneously several articulated messages presented in a number of overlapping languages and scenarios: a historical outline of the Pink Floyd group, a depressive post-war scenario in England, an atmosphere of anguish represented at various times and a personal history of degradation - diverse content being narrated in an intricate way in the film. The analyzed perspective highlights a debate that can expand the meaning of walls in the context of the current reality.

HAPPINESS A QURANIC PERSPECTIVE

In this study, we will study the concept of happiness, a view of happiness from the point of view of famous psychologists and philosophers, and combining Islamic thought with philosophy. This study is a basic research the different debates on the concept of happiness in the Quran. And we discuss in this article tools of happiness in life. Happiness in the hereafter, or everlasting felicity, is the ultimate goal of the believer. Although happiness is a very relative concept, it is generally the feeling that occurs when people are satisfied with the material and spiritual states, they are in. The greatest blessing bestowed upon mankind is within us and within our reach. A wise person knows how to be happy with what he has no matter what, rather than wishing what he does not have. It is a state of coinciding with what happens and what they want. All normal people desire happiness and want their happiness to be permanent. Anyone who sees that this world cannot satisfy their desire for happiness understands that this desire cannot be satisfied without God. Sometimes even love and compassion can make one feel happy. The research dealt with the names of the happiness in the Quran with their semantic aspects, then we restricted these names, and these were placed alphabetically in the letters that indicate how many times they appeared in the Quran. Later it was divided into semantic groups and analyzed within these groups, this analysis focuses on the presentation of the lexical concept and semantic content for each. In fact, the subject was also discussed within the rational framework. happiness does have a pretty important role in our lives, and it can have a huge impact on the way we live our lives. The first part of the present study focuses on how ethics philosophers explain an interpret happiness and whether it is possible to reach real happiness. In the second part, the virtues that ethics philosophers view as the fundamental elements in attaining happiness. Also, this section examines the definition of virtue, virtue types, sub-virtues, and the characteristics of virtuous acts. Consequently, this study disclosed that ancient and medieaval philosophers regarded the pursuit of happiness as a fundamental goal in one‟s life, and that these philosophers agreed that this goal could be accomplished by leading a virtuous life ‎. Keywords: Quran, Translation of The Qur’an, Sura index, Happiness, Platon, ibn Sina, Al-Farab

Attribution theory and negative emotions in tourism experiences

Existing tourist emotion studies are biased toward examining tourists' positive emotions due to their positive influence on a range of post-consumption behaviors. Tourists' negative emotions have potentially a stronger influence on future behaviors, with a significant omission being how tourists explain their own and others' behavior. Using attribution theory and the psychological constructivist view of emotions, we evaluate the relationship between nine main categories of tourists' negative emotions identified in travelogues (disgust, distress, anger, fear, sadness, regret, shame, boredom, and shock) and their attributions (locus of control and stability). By analyzing 298 travelogues via an a priori approach, and using correspondence analysis, the results show that feelings of shame are attributed to self-control while feelings of distress, regret, and sadness are attributed to the behavior of other tourists. Negative emotions such as anger and disgust are attributed to stability while the negative emotion of shock is ascribed to instability. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided.

‘Don’t Say It’s Going to Be Okay’: How International Educators Embrace Transformative Education to Support Their Students Navigating Our Global Climate Emergency

Many education professionals are looking to Environmental and Sustainability Education as a guide to incorporate curricular lessons and activities into school classrooms and other learning environments. Building upon the framework of Jickling and Wals (2008) of identifying how to teach about environmental education in transformative ways, this study examined how the experiences and perspectives of seven faculty and staff members at a K-12 International Baccalaureate school in Singapore impacted how they taught about sustainability issues. It also investigated how they work to empower students to become change agents by employing concepts and strategies such as hands-on learning, systems thinking, and service learning. Qualitative interview data revealed four overarching key themes: (1) importance of local context (both the school and the broader socio-political context), (2) pedagogy in relation to student psychology, (3) teacher and staff views on effective pedagogy for teaching about climate crises, and (4) mental health, as experienced by both students and their educators. Teachers and their students regularly struggled with tensions of authority (e.g., school/government, parent/child, teacher/student) and outlook (e.g., “doomism”/hope, empowered/disempowered). Nonetheless, they expressed a variety of thoughtful ways to cultivate their students’ lifelong advocacy for the environment and other related social justice issues.

Philosophical and psychological views of V.M. Bekhterev (1857-1957)

The outstanding scientist V.M. Bekhterev is known as a pioneer in a number of fields of natural science and medicine - neurology and psychiatry, physiology, biology, psychology and pedagogy.

Views of Psychologists About Their Role in Hastened Death.

Hastened death practices are legal in several countries. Psychologists are increasingly taking a more active role in end-of-life issues, but the role of psychologists in requests to hasten death is not established. This study aims to contribute guidance for psychological practice in the context of requests to hasten death. We conducted a cross-sectional and cross-cultural study with Psychologists from Portugal and Luxembourg who answer closed and open questions to provide views about their role in hastened death. Psychological assessment, psychological support to patient and family, the exploration of patient decision-making and reorientation of patients were viewed as roles for psychologists. However, these roles may differ depending whether the patient has a terminal or non-terminal illness.

Occupational Fatigue: Relationship With Personality Traits and Decent Work.

Psychology of working theory (PWT) and psychology of working framework (PWF) offered a psychological view of decent work. The present study examined the associations among personality traits, decent work and Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale (OFER). Two hundred and thirty four participants filled out the Big Five Questionnaire, the Italian version of the Decent Work Scale, and the Italian version of the OFER Scale. Hierarchical regressions showed that decent work explained incremental variance beyond personality traits with respect to OFER both considering total score and its three dimensions (chronic fatigue, acute fatigue, persistent fatigue). The present study underlined the value of decent work in relation to occupational fatigue beyond the contributions of personality, in particular in relation to the dimensions of Adequate compensation and Free time and rest for less occupational fatigue (both as total and as dimensions).

Gift Game Metatheory: Social Interaction and Interpersonal Growth.

This paper analyzes Game Theory (GT) from the point of view of moral psychology and makes explicit some of its assumptions regarding the human person as a moral agent, as well as the ends of human action, and reciprocity. Using a largely philosophical methodology, we will argue that GT assumes an instrumental form of rationality underpinned by a logic of self-interest, hence placing individuals, communities, and their social practices in service of external goods and their maximization. Because of this, GT is not adequate to describe the entirety of human social existence and interaction. Nevertheless, by revealing these assumptions, GT can be amplified with another form of rationality based on realist ethics and a personalist anthropology reinforced by the logic of gift. This rationality values the singularity of each person as a holistic unity, as the center of the social realm and as an end in herself called to growth and flourishing with others, nurturing the human community through giving and receiving. We will thus provide a wider philosophical framework for GT with a series of non-mathematical axioms of what can be called a Game Metatheory (GMt). These axioms refer to society as a complex system, not to particular interactions. GMt axioms are not a model of social games, but rather an axiomatic description of social life as a game, revealing its systematic character, complexity, and possible deterioration.

Teoria historii życia jako teoria rozwoju człowieka

The Life History Theory as a Theory of Human Development The life history theory (LHT) is an evolutionary theory derived from evolutionary biology. According to it, species choose a reproductive strategy that maximizes adaptation (i.e., increases the chances of surviving and producing offspring) on the basis of influences contained in the environment which impacts development in the early stages of life. LHT, due to its connections with such psychological theories as psychosocial acceleration, the evolutionary theory of socialization, or the attachment theory, is also a developmental psychology theory which points to specific development paths within an evolutionary frame. The aim of this article is to shed light on LHT from the point of view of developmental psychology – a question as yet absent from the Polish literature of the subject.

Collaboration entre médecins généralistes et psychologues en libéral

Psychologists and general practitioners (GPs) are the stakeholders most consulted by patients with psychological difficulties. They each have their own professional identity, their own working framework, references, and language. In France, interactions between them seem limited in private practice. The importance of developing collaboration between GPs and psychologists is supported by data from collaborative mental health practices developed in various countries. Such practices have shown significant improvement in health care, and benefits for patients’ health, as well as for GPs’ and psychologists’practices, and for the community. In 2018, the French National Authority for Health published an overview of the situation and recommendations to improve the coordination between GPs and other healthcare actors concerning adult patients with mental health disorders. The review invites healthcare actors to work with better conviction, involvement, and shared culture, as well as to recognize each other's roles and competences. The professionals interviewed in this article, three psychologists and three GPs, outline the current state of collaboration between psychologists and GPs in France and in Belgium, reviewing professional identities, barriers to interactions and organizations. Interprofessional collaboration in mental health involving these actors is formalized and developed in several countries, unlike in France where work and experimentation are rare. The role of each is not well known, and few opportunities are offered for interprofessional practice and education. The authors report on their experience in the field, and on initiatives that have been implemented in a Southern France region. Several actions are reported: joint professional training evenings, “public cross-consultations” and “joint case studies” (with patients’ agreement), working group between faculties leading to a joint Study Day, programming paired cross-consultations in the practice of each, as well as exchanging medical and psychology students. This experience allowed for constructive meetings, exchanges within “professional couples” on common patients, and opportunities to expose medical and psychological views. It also enabled the authors to observe their different professional language and tools used, to break the isolation of mental health care actors, to accelerate the understanding of patients’ situations, and to mutually enrich professional knowledge and practices. This feedback from field experience, which is not representative or generalizable, shows that it is possible to take advantage of interprofessionality in the field. When the actors know each other, working together in the interest of the professionals and of the patients shows better results. Finally, the authors question what desirable directions should be adopted–particularly concerning the institutional frameworks recently implemented in France, and the need for shared professional training–and interrogate the definition of “collaboration” itself.

SUBSTANTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATION OF CULTURAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN LABOR EDUCATION BY MEANS OF THEATER PEDAGOGY

The article considers the semantic characteristics of one of the key cultural competencies for school education, which is determined by the awareness and self-expression of students in the field of culture. The relevance of the study is determined by the use for the formation of cultural competence of students in the lessons of labor training means of acting (facial expressions, gestures, plastics, speech) as analogues of pedagogical influences on the individual. The aim of the article was to substantiate the essence, content and structure of the conceptual construct of forming the cultural competence of students by means of theatrical pedagogy. The application of theoretical research methods (analysis, classification, generalization) helped to clarify the content of its components. The concept of formation is considered as a socio-phenomenological process and the result of irreversible, directed, natural changes in personal neoplasms of students, which are guided by the influence of educational space and personal activity, determine its consciousness, education, culture, independence in acquiring knowledge. The traditional for domestic personology cultural-historical approach is defined as leading in the description of the person, his motivational and cognitive spheres, which determine the active, active participation in social interaction throughout his life. It is proved that the readiness for successful life is ensured by the formation of social, labor, psychological and psychophysiological qualities as components of cultural competence. The basis of personal development in educational activities is its cultural experience, synthesis of value orientations, which is formed in interpersonal interaction, including the means of acting techniques of emotional and psychological influence (expressiveness, flexibility, intonation, reflection of internal states, transmission of ideas, suggestion ). As a result of analysis of psychological and pedagogical theories and views on the content of key research concepts, the formation of cultural competence of students by means of theatrical pedagogy in the process of labor education is defined as a process and result of quantitative and qualitative changes in the student’s personality. and the formation of skills of emotional and psychological influence by means of acting, which are manifested in creative activity and stimulated by positive figurative feelings.

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY THINKING ACCORDING TO SHAYKH ABDULLAH FAHIM

Educational psychology has undergone a change in the mid-20th century from using a traditional approach to an approach that looks at the intellectual, emotional and social development of students. In the context of education in Malaysia, the traditional approach refers to the practice of teaching and learning carried out in study huts. With such an approach, it is quite difficult to know the potential development of a student. The situation changed when the madrasah system was first introduced. In the madrasah system, studies are conducted according to classes and the syllabus is implemented according to the levels that have been set. This study seeks to examine the thinking of Shaykh Abdullah Fahim (1869 - 1961) an educator who was educated in the traditional stream, but engaged in the task of educating in the madrasah stream from the point of view of educational psychology. Another thing to know is how does he develop awareness and provide insight to students. This qualitative study found that Shaykh Abdullah Fahim is an educator who is wise in adapting the educational situation to the environment. By using a positive psychological approach, he develops mental strength, builds confidence and increases motivation in his students.

GAMBARAN PSIKOLOGI WARGA KABUPATEN MAGELANG SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19

Magelang Regency was ranked first in the case of Covid-19 in Central Java in May 2020. Covid-19 has both physical and psychological impacts. Stress, anxiety and depression are the biggest impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to find out how the psychological view of the residents of Magelang Regency during the covid-19 pandemic. The design of this research is descriptive research, with the aim of knowing the psychological view of the Magelang district community during the covid pandemic. This study was conducted on 62 respondents aged > 15 years in Magelang Regency using the SRQ-29 questionnaire (self-reporting questionnaire-29). From the SRQ-29 which was distributed to the respondents, it was found that there were respondents who had problems with mental emotional disorders, psychotic disorders and PTSD and there were no respondents who used psychotropic substances. During this COVID-19 pandemic, there were respondents who experienced mental emotional disorders, psychotic disorders and also PTSD.

Household income and medical help-seeking for fertility problems among a representative population in Japan

BackgroundFertility treatments help many infertile couples to have children. However, disparities exist in access to fertility tests and treatments. We investigated the association between household income and medical help-seeking for fertility in Japan.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the National Fertility Survey 2015. Respondents were 6598 married women younger than 50 years old. The primary outcome was medical help-seeking for fertility among those who experienced fertility problems. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between household income and medical help-seeking, adjusting for age, length of marriage, educational level, employment status, number of children, childbearing desires, living with parents, and region of residence.ResultsAmong 2253 (34%) women who experienced fertility problems, 1154 (51%) sought medical help. The proportion of help-seekers increased linearly from 43% in the low-income group (< 4 million Japanese yen [JPY]) to 59% in the high-income group (≥ 8 million JPY) (P for trend < 0.001). Respondents with upper-middle (6–8 million JPY) or high household income were more likely to seek medical help, compared to those with low household income: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.86) and aOR 1.78 (95% CI: 1.29–2.47), respectively.ConclusionsWe found that higher household income was associated with a higher probability of seeking medical help among Japanese women who experienced fertility problem. Along with policy discussion about additional financial support, further studies from societal, cultural, or psychological views are required.

The Dynamics Marriage Readiness of Muslim Adolescent from the Perspective of Psychology and Islamic Law

The high rate of divorce in young couples is motivated by psychological and spiritual unpreparedness. Premarital education is a resolution to minimize the divorce rate. This study aims to hack the knowledge and understanding of Muslim adolescents regarding marriage and marriage readiness from a psychology and Islamic law perspective. This type of research uses a descriptive quantitative data collection method using a survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research subjects were 820 adolescents aged 15-20 years who came from various levels of education, namely senior high school students (54.5%) and undergraduate students (45.5%). The results of this study indicate that there are several motivations for marriage for Muslim adolescents, namely (1) wanting to justify themselves by 49% (2) wanting to get attention and affection by 20.5%, (3) wanting to have children by 15.6%, (4) improve the economy by 10%, (5) follow parents wishes 4.9%. While the things that teenagers need to prepare for marriage are (1) Economy by 31.9%, (2) Studying Religion by 29.4%, (3) Education by 20.7%, and (4) Improving Character 18%. Adolescent understanding is still low on the purpose of marriage and the forms of marriage readiness. Indicated by the orientation and motivation of marriage is dominated by the fulfillment of biological and material needs. The implication of this research is to be able to provide a comprehensive view in terms of marriage readiness from the point of view of psychology and Islamic law as reference material for providing premarital preparation/premarital education to adolescents so that they can prepare for married life.

Psychological Stress and Perceived School Success Among Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study mainly explored psychological stress caused by the COVID-19 among parents in developmental disabilities and how it was related to parents’ views of school success in mainland China. The Psychological Stress Questionnaire and Views of Social and Academic Success were administered to 1919 parents of children with developmental disabilities. Results showed that parent characteristics including gender, age, educational level, family income and job nature and children characteristics (i.e., disability types) were related to psychological stress caused by the COVID-19, and that psychological stress caused by the COVID-19 significantly negatively predicted parents’ views of school success. The contributions, limitations, and implications of the present research are discussed.

«Poverty» trilemma through victimization concept

Introduction: The concept of poverty is multifaceted. It develops along with the idea of growing importance of the individual in economic relations. Considering approaches to poverty in the context of various vectors of understanding, we can identify three main scientific directions of thought development: economic-sociological, psychological and political vectors. The paper considers the main features of the above-mentioned approaches with their contradictions and with special focus on the role of victimization within the vectors.Materials and methods: The methodology of the work is based on the general theoretical views of Russian and foreign authors pertaining to the concept of "poverty" and its significance in economic and political science. Psychological view is also studied.The results of the study: The presented vectors (economic-sociological, psychological, and political) are found to have some contradictions between them, either explicit or implicit. However comparing the approaches from the victimization point of view it is possible to say that the vectors in question complement each other, offering to the analysis new facets of victimization of the poor population which in turn go into the basis of poverty definitions. Therefore, it brings forward the question of the relationship between the identified types of victimization through the interdisciplinary approach’s perspective and/or in terms of their assessment.The studied vectors were also differentiated by the criterion of victimization. Thus, within the framework of the analysis of the political vector, the following understanding of poverty was introduced: poverty is a victimization state of a person, which determines their inability to use their civil rights. It can be assumed that the contradictions found will be solved by developing a general structure of interaction of the considered vectors that explains the mechanisms of mutual influence of the considered vectors, covers all aspects of "poverty" and reflects the ways of interaction of different victimization types with respect to different vectors and/or in general.Discussion and conclusion: The study of poverty in economic-sociological, political or psychological perspective requires not only scientific differentiation, but also a terminological differentiation with respect to legal definitions, in particular, pertaining to the poor, very poor (almspersons) and indigent population.