View Of Mind Research Articles

The ‘hard’ problem from a literary perspective: on cognitive literary criticism

Theories of consciousness have a long history but they became a topic of interdisciplinary inquiry only in the late twentieth century. Beginning in the 1980s, a disparate range of disciplines converged on the view of the human mind as an information-processing organ, launching the fertile field of cognitive neuroscience. However, before the expansion of cognitive studies, the field that produced the most sustained forms of thinking about consciousness was literature. In particular, capturing consciousness was the spur to a great modernist ambition, as the development of the ‘stream of consciousness’ method in the early twentieth century attests. Even so, a gap remains between cognitive studies and literary studies. While the new field of cognitive literary criticism has produced a body of work that is extremely wide-ranging, at this nascent stage there are a great many problems that arise when attempting to generate an interpretive framework that can build on knowledge across the divide between cognitive studies and literary studies, and these issues remain difficult to resolve. To comprehensively synthesize neurobiological knowledge with the literary is to create nothing less than a model of knowledge that goes from the molecular to the aesthetic; from the objective to the subjective, from mechanism to experience. It is to unite the ‘two cultures’ or, in the lexicon of cognitivism, it is to solve what is known as the ‘hard’ problem. This paper will examine the symptomatic issues that apply to the field of cognitive literary criticism, discuss possible resolutions that might be found in the future and reflect on the relevance of cognitive science to the study of literature.

Analysis of 64- bit RC5 Encryption Algorithm for Pipelined Architecture

In modern days data transmission through a channel requires more security. Security based more important transmission is comparatively better & believable than simple transmission. The aim of this work to use RC5 algorithm for encryption and decryption of data for secure data transmission from one place to another place for proper communication purposes. Today this is utmost importance to send information confidentially through network without any risk for hackers or unauthorized possibility to access from the network. This urgently require security implementation devices in network for well secured transmission of data. Symmetric encryption cores provide data protection through the use of secret key only known as encryption, whereas decryption deals with the yield at the end of communication path. Today world require secure transmission through cryptographic algorithm. Keeping view in mind the proposed well defined RC5 architecture have been taken, based on the fact for suitability of each operation for encryption, high speed processing and possibility of area reduction. The work results of the study clearly indicate that logic implementation by this hardware is maximum clock frequency of 179 MHz and areas reduced to 50% as compare with the results of design of previous worker. The propose design is described in verilog, synthesized by Xilinx synthesis technology.

Prehistoric future: Max Ernst and the return of painting between the wars

One of the most admired artists of the twentieth century, Max Ernst was a proponent of Dada and founder of surrealism, known for his strange, evocative paintings and drawings. In Prehistoric Future, Ralph Ubl approaches Ernst like no one else has, using theories of the unconscious-surrealist automatism, Freudian psychoanalysis, the concept of history as trauma - to examine how Ernst's construction of collage departs from other modern artists. Ubl shows that while Picasso, Braque, and Man Ray used scissors and glue to create collages, Ernst employed techniques he himself had forged-rubbing and scraping to bring images forth onto a sheet of paper or canvas to simulate how a screen image or memory comes into the mind's view. In addition, Ernst scoured the past for obsolete scientific illustrations and odd advertisements to illustrate the rapidity with which time passes and to simulate the apprehension generated when rapid flows of knowledge turn living culture into artifact. Ultimately, Ubl reveals, Ernst was interested in the construction and phenomenology of both collective and individual modern history and memory. Shedding new light on Ernst's working methods and the reasons that his pieces continue to imprint themselves in viewers' memories, Prehistoric Future is an innovative work of critical writing on a key figure of surrealism.

Overdetermination, Counterfactuals, and Mental Causation

The overdetermination problem has long been raised as a challenge to nonreductive physicalism. Nonreductive physicalists have, in various ways, tried to resolve the problem through appeal to counterfactuals. This essay does two things. First, it takes up the question whether counterfactuals can yield an appropriate notion of causal redundancy and argues for a negative answer. Second, it examines how this issue bears on the mental causation debate. In particular, it considers the argument that the overdetermination problem simply does not arise on a dependency conception of causation and shows why this idea, though initially appealing, does not address the real problem. As the essay shows, the idea derives its spurious plausibility from the fact that the dependency conception cannot even make sense of our pretheoretic idea of causal redundancy. The essay concludes by briefly discussing a possible picture of mental causation that suggests itself in light of these results. The overdetermination problem has long been raised as a challenge to nonreductive physicalism. The problem is that a nonreductive physicalist view of mind seems to make every case of mental causation a case of overdetermination. Nonreductive physicalists have, in various ways, tried to resolve the problem through appeal to counterfactuals. In this essay, I take up the question whether counterfactuals can yield an appropriate notion of causal redundancy and examine how this issue bears on the mental causation debate. In particular, I'll be discussing whether, or to what extent, the overdetermination problem turns on particular conceptions of causation. The essay falls into two parts. In the first half (sections 1–2), after briefly presenting the overdetermination problem in section 1, I address the question whether counterfactuals can capture the notion of overdetermination and argue in section 2 for a negative answer. First, I consider David Lewis's (1986) and Jonathan Schaffer's (2003) definitions of overdetermination, and possible revisions to them, and show that the conditions they specify are neither necessary nor sufficient for overdetermination. I then argue that counterfactual analyses of overdetermination face the same kinds of problems as counterfactual analyses of causation and show that the source of these problems is that counterfactual analyses of overdetermination—just as those of causation—cannot accommodate the intuitive idea that causation is an intrinsic relation between events. The second half (sections 3–4) explores the implications of these observations for the mental causation problem. In section 3, I first argue that the attempt of Karen Bennett (2003, 2008) and similar attempts to resolve the overdetermination problem by invoking counterfactuals rest on a false premise, and then respond to the argument that the overdetermination problem simply does not arise on a dependency conception of causation (e.g., Burge 1993; Loewer 2002, 2007). I show why this idea, though initially appealing, does not address the real problem. As we will see, the idea derives its spurious plausibility from the fact that the dependency conception cannot make sense of our pretheoretic idea of causal redundancy. This means that the overdetermination problem cannot even be coherently stated on the dependency approach, revealing that counterfactual talk about causation is expressively impoverished. I conclude in section 4 by briefly discussing a possible picture of mental causation that suggests itself in light of these results.

The regulation and functions of MAPK pathways in Drosophila

The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway represents one of the most conserved signaling cascades in multicellular organisms, since its cytoplasmic components can also be found in single-celled eukaryotic organisms such as yeast. With this broad view in mind, we can ask ourselves not only what are the seminal features and functions of the pathway in Drosophila, but also what have the studies in Drosophila taught us about the pathway in the wide range of organisms where it functions. We discuss the linearity of the MAPK signaling pathway in developmental decisions, and the ability of the developing organism to discriminate between different receptor tyrosine kinases that converge on the common MAPK pathway. Diverse modes of regulating the dynamics and level of MAPK signaling are presented. Finally, the convergence of MAPK signaling with other pathways is reviewed.

Symmetry energy constraints from giant resonances: A relativistic mean-field theory overview

Giant resonances encapsulate the dynamic response of the nuclear ground state to external perturbations. As such, they offer a unique view of the nucleus that is often not accessible otherwise. Although interesting in their own right, giant resonances are also enormously valuable in providing stringent constraints on the equation of state of asymmetric matter. We this view in mind, we focus on two modes of excitation that are essential in reaching this goal: the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (GMR) and the isovector giant dipole resonance (GDR). GMR energies in heavy nuclei are sensitive to the symmetry energy because they probe the incompressibility of neutron-rich matter. Unfortunately, access to the symmetry energy is hindered by the relatively low neutron-proton asymmetry of stable nuclei. Thus, the measurement of GMR energies in exotic nuclei is strongly encouraged. In the case of the GDR, we find the electric dipole polarizability of paramount importance. Indeed, the electric dipole polarizability appears as one of two laboratory observables -- with the neutron-skin thickness being the other -- that are highly sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy. Finally, we identify the softness of skin and the nature of the pygmy resonance as important unsolved problems in nuclear structure.

Data structures for big data

The present day world dealing with big data (expanding very fast in 4Vs: Volume, Varity, Velocity and Veracity) needs New advanced kind of logical and physical storage structures, New advanced kind of heterogeneous data structures, New mathematical theories and New models for processing giant big data in 4Vs. In the literature, there is no appropriate data structure for big data, no appropriate network topology for big data, no appropriate distributed system for big data. The existing data structures, network topologies and type of distributed system are not sufficiently rich to deal with big data. The existing network topologies like tree topology or bus/ring/star/mesh/hybrid topologies seem to be weak topologies for big data processing. For a success, there is no other way but to develop ‘new data structures’, ‘new type of distributed systems’ having a very fast and tremendous extent of mutual compatibility and mutual understanding with the new data structures, ‘new type of network topologies’ to support the new distributed system, and of course ‘new mathematical/logical theory’ models. Needless to mention that the next important issue is how to integrate all these ‘new’ to make ultimately a single and simple scalable system to the laymen users. With these views in mind, Biswas [11, 12, 15] introduced a new special type of fundamental data structure ‘atrain’ exclusively for heterogeneous big data (where, the data structure ‘train’ is exclusively for homogeneous big data) and then introduced a new distributed system called by ‘Atrain Distributed System’ (ADS) which can process big data of any 4V of any momentum. The rich merit of ADS [15] is due to its layout architecture making it infinitely scalable both in breadth (horizontally) and depth (vertically). The ‘Atrain Distributed System’ (ADS) could be unitier or multitier having a single unique Pilot Computer (PC) and several Distributed Computers (DCs) connected by new

Factors Affecting the Adoption of Agricultural Technology in Bijnor District of Western Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture plays a significant role in addressing poverty, hunger and malnutrition and livelihood security of millions of people in India. Since independence, the country has made significant strides in agriculture, to meet the growing demands of our growing population. The Indian farming is mostly characterized with diversified agro-ecologies, water scarcity, unpredicted rains due to vagaries of monsoon and high cost of technological inputs. Based on the changing scenario of agriculture year by year, it requires promotion of proper management of natural resources like soil, water and micro environment, besides wellbeing of all stakeholders involved in the food production and consumption chain. This is primarily possible by technological empowerment of farmers. Technology is the base for increasing agricultural productivity and production. In spite of declining resources, technologies continue to play a major role in achieving sustainable production in agriculture and allied sectors. Agriculture in Bijnor district is still technology deficit as far as Indian agriculture is concerned. Yield per hectare of food grain, fruits and vegetables are far below national averages. Keeping this view in mind an attempt has been made in this paper to examine how farmers are facing problems in adopting agricultural technology. The study is based on 227 respondents selected randomly from five villages in district Bijnor.

Theoretical Analysis of the Meaning of Embodiment

The topic of embodiment has received a great deal of attention and aroused much enthusiasm within cognitive science in general and psychology in particular. The connotation of embodiment refers essentially to the dependency of cognition on agent's own body. The classical cognitive science committed to the view of disembodied mind. That is, cognition involves algorithmic processes upon symbolic representations. These theories posit no role for body in cognitive processes. They claimed that Mental processes such as perception, memory and thinking et al are independent of bodily structure and functioning. The view of "weak embodiment"argues against disembodiment, and claims that the body should be understood as playing a role in implementing the function of computation and representation that underpins our cognitive capacities. In contrast, the view of "strong embodiment"entirely eschews the computational theory of cognition. It assigns embodiment a degree of significance in the shaping of the character of cognition. From the point of view of strong embodiment, cognitive processes are profoundly reflect the body's interactions with the world. In contemporary embodied cognitive science, there is a radically different stance that also has roots in diverse branches of cognitive science. It resulted in a great deal of diversity in how to understand the meaning of embodiment. We distinguished the following four views:(i) embodiment is understood as a kind of somatic learning. From this point of view, embodiment and somatic learning are used interchangeably. Both are associated with a kind of bodily experiences from body's interaction with outside world.(ii) embodiment involves lived experiences coming from a body with a special neurophysiological structure, which means embodiment is a kind of experience from which cognition is made. Different body intends to make different experience, and different experience make, in turn, different cognition.(iii) embodiment is a way of knowing. We need a brain and a body to make sense of the world around us, and to understand the meaning of "chair"or "cat", then significant differences in forms of embodiment will translate into distinct conceptual metaphors and image schemas which structure our systems of everyday thought.(iv) embodiment means that cognitive processes can not located in a brain alone. The boundary between a cognitive agent and his or her environment should be broken down. Cognition is hybrid processes, it straddle both internal and external operations. In author's opinion, cognition's embodiment means that:(i) cognizing agent's body is a constituent of cognitive processes, and bodily structure and functioning are imprinted on mental processes, which influence our mental processes such as thinking, categorization, attitude, learning and emotion et al.(ii) perception is not the internal reconstruction of the external world. Perception of the environment is the result of the agent's bodily actions. This kind of actions shape the perception of the agent.(iii) body is the source of meaning. It is the body that makes us into a meaningful world. Therefore, abstract meaning is based on bodily sensor-motor systems.(iv) different bodies intend to dictate different thought. If people use their physical perceptions and bodily experiences to construct cognitive processes, then the differences from our interactions with the environment should in fact make people along different way of thinking. Viewed all together, embodiment is about the consequences on cognition of existing as a human body. We are not "having a body", we are "existing as a body". The answers to the meaning of embodiment will have considerable theoretical and practical significance for the community of psychology.

Creation between two minded-bodies

is an associate professor in the Liberal Arts Education Center at Tokai University, Japan. His primary interests are phenomenological psy- chology, particularly the embodied view of mind and mind-body the- ory. His current research concerns theoretical and applied research of embodiment and intersubjectivity based on the Merleau-Pontian no- tion of intercorporeality. Abstract My aim here is to describe how meaningful communication is gen- erated from embodied interactions between the self and the other. In order to do so, first, I revisit and clarify Merleau-Ponty's notion of intercorporeality based on his texts. Intercorporeality is formulated as the reciprocal perception-action loop between the self and the other. Perceiving the other's action prompts the same action in the self (e.g., contagious yawning), or its possibility (e.g., smiling), and vice versa. It is the process underlying the understanding of inten- tions in another's actions. Then, I extend the notion of intercorpore- ality from the enactive perspective. Since we immediately grasp the intention of another's action through perceiving it, that action ap- pears as such that affords us to react naturally in response. Thus, intercorporeality unfolds as the embodied interaction of action-reac- tion, which at a certain moment overrides the individual'sintentions and gains its own autonomy. It is through this process that intersub- jectively meaningful communications are created.

Does Distribution of Schools Matter in Human Development? - A Case Study of Bangladesh

This paper investigates relationship between the distribution patterns of the schools and the human development index value of the respective study areas. In this study 50 upazilas have been selected out of 460 upazilas in Bangladesh. The distribution patterns of the primary and high school in each selected upazila have been analyzed through the “Nearest Neighbor Analysis” method. Then the value of Human Development Index (HDI) for each upazila has been determined. Finally a positive correlation between those two indices has been determined. This research can assist the policy makers to take proper decisions while selecting locations for schools keeping the broad view in mind which is development of that particular area.

Comparison between Park Joong Bin's and Song Gyu's Views of Mind and Body from the Perspective of Sport Philosophy

Comparison between Park Joong Bin's and Song Gyu's Views of Mind and Body from the Perspective of Sport Philosophy

Green Additives for Lubricating Oil

The increasing focus toward diminishing the impact on the environment has driven efforts to develop new environmentally benign lubricating oil additives. Keeping this view in mind, the present investigation comprises the syntheses of homopolymers of sunflower oil (SFO) and soybean oil (SBO) for their evaluation as lube oil additives. Each of them was characterized by spectral techniques (IR, NMR), SEC-GPC, and viscometric analysis. Additive performances mainly as a pour point depressant (PPD) and viscosity index improver (VII) or modifier (VM) were evaluated by standard ASTM methods. The shear stability of the polymers was also determined as per the ASTM D6022-06 method. Biodegradability of all the polymers was tested by the disc diffusion method against fungal pathogens and by a soil burial degradation test (SBT) of the polymer films as per ISO 846:1997. The oil thickening property of the polymers has also been investigated and reported here. Thermal stability of the polymers was determined by thermograv...

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical studies of Phyllanthus amarus leaves

The aim of present work was to investigate the pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. The Ethno medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents of vital importance in the health application at an affordable cost and study of such ethanomedicine keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for medicine. Keeping this view in mind the present investigation was carried in Phyllanthus amarus leaves. Morphological study and pharmacognostical properties like transverse section, palisade ratio, stomatal number, stomatal index, vein islet number, and vein termination number were studied. Physical constants like ash value, extractive value, moisture content, swelling index was also studied. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plants confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols and flavanoids.

COUNTER-BASED DESIGN OF DPLL FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

For proper reception of the transmitted data, the design of effective demodulation schemes plays a very crucial role. In the earlier times, some of the traditional techniques like envelope detection etc were utilized for demodulation purposes. However, these techniques, although could be implemented without much difficulty, but at times, when the extent of interference due to the surroundings, system noise and other degrading parameters were very significant, these traditional techniques were found to be nonsensitive to these large-scale effects. To overcome these shortcomings, over the years, the device called phase locked loop has gained much popularity. This device, having the capacity to recover the phase of the transmitted pulse, is capable of yielding very accurate approximations of the transmitted pulses and thus accounts for very low values of bit error rates. Considering the utility of the device, in the recent times, it has been attempted to provide a sound digital design for the device so that the design complexity of the device could be overcome by replacing its integral parts with simplified digital circuits and also would improve the noise performance of the device. With this view in mind, in this piece, we put forward a design of the Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) using a counter based logic. Here, the essential components of the DPLL have been implemented using logic circuits and counters and further, while doing so, the requirement of the components of a traditional PLL has also been minimized.

Understanding the moderating effect of tie on the transfer of ease of use and usefulness from print resources to electronic resources

Chinese university libraries are transitioning from traditional print collections to hybrid collections, resulting in collections which may be print-only, electronic-only, or contain both formats. This leads to many challenges in the management of electronic library resources. This study explores the moderating effect of tie (perceived similarity) on the transfer of ease of use (amount of effort required to use library resources) and usefulness (the degree to which using library resources would improve performance) from print resources to electronic resources, with the view in mind of facilitating the effective use of online electronic resources in Chinese university libraries. Drawing upon self-perception theory and the technology acceptance model (TAM), a research model is developed and tested using questionnaires and, partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM). The results suggest that the perceived tie by users between print resources and electronic resources positively moderates the transfer of ease of use from print to electronic, while negatively moderating the transfer of usefulness from print to electronic.

Web Documents Ranked using Genetic Algorithm

In recent years, semantic-based application has been using the Genetic Algorithm for solving the problem of information retrieval. The semantic search concept has been widely used in many fields like artificial intelligence, cognitive science, natural language processing, and psychology. In this paper we have proposed a ranking scheme for the semantic web documents by finding the semantic similarity between the documents and the query which is specified by the user using genetic algorithm. The novel approach proposed in this paper considers not only the conceptual level for finding the rank score of a document but also the descriptive level for finding the true semantics of the documents keeping the user view in mind. The combined use of conceptual and descriptive along with the genetic algorithm for providing the optimization for the ranking of the documents has significantly improved the performance of the proposed ranking scheme. We explore all the conceptual and descriptive scores using genetic algorithm for finding relevant relations between the keywords exploring the user’s intention and then calculate the fraction of these relations on each web page to determine their relevance with respect to the query provided by the user.

Intranasal Insulin as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence

Research in animals and humans has associated Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in combination with decreased insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) in the brain. This phenomenon is accompanied by attenuated receptor expression of insulin and insulin-like growth factor, enhanced serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, and impaired transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, clinical trials have demonstrated that intranasal insulin improves both memory performance and metabolic integrity of the brain in patients suffering from AD or its prodrome, mild cognitive impairment. These results, in conjunction with the finding that insulin mitigates hippocampal synapse vulnerability to beta amyloid, a peptide thought to be causative in the development of AD, provide a strong rationale for hypothesizing that pharmacological strategies bolstering brain insulin signaling, such as intranasal administration of insulin, could have significant potential in the treatment and prevention of AD. With this view in mind, the review at hand will present molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects of intranasal insulin. Then, we will discuss the results of intranasal insulin studies that have demonstrated that enhancing brain insulin signaling improves memory and learning processes in both cognitively healthy and impaired humans. Finally, we will provide an overview of neuroimaging studies indicating that disturbances in insulin metabolism—such as insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes and AD—and altered brain responses to insulin are linked to decreased cerebral volume and especially to hippocampal atrophy.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Molecular Docking Studies of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme with Inhibitor Lisinopril and Amyloid Beta Peptide

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves amyloid beta peptide. So far this cleavage mechanism has not been studied in detail at atomic level. Keeping this view in mind, we performed molecular dynamics simulation of crystal structure complex of testis truncated version of ACE (tACE) and its inhibitor lisinopril along with Zn(2+) to understand the dynamic behavior of active site residues of tACE. Root mean square deviation results revealed the stability of tACE throughout simulation. The residues Ala 354, Glu 376, Asp 377, Glu 384, His 513, Tyr 520 and Tyr 523 of tACE stabilized lisinopril by hydrogen bonding interactions. Using this information in subsequent part of study, molecular docking of tACE crystal structure with Aβ-peptide has been made to investigate the interactions of Aβ-peptide with enzyme tACE. The residues Asp 7 and Ser 8 of Aβ-peptide were found in close contact with Glu 384 of tACE along with Zn(2+). This study has demonstrated that the residue Glu 384 of tACE might play key role in the degradation of Aβ-peptide by cleaving peptide bond between Asp 7 and Ser 8 residues. Molecular basis generated by this attempt could provide valuable information towards designing of new therapies to control Aβ concentration in Alzheimer's patient.

Seven views of mind

Seven views of mind