View Of Mind Research Articles

Impact of Stage-Specific Irrigation on the Growth and Yield of Wheat

Stage-specific irrigation is essential for ensuring optimal water use at critical growth stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum), leading to increased yield and improved grain quality. Therefore, determining an appropriate irrigation schedule for wheat is crucial for enhancing productivity. Keeping this view in mind, an experiment was conducted at the farmer’s fields of Dinajpur Sadar Upazila, Dinajpur, Bangladesh from November 2020 to April 2021, aimed to evaluate the impact of irrigation schedules on the growth and yield of wheat (BARI Gom-33). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications was implemented. Treatments included varying irrigation timings: T0 (no irrigation), T1 (one irrigation at maximum tillering), T2 (one irrigation at booting), T3 (one irrigation at heading), T4 (two irrigations at maximum tillering and heading), T5 (milking dough), and T6(two irrigations at booting and milking dough). Key metrics assessed included plant height, leaf count, tiller number, dry matter, growth stages, grain number, thousand grain weight, and overall yield at different days’ intervals. Results indicated that irrigated treatments (T1-T6) significantly improved the parameters for growth and yield compared to the control (T0). Notably, T4, with two irrigations, yielded the highest grain production at 5.20 t/ha, followed closely by T6. These findings highlight the significance of proper irrigation scheduling for optimizing wheat yield, indicating that applying two irrigations at the maximum tillering and heading stages can significantly enhance agricultural productivity.

Revisiting the Challenges of Teaching and Learning Indigenous South African Languages

Whereas South Africa has made significant strides after the official end of colonialism and apartheid in 1994 concerning the advancement of indigenous South African languages, there are observable challenges that demonstrate endurance even in the post-colonial and post-apartheid contexts. In particular, there are enduring challenges in the teaching and learning of these languages within the basic and higher education system. With this view in mind, the aim herein is to explore and discuss four noteworthy challenges that obstruct the optimal teaching and learning of indigenous languages in the South African context. It must be noted that this article concentrates on indigenous South African languages in general, and not specific ones. The objective is to uncover and sensitize the language and education policymakers as well as affected stakeholders such as parents, learners, and students that challenges in the context of language in education exhibit determination, hence the necessity to scholarly revisit them in a bid to solicit reasonable solutions to the conundrum. The four noteworthy challenges, which are discussed in the body of this scholarly discourse, are recognized as a source of discussion. The findings and discussion underline that challenges within the language in education in the South African context are multifaceted. One of these challenges could be pinned on colonial and apartheid legacies that appraised oppressive languages to the detriment of indigenous South African languages and dialects. In fact, the Bantu Education Act of 1953 is implicated in this article as one of the principal drivers of the subjugation of these languages. In the same vein, this article implicates some post-colonial and post-apartheid perceptions towards the subjugation of these vernacular languages. The closing remarks highlight the necessity to recurrently debate challenges of indigenous languages within the educational system.

Detection and assessment of heavy metals concentration in wheat leaves collected from the vicinity of Sahiwal coal power plant, Pakistan, employing a modern data analysis approach

ABSTRACT Heavy metal pollution in food crops has become a global issue, especially in staple crops like wheat and rice. Electricity production utilising coal, ignites this issue in crops grown in the surrounding areas of coal power plants. Keeping this view in mind, the concentration of six heavy metals (HMs) Calcium (Ca), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Magnesium (Mg) in wheat leaves have been assessed in this study. Fifty samples of wheat leaves have been collected from the surrounding areas of the coal power plant in Sahiwal. The samples were prepared using the wet digestion method (WDM). Finally, these samples have been sent for analysis via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of Quantification (LOQ) of AAS were calculated with the help of blank samples. The concentration of Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb and Mg in wheat leaves were 1.0187 ± 0.549 mg/kg, 0.00484 ± 0.00403 mg/kg 00,416 ± 0.00334 mg/kg, 0.0534 ± 0.0351 mg/kg, 0.035 ± 0.018 mg/kg, 0.464 ± 0.200 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of all understudy metals was below the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (WHO/FAO) standards except for Co, in one sample. However, the concentration of heavy metals may increase, which may have profound repercussions. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken in this regard. The neutrosophic approach has been utilised to examine the variation of the heavy metals content in wheat leaves. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for future appropriate actions and management of heavy metals contamination in food crops near coal-fired power stations.

Isolation of Mouse Retinal Capillaries and Subendothelial Matrix for Stiffness Measurement Using Atomic Force Microscopy.

Retinal capillary degeneration is a clinical hallmark of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our recent studies have revealed that diabetes-induced retinal capillary stiffening plays a crucial and previously unrecognized causal role in inflammation-mediated degeneration of retinal capillaries. The increase in retinal capillary stiffness results from the overexpression of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that crosslinks and stiffens the subendothelial matrix. Since tackling DR at the early stage is expected to prevent or slow down DR progression and associated vision loss, subendothelial matrix, and capillary stiffness represent relevant and novel therapeutic targets for early DR management. Further, direct measurement of retinal capillary stiffness can serve as a crucial preclinical validation step for the development of new imaging techniques for non-invasive assessment of retinal capillary stiffness in animal and human subjects. With this view in mind, we here provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and stiffness measurement of mouse retinal capillaries and subendothelial matrix using atomic force microscopy.

Evald Ilyenkov and the enactive approach

AbstractThere is a growing interest in Evald Ilyenkov’s work and its significance for contemporary debates. This interest spans several disciplines. One key thread in Ilyenkov’s ideas concerns a perspective on the relation between biology and psychology. In rejecting crude reductionism and individualism, Ilyenkov put forward a view of mind and personhood as emerging from activity and social practice. In his rejection of brain-bound notions of the mind, Ilyenkov’s ideas bear interesting resonances with current work in 4E cognition. One particularly interesting resonance that has occasionally been noticed are the connections with the enactive approach to life and mind. However, beyond some hints at interesting convergences, there is to date no detailed comparison between the two views. The present article attempts to address this gap, examining both complementarities and possible tensions between the two approaches. Rejecting cognitive views detached from environmental and social processes, the enactive approach, as exemplified by De Jaegher and Di Paolo’s concept of participatory sense-making, emphasises the dynamic constitution of cognition through embodied and situated activities. The article draws parallels between Ilyenkov’s emphasis on historically and culturally situated activity, notably labour, and the enactive understanding of human bodies as dynamically constituted in human activity. The article explores the Ilyenkovian and enactive perspectives on the dialectics of ideality, challenging traditional dualistic views and proposing that the ideal emerges as metastable patterns in the ongoing interactions between world, practices, norms, and bodies. The article concludes by suggesting future research directions for the enactive approach, particularly in areas emphasised by Ilyenkov, such as labour and the mediation of material/cultural artefacts.

Poetry’s “shimmering robes”

Despite the many essays that provide instructive tracing of Carl Jung’s archetypes in Romantic literature (and elsewhere), critics have declined to examine the important implications and consequences of parallels between Jung’s theory of artistic awareness and Romantic aesthetic ideology. This ideology finds expression in the language of Blake, Percy Shelley, Emerson, Coleridge, Wordsworth and others regarding artistic creativity, specifically its origins and aims, but especially the creative process itself. In this essay, I examine the way Jung samples Romantic ideas and imagery in his characterization of art and in his conception of the religious experience of the artist in the act of creation. In doing so, I suggest that attachment to popular (not always accurate) Jungian ideas about art has reinforced the continued acceptance of compelling Romantic myths about unconscious creativity. I argue that, in his essay “On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry” and other essays, as part of an effort to liberate modern conceptions of art from reliance on mechanistic views of the human mind, Jung impeaches the merits of the Freudian model tied to medical forensics and installs in its place a Romantic theory of art rooted in the idea of intuitive creativity.

Benturan Paradigma: Respons terhadap Penggeseran Paradigma Islam

The clash between paradigms, in this case the Islamic and Western paradigms, is inevitable. This cannot be separated from the globalization that has swept the world. Religious issues from various regions around the world are easily accessible to anyone, anywhere, and anytime. The influx of these issues shapes the patterns and attitudes of Muslims, both in dealing with external and internal problems. The problem is that Muslims are then forced to submit to the Western paradigm. Since the late 19th century, Western penetration of the Islamic world has at least forced some Muslim countries to adopt Western laws. In addition, Islamic academics and intellectuals have lately been moving towards a rationalism-nihilism paradigm that tends to be oriented towards Western orientalist thought and philosophy. As a result, the Islamic paradigm adopted as a framework for Muslims' thinking has shifted and been replaced with a secular-liberal Western paradigm. Therefore, Islamic law is considered to be in conflict with human rights and the way of life of modern society. Departing from that, this paper is important as a response as well as an analysis and offer that the Islamic paradigm is different from the Western paradigm, so that the products produced are also different. The Islamic paradigm is not just a view of the human mind towards the physical world or human involvement in it from a historical, social, political and cultural perspective, but includes aspects of the world and the hereafter.

Self-Improvising Memory: A Perspective on Memories as Agential, Dynamically Reinterpreting Cognitive Glue.

Many studies on memory emphasize the material substrate and mechanisms by which data can be stored and reliably read out. Here, I focus on complementary aspects: the need for agents to dynamically reinterpret and modify memories to suit their ever-changing selves and environment. Using examples from developmental biology, evolution, and synthetic bioengineering, in addition to neuroscience, I propose that a perspective on memory as preserving salience, not fidelity, is applicable to many phenomena on scales from cells to societies. Continuous commitment to creative, adaptive confabulation, from the molecular to the behavioral levels, is the answer to the persistence paradox as it applies to individuals and whole lineages. I also speculate that a substrate-independent, processual view of life and mind suggests that memories, as patterns in the excitable medium of cognitive systems, could be seen as active agents in the sense-making process. I explore a view of life as a diverse set of embodied perspectives-nested agents who interpret each other's and their own past messages and actions as best as they can (polycomputation). This synthesis suggests unifying symmetries across scales and disciplines, which is of relevance to research programs in Diverse Intelligence and the engineering of novel embodied minds.

The medicalization of ethics or ethicalization of neuroscience: Toward a conceptual re-examination

Thinking With a growing body of brain science, the research and technological interventions in neuroscience have led to the rise of some ethical, moral, legal, conceptual, and socioeconomic problems. These problems and the need to establish an intellectual framework to approach them framed the base of Neuroethics. Most conveniently, the normative definition of Neuroethics is declared as ethics of neuroscience and neuroscience of ethics. However, there are more critical issues to define and frame the conceptual structure of the field. The current naturalist-positivist vision in neuroscience will extend the concept that human behavior, such as decision-making, consciousness, character, and moral intuitions, are mechanical features of a machine. Arguments from philosophical and anthropological views arose around this definition, focusing on the reductionist nature of merely a positive view of the human mind and behavior. Thinking through the pearls of such an approach and what would be at stake if we fail to recognize the importance of the philosophical-anthropological aspect of neuroscience, we first review different definitions and critics of the field, then proceed to discuss two concepts of Ethicalization and Medicalization. These concepts clearly show the established positivist-naturalist view in bioethics and the issues it caused. To better understand these two concepts, we use existing discussions and literature around them in bioethics. By reviewing the existing literature and adding a philosophical view of the field, we aim to add a new approach to the field of Neuroethics. We focus on adopting an interdisciplinary approach to Neuroethics to provide the needed background vision and theory to discuss interdisciplinary issues and enable scholars and theorists to reframe the fundamental issues of the field, such as the nature and scope of Neuroethics.

Modifying Conventional Psychiatric Practice to Serve Indigenous People

IntroductionPsychiatry has historically underserved Indigenous people. Earlier, cross-cultural psychiatry assumed that psychiatric disorders were universal and varied little across cultures. We must acknowledge their different views of mind and mental health.ObjectivesIn our auto-ethnographic approach, we introduce or re-introduce participants to cultural beliefs, values, and methods for treating addictions, including narrative methods (storytelling), which receive greater acceptance by indigenous and marginalized peoples. Indigenous philosophy states that we see the world using the stories we have absorbed or constructed to explain our perceptions. Using substances is a story that is connected to poverty and adverse childhood events.MethodsWe create new stories to develop a sense of agency, that one’s actions can make a difference in one’s life. We present our experiences and findings from providing psychiatric and addiction services in rural and remote Indigenous settings in Canada (Saskatchewan and Northern Ontario) and in Maine (USA). We present data on a modified approach to psychiatric evaluations and services that emphasizes Indigenous values and begins with a life story interview that determines positive aspects of the client’s history and problem areas and engages the client in therapy from the beginning of the evaluation.ResultsWe will demonstrate how this process changes the process of the psychiatric interview, engages Indigenous clients, and results in better outcomes. We discuss how psychotherapy must change to engage Indigenous clients and to be effective with addictions. She will present data on this area. We present the lessons learned and the results of using this approach with a tribal population in Maine. Some key concepts include (1) reframing the person’s self-story about being addicted within a threat-power-meaning network, (2) working with stories about the spirit of the addiction and the consequences of ingesting spirit-laden substances without knowing their songs and protocols, (3) constructing future-self-narratives that explore right relationships and meaningful conduct, (4) constructing stories about the intergenerational transmission of addictions and exploring the question of “whom will be the recipient of your addiction?” We understood that the client sets their goals and defines what recovery means for them, which is the heart of a harm reduction approach.ConclusionsIndigenous cultures across the world are different but share some similarities including a highly relational approach to defining the self, a collectivist mindset in which the needs of the group can supersede the needs of the individual, a reliance upon stories for transmission of knowledge and culture, and a commitment to a biopsychosocial and spiritual approach, which is often symbolized by the metaphor of the Four Cardinal Directions.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Building digital technology and innovative lean management capabilities for enhancing operational performance: an empirical study

The study examines the direct effect of digital technology capability on innovative lean management capability and the indirect effect on operational performance. We considered continuous learning as a moderator, such that continuous learning could influence the relationships (i.e. digital technology capability and innovative lean management capability). We considered the overall satisfaction of employees as a moderator and empirically tested the relationships. The theoretical model was conceptualised by keeping the dynamic capability view in mind. The samples for the online survey were selected from food supply chain (FSC) firms. Hypothesis testing was performed and findings indicate that lower-order capabilities, such as adaptability, agility, and alignment capabilities, play a critical role in developing dynamic capability, that is, digital technology capability, which helps in achieving superior operational performance. However, innovative lean management capability plays a partial mediation role between digital technology capability and operational performance. A moderating role for continuous learning and overall satisfaction of employees was also supported. FSC firms should consider these factors to enhance operational performance in a dynamic business environment.

How has the quest for <i>itiwa sleeti</i> aided the neglect of African indigenous languages?

Itiwa sleeti in a loose translation means “to break the slate,” is an aphorism that was used during colonial period and beyond by Igbo- Africans to denote an unbridled passion to the acquisition of western education. Due to the high cost of acquiring western education and the intellectual rigor involved, many African parents could not face this challenge at that point in time. As a result these parents later took up the remedial challenge of bequeathing their children this perceived asset which they didn’t get. Unfortunately, this unbridled pursuit has left many valuable African cultures to be neglected and subjugated on the long run. The disastrous impact of this neglect is felt in the use of African indigenous languages because many of them are currently endangered while some have gone into extinction. My aim in this essay is to show how the unbridled quest for western education has aided the neglect of African indigenous languages. Though, some external factors like multilingualism, (which is a fall out of mindless partitioning of the continent by the west), Over-reliance on foreign languages as official language of instructions by Africans and their government and underdeveloped vocabularies and concepts have necessitated this neglect. I argue that there is an internal factor that is pioneered by African parents to foist these foreign languages on their children with the “mind view” that foreign languages serve the “actual need” of the hour more than indigenous languages. I contend that since the indigenous languages help the African child to establish both emotional and intellectual closeness with their parents in communicating their feelings in their own indigenous language at home, then restoration of African indigenous languages should begin from the home since charity they say begins from home.

Variation of standardized precipitation index (SPI) over southern West Bengal and its effect on jute yield

West Bengal is a key producer of raw jute fiber in the country. Identifying and managing dry spells during the jute growing period is crucial, necessitating contingency crop planning for enhanced productivity. Keeping this view in mind, standardized precipitation index (SPI) was calculated over five locations, representing five different districts of southern West Bengal. These locations are Barrackpore (North 24 Parganas District), Panagarh (Burdwan District), Bagati (Hooghly District), Krishnanagar (Nadia District) and Uluberia (Howrah District). This rainfall dependent dryness index (SPI) was calculated in 1 month and 3 months interval to identify short term dryness as well as mid-term dryness, applicable for seasonal crops. The trend analysis of the SPI values indicated that North 24 Parganas and Nadia experienced increased dryness during vegetative phase of Jute. Nadia district showed a significant increase in both short term and long-term dryness. The yield reduction index is well correlated with SPI values in all the study locations except Howrah. Arrangement of irrigation during the early stages of Jute can help the crop to cope up with the break of monsoon in this region

Supplementation of Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit Powder Modulate Growth and Reduce Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens

Heat stress is a significant environmental challenge that impairs broiler production, negatively impacting growth, feed intake, nutrient absorption, and gut ecology. Various methods exist to mitigate heat stress such as genetic and nutritional approaches, air conditioning, ventilation, and antibiotic growth promoters but they are often expensive and not always adequate. Keeping this view in mind, research has been focused on medicinal herbs which are available, cheap and safer to use. Amla fruit possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-stress properties that could mitigate heat stress’s harmful effects on broilers. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of amla fruit powder on growth performance, gut microbiota and blood lipid profile of broilers under ambient temperature and heat stressed condition. A total of 126 broiler chicks were divided into two major groups, one group kept under ambient temperature and another group exposed to heat stress. Each major group was split into 3 subgroups with 3 replications having 7 chicks per replication. In case of each major groups, first sub groups were kept as a control and latter two groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% amla fruit powder, respectively. Total duration of the experiment was 35 days, where treatments were given with basal diet from 12 days. All the experiment birds were maintained with the similar management except the experimental diets. The results showed that body weight and body weight gain at the end of the experiment were higher in amla treated group than in the control group at both temperatures. Supplementation of amla fruit powder also improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and dressing percentage than the control groups. Additionally, amla powder reduced TC, TAG and LDL levels and slightly increased HDL content. Amla fruit powder decreased pathogenic bacterial population such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. concentration in the gut and increased probiotic bacterial concentration such as Lactobacillus spp. under both rearing temperatures. Taken together, it can be concluded that, amla fruit powder could be used as an alternative tool to improve broiler performance and mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress on broiler chickens.

Consumption Behaviors and Awareness of fast food among the Young Generation: An Empirical Study on Hostel Living Students in Kathmandu Valley

This research aims to study the fast-food habits of the young generation, who are staying in hostels. It intends to study the role of parents and advertisement regarding on consumption behaviours and awareness of fast food. Food is considered as an important representation of all social groups. Although the trend has changed, its impacts exist on the whole society, whether it belongs to the lower middle class or elite class. Fast food is considered as easy to make and ready to eat, so in present days, the young generation is attracted to fast food outlets as hanging places with friends in search of new tastes and places. Hostel life is entirely different and independent from the in-home, especially in terms of food eating. Keeping this view in mind, this research was conducted in two hostels in Kathmandu metropolitan city. This is qualitative research. Based on my research I argue that there is a link between food, parents’ roles, behaviors pattern of hostellers, and advertising.

N-Nitrosation Based Fluorescence Turn-On Nitric Oxide Probe: Kinetic and Cell Imaging Studies.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous messenger molecule playing a key role in various physiological and pathological processes. However, producing a selective turn-on fluorescence response to NO is a challenging task due to (a) the very short half-life of NO (typically in the range of 0.1-10 s) in the biological milieu and (b) false positive responses to reactive carbonyl species (RCS) (e.g., dehydroascorbic acid and methylglyoxal etc.) and some other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), especially with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) based fluorosensors. To avoid these limitations, NO sensors should be designed in such a way that they react spontaneously with NO to give turn-on response within the time frame of t1/2 (typically in the range of 0.1-10 s) of NO and λem in the visible wavelength along with good cell permeability to achieve biocompatibility. With these views in mind, a N-nitrosation based fluorescent sensor, NDAQ, has been developed that is highly selective to NO with ∼27-fold fluorescence enhancement at λem = 542 nm with high sensitivity (LOD = 7 ± 0.4 nM) and shorter response time, eliminating the interference of other reactive species (RCS/ROS/RNS). Furthermore, all the photophysical studies with NDAQ have been performed in 98% aqueous medium at physiological pH, indicating its good stability under physiological conditions. The kinetic assay illustrates the second-order dependency with respect to NO concentration and first-order dependency with respect to NDAQ concentration. The biological studies reveal the successful application of the probe to track both endogenous and exogenous NO in living organisms.

What Does It Mean to Be a Christian? The Implications of Badiou’s, Butler’s, and Whitehead’s Views for Understanding the Christian Subject

This article explores the implications of Whitehead’s, Butler’s, and Badiou’s views for understanding the Christian subject. Since postmodernists’ declaration of ‘the death of the subject’, the traditional view of the subject as a fixed and self-identical substance no longer suffices. These three thinkers present dynamic and original views of the subject. For Whitehead, the subject emerges out of the process of becoming and, by perishing, contributes to future processes of becoming. Butler claims that subjectivity is performative. For Badiou, the subject is the bearer of a fidelity to an event. With those views in mind, this article argues first, that the Christian subject is the bearer of fidelity to a truth-event of God; second, that Christian subjectivity is performative; and third, that a Christian is one who performs death and, by doing so, contributes to, and brings the novelty into, the world.

Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India

Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (Santalum album L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn’t grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil. Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method. The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.

PAC Learning and Stabilizing Hedonic Games: Towards a Unifying Approach.

We study PAC learnability and PAC stabilizability of Hedonic Games (HGs), i.e., efficiently inferring preferences or core-stable partitions from samples. We first expand the known learnability/stabilizability landscape for some of the most prominent HGs classes, providing results for Friends and Enemies Games, Bottom Responsive, and Anonymous HGs. Then, having a broader view in mind, we attempt to shed light on the structural properties leading to learnability/stabilizability, or lack thereof, for specific HGs classes. Along this path, we focus on the fully expressive Hedonic Coalition Nets representation of HGs. We identify two sets of conditions that lead to efficient learnability, and which encompass all of the known positive learnability results. On the side of stability, we reveal that, while the freedom of choosing an ad hoc adversarial distribution is the most obvious hurdle to achieving PAC stability, it is not the only one. First, we show a distribution independent necessary condition for PAC stability. Then, we focus on W-games, where players have individual preferences over other players and evaluate coalitions based on the least preferred member. We prove that these games are PAC stabilizable under the class of bounded distributions, which assign positive probability mass to all coalitions. Finally, we discuss why such a result is not easily extendable to other HGs classes even in this promising scenario. Namely, we establish a purely computational property necessary for achieving PAC stability.

Effective Use of Social Media in a Digitalizing Landscape

This paper addresses the increasing importance of considering social media in strategy formulation as well as tactical implementation to achieve strategic goals. The primary areas focused on reside around social media in the lens of strategic use, tactical use, and a comprehensive view to understand how interconnected social media decisions are in a digitalizing society. The primary research method used was through literature review, where current discussion on social media was gathered. Most of the body of literature seemed to focus on social media solely in the context of strategic level considerations or in the tactical implementation aspect. It seemed that if a comprehensive view was brought up briefly, much of the interconnected aspects were left indirectly touched on in favor of the singular focus. Thus, the application of this paper aims to offer a view for how social media decisions impact strategic level and tactical level actions and provide a clear picture of the importance in fully considering social media decisions with a comprehensive view in mind.