Coast Of Vietnam Research Articles

Species Status of Ragworm Populations (Nereididae: Tylorrhynchus Sp.) Exploited as a Human Specialty Based on Their Molecular Analyses in the Northern Coast of Vietnam

In the traditional culinary culture of Vietnam, the ragworms (Nereididae) are an ancient and well-known delicacy (Chả rươi in Vietnamese) of great nutritional and economic value. In order to determine their species status, distribution, and sustainable control, a comparative molecular genetic analysis was carried out in 2018--2019. It comprised of ragworm populations along the northern coast including Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Thai Binh and Nam Dinh, 20.0, 14.5, 34.0, 26.0 and 17.0 km from the sea, respectively. We found that all of them belong to one and the same species named Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus (Quatrefages, 1866). The ragworm in the Tu Ky area of Hai Duong province has the farthest distribution in the mainland, and was among the ragworm groups with the largest morphological measurements. Salinity and inland environmental conditions are likely factors influencing the morphological development of ragworm populations in this area. This may be the reason Tu Ky ragworms have been labelled a specialty dish in Vietnam dating back to ancient history.

Application of HEC-HMS model and satellite precipitation products to restore runoff in Laigiang river basin in Vietnam

The Laigiang river basin in the South Central Coast of Vietnam plays an important role in the socio-economic development of Binhdinh Province. In recent decades, the region has experienced commonly flooding in vast areas. This research aims to simulate event-based rainfall-runoff modelling, a historical flood event in December 2016, by applying the HEC-HMS model and rainfall data from CHIRPS. The CHIRPS data is an acceptable potential data input of the hydrology model. These have been confirmed through reliable validation indexes: The peak flood flow rate of 2,542.6 m3/s corresponds to the flood frequency of 5%; NSE with the value at 0.95; R2 coefficient reached 0.87; PBIAS being around 0.45, and PFC being at 0.89. It shows better performance in the rainy season than in the dry season. Inclusive, the CHIRPS rainfall data set and the HEC model could be used for some operational purposes in weather forecasting, especially for flood warnings in river basins in the South Central Coast, Vietnam.

Submarine Landslides in the West Continental Slope of the South China Sea and Their Tsunamigenic Potential

The 109 meridian fault is located in the west of the South China Sea (SCS) connecting to the offshore Red River Shear Zone. Seismic data from the central Vietnamese shelf indicates that many submarine landslides were developed along the steep continental slope in this offshore region. Here, we analyze the potential for such landslides to trigger damaging tsunamis based on the local geological background and sedimentary environment. We assess their tsunamigenic potential along the coast of Southern Central Vietnam (SCV). We point out that the evolutionary processes of the 109° meridian fault: striking-subsidence of the adjacent basin, combined with the high sediment input from numerous montane rivers of the hinterland generate conditions that likely favor the development of submarine landslides along the well-defined and steep continental slope near SCV. To estimate the impact of tsunami waves on the SCV coastline, we conducted a pilot study using two numerical models: NHWAVE and FUNWAVE-TVD to model 4 representative landslides with volumes ranging between 1.3 and 14 km3 and water depth of 300–1000 m. The submarine landslides were treated as rigid slump and deformable slide corresponding to two different sedimentary environments. Our results show that the tsunami waves generated by rigid slump can reach up to 20 m height in the landslide source area and ∼5 m when arriving at the closest coastline. Tsunami waves could arrive at the central Vietnam coast within 30 min in eight scenarios. Our initial results also suggest that seafloor topography, i.e., waveguide effects of ocean ridges, shelf resonance and the potential bay resonance cause significant variability in potential run-up. We note that ocean ridges located in the deep basin of the SCS focus the tsunami energy propagating towards the northwest coast of Luzon Island, Philippines where tsunami wave heights of ∼2.3 m wave height are modeled. These findings underscore the importance of tsunami hazard assessments that account for both earthquake generated and earthquake triggered tsunamis. Our work also highlights a continued need to examine tsunami sources in the region as mitigation and preparedness for the socio-economically important and heavily populated coastlines of the SCS is reliant on a detailed understanding of the hazard.

Urban zoning features of territories for tourist services facilities placement in coastal cities

Introduction. The article deals with the development of coastal territories of cities with the city-forming function of tourism. The tourism industry is currently viewed as a promising area of economic development for many countries and cities. Resort tourism or health tourism is actively developing in Turkey, Thailand, Egypt, Vietnam and other countries, with an emphasis on a high level of service for hotel complexes that occupy large areas of coastal territories, which leads to conflicts of interest for the local population, investors and tourists. The solution to these conflicts can be obtained by methods of urban zoning.
 
 Materials and methods. On the basis of a systematic approach, in which the city is considered as a social-natural-anthropogenic system, the main contradictions that arise when placing tourist facilities in the structure of the city and the features of the town-planning zoning of these territories are identified. The article uses data from open sources, the general plan of Tuy Hoa, as an analog object of coastal cities of the south-central coast of Vietnam.
 
 Results. It is shown that the main critical factor in the placement of tourist accommodation facilities is the availability of beach areas, which serve as the main point of attraction. In this case, the comfortable distance should not exceed 1000 m. One of the planning techniques aimed at resolving conflicts can be the formation of urbanized locations — resort functional zones (KFZ), specially designed for the placement of tourist service facilities, including various forms of tourist accommodation. Proposals (schematic diagrams) for urban zoning of the central part of the city have been developed, ensuring the availability of city beaches; the formation of a street network of KFZ, based on the principle of pedestrian accessibility of the beach, as well as the formation of a planning scheme of the KFZ territory, providing for the provision of a protective zone.
 
 Conclusions. Urban zoning of the resort city’ territory should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities that are due to the tourism industry; for the mass accommodation of tourists, local zones should be envisaged, which will ensure a balance between the development of tourism and the preservation of the residential and public environment, the accessibility to the beach; the formation of a protective strip along the coastline will create a comfortable public recreational space for tourists and residents with the aim of stable and sustainable development in the future.

Scenario-based tsunami hazard assessment for the coast of Vietnam from the \(109^{o}\) Meridian fault zone

Located on the continental shelf and stretching approximately 1,000 km along the Central and Southern Central coasts of Vietnam, the 109o Meridian Fault system has long been recognized as seismically active. Empirical evidence of the seismic, volcanic, and submarine landslide activities also suggests that this fault might be capable of originating near-field tsunamis, which can harm the Vietnamese coastal zone. This paper investigates the possibility of the near-field tsunamis from the 109o Meridian Fault and their impact on the Vietnamese coasts. Location and segmentation of the 109o Meridian fault were determined using seismological, geophysical data, and geomorphologic evidence. The fault’s seismotectonic and geodynamic characteristics were used to model the tsunami source. The COMCOT model was used for simulating three worst-case tsunami scenarios excited by earthquakes with Mw = 8.0 originated in two different segments of the 109o Meridian Fault source. The relationship between tsunami wave height and the source-to-coast travel time is investigated in detail at the virtual sea-level stations distributed along the Vietnamese coastline. The simulation results are presented in the deep-ocean tsunami amplitude maps for the entire East Vietnam Sea region and the coastal tsunami amplitude maps for the Vietnamese coasts. The simulation results show the highest tsunami hazards concentrated along the Central and Southern Central Vietnam coastal zones (from Quang Nam province to Ba Ria-Vung Tau province), with the highest tsunami waves not exceeding 4 m observed off-shore the Quang Ngai, Phu Yen and Ninh Thuan provinces. The shortest tsunami travel time from the source to the Southern Central coast is 35 minutes. Due to its strike-slip mechanism, there is a low possibility of the 109o Meridian fault generating earthquake-triggered tsunamis. Moreover, even if they occurred, the near-field tsunamis generated from the 109o Meridian fault source can hardly cause severe damage and losses for the coastal zones of Vietnam, as shown by the simulation results. Nevertheless, the worst-case scenarios simulation results provide the highest risk that the near-field tsunamis from the 109o Meridian fault source might affect the Vietnamese coasts, which is helpful for the national tsunami warning and response purpose.

Determinants and Challenges of Community Sand Forest Management in Vietnam

In the inland sandy areas along the central coast of Vietnam, there is a specific type of ecosystem that local people call a sand forest. Over time, despite many economic, political, and social upheavals, local people in some places still maintain these sand forests. In this study, we aimed to investigate the determinants and challenges of community sand forest management in coastal north central Vietnam. For this purpose, we explore insights regarding the changing roles of sand forests in community perception, community challenges, and the role of stakeholders in sand forest management. We then discuss policy implications for sustainable sand forest management. By applying focus group discussions, household surveys, and in-depth interviews, this study found that local people have used village conventions to manage the sand forest for hundreds of years because they have been aware of the role of the sand forest in daily life, especially the spiritual and environmental roles of the sand forest. However, sand forest management is confusing and inefficient due to the neglect of the role of traditional organizations. Along with this, local people face several challenges, such as conflicts over the use of sand forests, and a lack of recognition of the community’s legal rights to such forests. Based on these results, some policy implications are proposed, such as strengthening the participation of related stakeholders, and providing coordination between traditional organizations and local authorities in forest management and conflict management in forest use. It is necessary to promote the allocation of sand forests to local communities so that they have the legal rights to effectively manage and protect their forests and to obtain potential benefits in the future.

Discrepant Effects of Oceanic Advection in the Evolution of SST Anomalies in the South China Sea During El Niño of Different Intensities

Observed different evolutions of SST anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS) between super and other El Niño events are revealed. The results suggest that the first (second) warming peak is warmer than the second (first) one for super (other) El Niño composite. Mixed layer heat budget analysis indicates that during the first warming period, the vertical advection induced by the anomalous anticyclone in the SCS (SCSAC) warms the SST in the central SCS through the basin-scale downwelling motion for super El Niño composite. In contrast, the positive shortwave radiation anomalies from atmosphere into ocean associated with the reduced total cloud cover contribute the most warming SST for other El Niño composite. During the cooling period, the horizontal linear cold advection associated with a large west-east SST gradient anomaly and climatological western boundary currents plays the most important role in rapid cooling SST for super El Niño composite. However, the nonlinear warm advection associated with the northward current anomalies and anomalous SST gradient in the western SCS maintains the SCS SST for other El Niño composite. During the second warming period, the net surface heat flux anomalies act as a damping process, while the warming process could be attributed to the vertical warm advection. Specially, the SCSAC weakens but the anomalous easterly winds strengthen to suppress the upwelling off the coast of southeast Vietnam for other El Niño composite. The anomalous ocean circulations and associated advections are related to the development of SCSAC, which could be largely attributed to the SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean. In contrast with previous studies, our results highlight the role of ocean dynamics in the evolution of SCS SST anomalies during El Niño of different intensities.

Tidal energy potential in coastal Vietnam

Tidal energy is a renewable energy source produced by the rise and fall of ocean tides. Tidal energy can be exploited using a special type of generator that converts tidal energy into electricity. Tidal power generation has the potential to open up many prospects for energy field and minimize carbon dioxide emissions that cause the greenhouse effect. To evaluate the possibility of tidal power, it is necessary to have documents and data on average annual tidal amplitude, tidal regime, and main tidal waves in the study area. To calculate the tidal power potential for the east coast of Vietnam, this article applies the calculation formula of tidal power energy by Russian scientist L.B. Bernstein. The annual mean tidal amplitude and the K1, O1, and M2 wave amplitude data at nearly 2000 calculation points along the coast of Vietnam were extracted from the TPOX8-Atlas harmonic constant set. Research results showed that Vietnam has great potential for tidal energy along the Hai Phong - Quang Ninh coastal area and the southeast region with a prospective 41.6 GWh/km2/y.

Fingerprinting and source apportionment of dioxin contamination of soils and chicken eggs in Southeast and Central Vietnam.

Free-range chicken eggs and topsoil samples from private households in Southeast and South Central Coast of Vietnam were investigated to identify potential PCDD/F sources using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) approach. The PMF-extracted egg congener patterns were transformed to soil patterns using bioaccumulation factors and then compared to extracted soil and known dioxin sources patterns described in the literature. Free-range chicken egg PCDD/F profiles allowed to more precisely identify and distinguish potential PCDD/F sources. Five main PCDD/F sources were identified: open burning, vehicle emissions, background atmospheric deposition, Agent Orange, and so-called OCDD dechlorination pattern. The latter is characteristic for natural formation or ultimate weathering under tropical conditions of any primary source with predominant OCDD. Agent Orange source contribution ranged from 48 to 96% in soils, from 9 to 94% in eggs in hotspots, and from 10 to 31% in soil and from 4 to 45% in eggs in sprayed areas, respectively. Contributions of other sources varied significantly between sites.

International migration - a household survival strategy in coastal communities in Ha Tinh province

Many studies have shown that the decision to migrate as a survival strategy in areas facing political conflicts, climate change, and severe scarcity of natural resources is an urgent need. In 2016, the Formosa phenomenon occurred in the communes of Thach Ha district, Ha Tinh province, which caused thousands of workers to lose their jobs and have to find other livelihoods by migrating. In recent years, the cross-border labor migration in Vietnam, especially the migration of undocumented workers, is attracting researchers’ attention. This article describes the role of migration for people in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. Based on the results of the field survey through in-depth interviews in Thach Long, Thach Tri, and Thach Van communes in Thach Ha district, Ha Tinh province, the author points out the push and pull factors of migration, forms of labor migration, and results of livelihood strategies of local households in the current social context. In addition to improving and changing the quality of household resources, labor migration also creates diversified and effective household livelihood restructuring. However, no strategy is considered sustainable and migrant workers are always faced with the possibility of failure and with challenges from their illegal status.

Species diversity of rotifers (rotifera: monogononta) in freshwater psammon with three new records to Vietnam

This study aims to evaluate the diversity of rotifers in psammon in the Central Coast of Vietnam. A total of 64 rotifer species belonging to 17 genera and 14 families were recorded in 10 samples collected at hygropsammon zones of freshwater lakes and ponds in Thua Thien Hue province. Lepadella cristata (Rousselet, 1893), Cephalodella tenuior (Gosse, 1886), and Lindia torulosa Dujardin, 1841 were new record to Vietnam rotifers fauna. Species from the families Lecanidae, Lepadellidae, and Trichocercidae are abundant (containing about 44%, 14%, and 12%, respectively) in the total rotifer species recorded. Psammonxenic species accounted for the largest percentage of the psammic rotifer community with 83%, followed by psammonphiles (11%) and psammonbionts (6%). Our study results enrich the data on the diversity and the ecology of rotifers in Vietnam.

Construction of fine resolution bioclimatic variables for Central Highlands and Southern Central Coast of Vietnam

In this study, 19 surface bioclimatic variables of high spatial resolution 0.00226o (~ 250 m) are generated in a Geographic Information System by the combination of (1) the raster dataset of monthly temperature and precipitation obtained from the global WorldClim database at 0.00833o spatial resolution for the period of 1960–2000; and (2) the climate data (temperature and precipitation) of the Central Highlands and Southern Central Coast collected from the 31 temperature and 97 precipitation recording sites for the period of 1991–2015. The statistical downscaling method is applied, using multiple linear regression analysis, in which elevation, geographic coordinates, and distance from the coast are treated as independent variables, to estimate the distribution of temperature; and the B-Spline interpolation method combined with multiple linear regression analysis is employed on precipitation over the study area. The outcomes of the two main analyses are computed to create 19 high spatial resolution bioclimatic variables. While using only local climate data on analyzing the regression models results in high fluctuation of estimated temperature, the combination of the two datasets is more informative. The spatial distribution of our interpolated precipitation is similar to the WorldClim data but has a smaller difference in the mean annual precipitation. The results, which shows higher spatial resolution and are closer to the observed data than those from the WorldClim, could be better applied for predicting species distribution in the region.

Multiscale framework for rapid change analysis from SAR image time series: Case study of flood monitoring in the central coast regions of Vietnam

Recently, the frequency of natural and environmental disasters has increased significantly, causing constant changes on the Earth's surface. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have been proved to be useful for operational change monitoring tasks. The multiscale framework presented in this paper aims at detecting and analyzing changes using SAR image time series composed of large-size images. Spatio-temporal changes are initially detected at the subimage scale analysis stage to determine regions and image acquisition dates related to the change occurrence. Detailed changes are then identified at the pixel scale analysis stage between selected acquisitions at each recognized region. This framework was used for flood monitoring over a large area along the central coast of Vietnam (from Thua Thien Hue province to Quang Nam province). We exploited a Sentinel-1 image time series acquired during two rainy seasons and typhoon seasons in the Western Pacific (from September to December of the two years 2017 and 2018). The proposed framework detected flooded areas with a high overall accuracy of 90.4% and could analyze different types of changes that occurred in this time series, i.e. dirac, periodic, chaotic changes, and temporal stability.

Nguyen Lords with Trading Activities and International Cultural Exchange in South Vietnam during the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries

The 16th 18th centuries were widely known as a fascinating period of Vietnamese history. It was characterized by the division between North (Đng Ngoi) and South of the country (Đng Trong) and the civil war accordingly between the Trinh Lords and the Nguyen Lords. It also witnessed the most vibrant cultural exchange and integration of feudal states in Vietnamese medieval times. With their well-defined vision and effective maritime trade strategies, the Nguyen Lords have actively promoted cultural and economic exchange in the region and to the world. The seaports along the coast of South Vietnam have become a central gateway for these activities. The current research is an attempt to give a vivid picture of the dynamic trading environment in Thuan Quang the biggest province in this part of the country. A critical reassessment of the Nguyen Lords integration policies will also be presented.

Geographic isolation created distinct pelage characters in Finlayson’s squirrel on isolated island offshore of the Indochina Peninsula in Central Vietnam

We found distinct pelage characters in Finlayson’s squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii) population, which is endemic to Lao Island of the Cham Islands, located off the coast of central Vietnam. Among squirrels of the ‘C. erythraeus-finlaysonii complex’, which consists of all forms of C. erythraeus and C. finlaysonii, mitochondrial cytochrome-b sequences show that the Lao Island squirrel forms a cluster with C. finlaysonii with external characters of C. erythraeus flavimanus, defined previously as ‘C. finlaysonii morpha flavimanus’. Both squirrel forms, however, differed in pelage colour. This different colouration may have arisen from the effect of geographic isolation.

Физико-химические свойства почв мангровых лесов Вьетнама

Recently the area of mangrove (evergreen) forests growing along the coast of Vietnam has been significantly increased by artificial afforestation under the recognition of their ecological role and economic importance. Protection mangrove forests are the largest among all mangrove forests in Vietnam. They act as a belt to prevent coastal roads from erosion and damage due to tides, storms, and tsunamis. However, their role in coastal soil formation is still poorly studied. Soil formation in mangrove forests is influenced by many factors including the following: woody vegetation, tidal saltwater, precipitation, and mountain runoff. The ability of soil to retain water, nutrients, ions, and some other physical and chemical properties is closely related to the soil texture. Long-term monitoring of the soil texture and the content of nutrients in the soil of mangrove forests in the Dam Bay area of the Nha Trang Bay allowed us to distinguish 2 groups of soil phases: typical laterite soil in natural mangrove forests and in rhizophore plantings of 2004 and poorly developed laterite soil in cultural cenoses of 2007 and 2013 and in the littoral zone. These two groups have differences in the soil texture depending on the time of stand formation. The total amount of gravel, aleurite, and silt in the first group of soils is higher than that in the second group. The concentrations of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen content) in the soil of mangrove forests is quite high, though it gradually decreases from the soil of natural mangrove forests to the littoral zone. In order to effectively prevent erosion of soils and improve their physical and chemical properties, artificial mangrove forests should continuously be grown along the coast lines of the Nha Trang Bay in the Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. For citation: Phan T.H., Kovyazin V.F., Zvonareva S.S., Nguyen T.H.T., Nguyen T.L. Physical and Chemical Soil Properties of Mangrove Forests in Vietnam. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 9–21. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-9-21

Distribution and contamination assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of the South China Sea, Vietnam

The distribution and enrichment of trace metals in sediments of the South China Sea along the entire coast of Vietnam were described. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in the sediments showed a significant positive correlation with fine-sized fractions and TOC. In contrast, the concentration of As was not positively correlated with particle size and other metals. The relatively positive correlations of Cd with Fe, Al, Ti, Sc, TOC, P, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb indicated that it comes from different sources. Ecotoxicological indexes of all elements showed low values, except for Cd in the southwestern part of the South China Sea area, which is likely related to the influx of suspended matter from the Mekong River.

Trends and patterns of SST and associated frontal frequency in the Vietnamese upwelling center

Ocean fronts are areas of increased primary productivity susceptible to climate induced ocean warming. Quantifying the spatial and temporal variability of thermal fronts in rapidly warming parts of the ocean is needed. Frontal frequency (FF) in SST imagery was examined in the coastal upwelling region of South-Central Vietnam, a known marine hotspot. Level-1 daily MODIS data between 2003 and 2018 was used to generate level-3 mapped SST products. The Cayula and Cornillon single image edge detection (SIED) algorithm was used to extract fronts from the SST imagery. Two types of fronts were found in the area, both strongly influenced by seasonal monsoons. Upwelling fronts were found along the southeast coast of Vietnam and extending eastward from the upwelling center during the SW monsoon. Shelf fronts, running along the 100 m – 200 m isobath, separate the cold-water current from the north with the open ocean during the NE monsoon. An upward trend of SST was recorded at approximately 0.05 °C/year throughout the 16-year period (p < 0.05), with rates of increase being higher during the Southwest (SW) monsoon period (May-September). The two longest marine heatwaves (MHW) occurred during El Niño years, nine days in 2010 and 16 days in 2016 with highest maximum intensity of 2.95 °C. The results show that FF trend is increasing significantly in region with shelf fronts and that this increase is associated with a positive SST trend. Additionally, El Niño/La Niña is associated with variability of fronts in this small-scale marine hotspot over the last 16 years.

Natural and Anthropogenic Forcing of Multi‐Decadal to Centennial Scale Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea

AbstractFour hundred years of reconstructed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from a coral located off the coast of Vietnam show significant multi‐decadal to centennial‐scale variability in wet and dry seasons. Wet and dry season SST co‐vary significantly at multi‐decadal timescales, and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) explains the majority of variability in both seasons. A newly reconstructed wet season IPO index was compared to other IPO reconstructions, showing significant long‐term agreement with varying amplitude of negative IPO signals based on geographic location. Dry season SST also correlates to sea level pressure anomalies and the East Asian Winter Monsoon, although with an inverse relationship from established interannual behavior, as previously seen with an ocean circulation proxy from the same coral. Centennial‐scale variability in wet and dry season SST shows 300 years of near simultaneous changes, with an abrupt decoupling of the records around 1900, after which the dry season continues a long‐term cooling trend while the wet season remains almost constant. Climate model simulations indicate greenhouse gases as the largest contributor to the decoupling of the wet and dry season SSTs and demonstrate increased heat advection to the western South China Sea in the wet season, potentially disrupting the covariance in seasonal SST.

Organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles and surface seawater in the western South China Sea

Seven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particles and surface seawater were observed during a cruise in the western South China Sea (SCS) in 2014. The median concentrations of ∑OPEs were 688 pg/m3 and 5.55 ng/L for particle and seawater samples, respectively. Total OPEs were dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The spatial distribution of OPEs indicates that the OPEs in particle phase were mainly influenced by the air masses originating from China, Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, showing the significant contribution of anthropogenic sources from these regions. Significant positive correlations between Tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) and organic carbon (P < 0.05) in particle phase over the western SCS suggests that it might be a potential tracer for the source regions of Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The spatial distribution of OPEs in seawater was contributed by freshwater inputs associating with variations of human activities as well as salinity. Seawater pollution levels of OPEs in the eastern coast of Vietnam were increased compared to those measured in the northern SCS. The loadings of ∑OPEs transported to the vast area of western SCS vias atmospheric deposition and air−seawater gas exchange were estimated to be 59 tons/year and 105 tons/year, respectively. This work highlights the importance of transport processes and air-seawater interface behavior of OPEs in the oceanic area.