Vietnamese Participants Research Articles

Adapting teaching practices and enhancing intercultural competence: student teachers’ experiences in an international exchange program

Purpose This study aims to examine how participation in international exchange programs influences both the teaching practices and intercultural competence of student teachers. Focusing on the experiences of Vietnamese participants in Thailand, the study explores how these educators adapted their teaching methods in response to cross-cultural challenges and developed essential intercultural skills through immersion in a new educational environment. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative case study approach, this research highlights the transformative experiences of 13 Vietnamese student teachers who participated in a three-week exchange program in Thailand. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and reflective journals to capture rich insights into how the exchange shaped their teaching practices and intercultural competence. Findings The findings indicate that the program significantly impacted participants’ teaching practices, as they adapted their instructional strategies to better meet the needs of diverse students and manage cross-cultural classroom dynamics. In addition, participants demonstrated growth in intercultural competence, developing greater empathy, flexibility and cultural sensitivity. These skills not only improved their teaching but also enabled them to engage more effectively with students from different cultural backgrounds. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of how short-term international experiences can lead to both pedagogical transformations and the development of intercultural competence in a global educational context. It underscores the necessity of incorporating structured intercultural training within teacher education programs to better prepare educators for the complexities of teaching in culturally diverse settings.

Mental health literacy and the public perception of persons with depression and schizophrenia in Vietnam.

Vietnam's mental health care system is undergoing significant changes since the government has initiated large-scale programs to reform and develop the mental health care infrastructure. Cultural belief systems on mental illnesses influence help-seeking behavior and compliance. This study investigates the belief systems about people with schizophrenia and depression among people living in the Hanoi area. 1077 Vietnamese participants answered two open-ended questions after reading an unlabeled vignette describing a character with the symptoms of schizophrenia or depression. The answers were analyzed using thematic analysis. Of all participants, 88,4% associated the presented cases with a mental illness, with 91,5% in the case of schizophrenia and 85,1% in the case of depression, so both disorders were conceptualized as mental illnesses. 18,6% mentioned depression when presented with the depression vignette, while only 3,6% recognized schizophrenia in the schizophrenia condition. Almost 9 out of 10 participants considered the presented cases as an example of mental illness, suggesting a high mental health awareness among our participants. The majority did not identify the presented cases as examples of schizophrenia or depression, reflecting little familiarity with Western mental health concepts. It could be interpreted as a sign of relatively low mental health literacy among the study participants.

Housing instability and concern about firearm victimisation among Asian Americans

BackgroundRising costs of living, coupled with housing shortages across the USA, have made housing instability a key issue over the past few years. Alongside this problem has also been a...

Media exposure and prevention behaviours in the emerging phase of a disease outbreak: a comparative study of two countries with different media systems

ABSTRACT Drawing on the health risk communication literature, this study examined the associations between mass media exposure, social media exposure, fear, risk perception, and mask wearing and staying-at-home behaviours in the initial stages of the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Data were collected in two countries: the United States (N = 590) and Vietnam (N = 360). A multi-group path model using structural equation modelling was conducted to analyse the data. Results showed that social media exposure was positively associated with risk perception and prevention behaviours for the Vietnamese participants. American participants’ adoption of prevention behaviours was positively associated with fear, risk perception, and consumption of disease information via both mass media and social media. Findings indicated that distinctiveness in risk communication approaches and media systems between the two countries might differently impact risk perception at the onset of the pandemic.

Ethnic disparities in perceived racism, patient-provider communication and healthcare utilization: Asian Americans

ABSTRACT Background Race is a consequential sociocultural cue in healthcare contexts. Racism is associated with health disparities by influencing patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services. Objective This study aimed to investigate how Asian American subgroups differ in their perception of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in healthcare settings and whether these perceptions predict their interactions with their health care providers and their utilization of healthcare services. Methods An online survey study was conducted. ANOVA tests were employed to compare the differences in perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system among Filipino (N = 310), Japanese (N = 242), Chinese (N = 287), Asian Indian (N = 304), Korean (N = 199) and Vietnamese (N = 151) participants. Multiple regression analyses assessed whether perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system predicted healthcare service utilization and patient-provider communication among the Asian subgroups sampled. Results There were significant group differences in perceived everyday racism (F = 8.56, p < .001), internalized racism (F = 3.46, p < .01), perceived racism in healthcare (F = 4.57, p < .001). Perceptions of racism and socioeconomic variables were found to predict patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services disparately across various Asian subgroups. For instance, the perception of everyday racism was a significant predictor of patient-provider communication for each of the subgroups, excluding the Vietnamese participants. Internalized racism was a significant predictor only for Filipino and Chinese participants. Surprisingly, perceived racism in healthcare was not a predictor for any of the subgroups. Conclusion Findings highlight the complex interplay of sociodemographic factors and perceived racism in shaping patient-provider communication and healthcare service utilization within the Asian American community. Implications are suggested for addressing the unique challenges faced by different Asian American subgroups and for promoting equitable healthcare access and fostering positive patient-provider relationships among the Asian American subgroups.

Using ChatGPT for second language writing: Experiences and perceptions of EFL learners in Thailand and Vietnam

This study explored the experiences and perceptions of Thai and Vietnamese EFL learners regarding the use of ChatGPT for second language (L2) writing. It aimed to contribute to the ongoing discourse on using generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) tools to enhance L2 writing skills. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design with quantitative data gathered from 357 survey respondents from three educational institutions in Thailand and Vietnam and qualitative data from 16 interviewees from the same group of respondents, this study found that ChatGPT was perceived positively for L2 writing. Participants in the study found it a valuable tool for L2 writing, where its ability to generate ideas, provide examples, and gather necessary information is highly valued. Student-related factors such as relevance, usefulness, and engagement significantly influenced the participants’ perceptions of the tool. Regarding the differences in perceptions, the Vietnamese participants showed a higher level of perception than their Thai counterparts. In terms of practices in using the tool for L2 writing, participants mainly used ChatGPT for brainstorming, organizing ideas, refining outlines, clarifying concepts, and editing their drafts for appropriateness and accuracy. Implications of these findings for curriculum design, L2 writing instruction, and teacher professional development are discussed.

Abstract A064: Patient-provider trust and immigration experiences and h. pylori knowledge among Asian Americans

Abstract Background: Asian Americans experience a disproportionately higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. However, there persists limited awareness about H. pylori infection and the associated factors among this population. Methods: To assess the level of H. pylori-related knowledge and its association with immigration and provider-related factors, we conducted a cross-sectional pilot study involving 131 Asian American individuals aged 30-75 in the greater Philadelphia and NYC areas. Participants administered a questionnaire covering topics including migration experiences, provider characteristics, medical encounters, and other relevant covariates. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the relationship between these factors and H. pylori knowledge scores. Results: Among all participants, 78% (102/131) were not racially concordant with their PCP, and 39% (51/131) had limited English proficiency. Vietnamese participants had the highest mean H. pylori knowledge score (10.8, SD: 1.4), followed by Chinese (7.2, SD: 4.7) and Korean (5.7, SD: 4.4). In the crude model, racial concordance with PCPs showed a positive relationship (IRR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14–1.56) with knowledge scores, while length of immigration demonstrated a weak negative relationship (IRR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99). In the adjusted model, personal health experiences (aIRR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.10–1.54) and patient-provider communication (aIRR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43–2.06) as key determinants of H. pylori knowledge. Conclusion: H. pylori knowledge in Asian Americans is influenced by immigration experiences and the trust between patients and providers, which affects information exchange, medical comprehension, and treatment adherence. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving H. pylori knowledge within the Asian American community should prioritize fostering trust between patients and their healthcare providers. This trust serves as a crucial foundation for facilitating informed decision-making and implementing preventive measures against gastric cancer. Citation Format: Zhiqing E. Liu, Jerry Kai-Chun Fu, Wenyue Lu, Phuong Do, Kathy Zhou, Ellen Kim, Yin Tan, Lin Zhu, Grace X. Ma. Patient-provider trust and immigration experiences and h. pylori knowledge among Asian Americans [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A064.

The IoT Revolution: Redefining Online Relationships and Social Network Expansion

Although the Internet of Things (IoT) has been acknowledged to significantly affect the nature of human interaction, the associations between IoT technologies and aspects of social bonds between humans are still underexplored. This study examined the extent to which the IoT shapes online social interactions in the Vietnamese context. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 384 Vietnamese participants. Data were projected onto structural equation modelling to test the hypothesised relationships between perceived social presence (PS), media richness of IoT, quality of online relationships, and online social network expansion. The results show positive correlations between IoT richness, quality of human relationships and social media use. PS was significantly related to online social network expansion, but it could not predict the quality of bonds between social media users. The findings suggest that the IoT is designed and developed to enable meaningful social connections, expanding human knowledge of how IoT influences online social interactions.

A Systematic Review of Interventions to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Immigrant Vietnamese Women.

Vietnamese women have a higher incidence rate of cervical cancer and are less likely to have ever been screened for cervical cancer than their White counterparts in the US. This review synthesizes findings from published interventions to promote cervical cancer screening in this vulnerable population. Articles were identified through a systematic search of PsycInfo, Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials in October 2022. Articles were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal, written in English, included one or more interventions promoting cervical cancer screening, assessed at least one outcome relevant to screening, and included a sample of ≥ 70% Vietnamese participants. Quality assessment scores were computed using the Downs and Black Checklist. Fifteen articles met review inclusion criteria. Studies were, on average, of good quality. Most studies were conducted in the US (n = 12), used a quasi-experimental design (n = 9), and employed multiple intervention strategies (n = 12). Intervention strategies included educational sessions, lay health worker (LHW) outreach, small media, mass media, patient navigation, and community or healthcare-based strategies. The most common study outcomes were screening intention and receipt. All but two studies reported improved cervical cancer screening outcomes following intervention. Findings support the effectiveness of multicomponent culturally tailored interventions to improve cervical cancer screening outcomes in immigrant Vietnamese women. Further research is needed to determine whether these interventions will be as successful in non-US countries and to address broader community- and healthcare-based factors in screening.

Divergent immune profiles in distinct populations - A vietnamese-german comparison

The human immune system exhibits fascinating diversity, sculpted by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental influences. This study delves into these complexities by comparing the immunological landscapes of healthy individuals from distinct backgrounds: 40 Vietnamese and 24 German participants. Our comprehensive analysis, encompassing 42 lymphocyte populations and 17 cytokines, reveals profound differences in immune profiles between these two populations. Utilizing multicolor flow cytometry and advanced analytical platforms, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of the cellular and molecular components of individual immune systems. Statistical analyses revealed highly significant differences (p < 0.05) between Vietnamese and German cohorts in 33 out of 42 lymphocyte populations and 15 out of 17 cytokines. These disparities encompassed a wide range of immune cell subsets, including T, B and NK cells and involved both activating and inhibitory immune regulators. Healthy Vietnamese subjects exhibited significantly higher numbers of B, T and NK cells compared to their German counterparts. Vietnamese participants displayed higher proportions of plasma cells, immature B cells, and B cells with low CD21 expression (CD21low), which have a phenotypic characteristic of chronic stimulation. Of the 16 subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations, 11 were significantly elevated in Vietnamese compared to German subjects. Additionally, Vietnamese participants expressed higher proportions of markers for functional and activating NK receptors, indicating the presence of highly cytotoxic NK cells in this population. Almost all of the 17 cytokines examined were significantly lower in Vietnamese subjects. These results demonstrate statistically significant variations in immunological profiles between healthy individuals from Eastern and Western populations. Our findings suggest that caution should be exercised when applying Western reference health profiles to Eastern subjects in clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of considering population-specific immune profiles in clinical and research contexts, particularly when evaluating immunological parameters across diverse ethnic groups.

Self-Efficacy, Task Value and Metacognitive Self-Regulation as Predictors of Vietnamese High School English Learners’ Achievement

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which self-efficacy, task value, and metacognitive self-regulation predict Vietnamese high school students’ English language achievement. In this quantitative study, 403 Vietnamese participants were requested to fill out the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire to measure self-efficacy, task value and metacognitive self-regulation. The English language achievement was measured by the students’ self-reported final grades. In order to analyse the data, multiple regression analysis was used. The results revealed that self-efficacy, task value and metacognitive self-regulation were positively correlated with English language achievement and they significantly predict English language achievement when they were taken together as a set. Moreover, the results showed that self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of language achievement at an individual level.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE PROTOTYPE STRUCTURES

Categorisation is a central issue in Cognitive Linguistics, which is argued to be one of the primary principles of conceptual and linguistic organisation (Croft &amp; Cruse, 2004). Classical categorisation and the prototype theory are two general approaches to categorisation. Since the classical categorisation approach was claimed to have certain drawbacks, most linguists working within the experimentalist mode of explanation use prototype categorisation as their primary way to account for their data. However, is the way people categorise items around them consistent across different cultures? This paper attempts to shed light on the answer to this question by comparing the prototype structures of four categories - bird, furniture, fruit, and vehicle - between English and Vietnamese. In order to find out the similarities and differences, the questionnaire data from 92 Vietnamese participants were collected to survey their rating of the goodness of exemplars. The data were then analysed by Google Form and compared to the available data from English respondents in the previous study of Rosch and Mervis (1975). Results revealed that the prototype structures were similar and different across the two cultures. That is why the teaching and learning of vocabulary should take into account cultural sensitivity.

Examining social media influence's role in the TPB model for young Vietnamese visiting green hotels

ABSTRACT This research investigates the moderating impact of social media influence within the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model for 636 young Vietnamese participants’ desire to visit green hotels. The findings validate all assumptions in the TPB model, suggesting that subject norms and green perceived values positively affect views toward green hotels and visit intention. However, attitudes about green hotels were found to have a detrimental impact on visit intent. Social media influence was found to moderate these relationships. In particular, social media influence negatively moderates the relationships between attitudes toward green hotels, green perceived values, and visit intention. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between social media influence and the TPB model for young Vietnamese tourists’ intention to visit green hotels. The results suggest the need for marketers and policymakers to leverage social media to promote positive subject norms and enhance intention.

Normative values in healthy adults for the 6-minute and 2-minute walk tests in Belgium and Vietnam: implications for clinical practice.

To establish reference values for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 2-minute walk test (2MWT) distances, to investigate the correlation between these 2 tests, and to establish prediction equations for these distances in healthy populations of Belgium and Vietnam. Cross-sectional study. The 6MWT and 2MWT were administered to a convenience sample of 239 Belgian and 303 Vietnamese participants between the ages of 18 and 80 years. The mean (standard deviation; SD) 2MWT distances were 215 (32.8) m for Belgian participants and 156 (25.5) m for Vietnamese participants. The mean (SD) 6MWT distances were 625 (90.7) m for Belgian participants and 449 (70.4) m for Vietnamese participants. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the 2 tests was 0.901 (p < 0.001) for Belgian participants and 0.871 (p < 0.001) for Vietnamese participants. Age and sex were the 2 most important predictors of walking distance, followed by body mass index for Belgium and height for Vietnam. The adjusted R² ranged from 0.31 to 0.49 across 4 predictive equations. These results can be used to determine the presence of walking performance deficits and to guide future studies. The 2MWT is suggested as a useful and convenient alternative to the 6MWT for assessing walking performance in clinical practice.

Vietnamese consumer's perspective on green beauty care products: Exploring the impact of animal welfare concerns and skepticism toward green advertising

Green consumers increasingly consider animal welfare (AW) in their decision-making, demonstrating a growing awareness of ethical considerations beyond conventional environmental concerns. However, with an increase in greenwashing, skepticism has grown among consumers. Regardless of manufacturers' efforts to enhance consumer awareness via green advertising, consumer skepticism toward these advertisements creates doubt and consequently reduces positive attitudes and intentions to buy green products. This study investigated the variables that impact Vietnamese consumers' decision-making processes toward green beauty care products. Specifically, we focused on the role of AW concerns and skepticism toward green advertising. For this study, we adopted the timulus-response organism (SOR) framework, which is known for its ability to analyze the impact of environmental stimuli (S) on personal perceptions (O), leading to specific responses (R). We elucidated the relationship between concern for AW and green advertising skepticism (GAS) as stimulus factors, green brand trust (GBT) and attitude toward green products (ATT) as organism factors, and three sub-dimensions of behavioral intentions (BI): green purchase intention (GPI), word-of-mouth (WOM), and willingness to pay (WPP) as response factors. We explored the mediating effect of ATT on the relationship between GAS-GPI and AW-GPI. This study involved 386 Vietnamese participants surveyed using convenience sampling. Smart PLS v3.2.9 software was used to analyze the data using structural equation modeling. The hypothesis test using PLS-SEM confirmed that (a) GBT had a positive effect on BI and ATT; (b) ATT had a positive effect on BI; (c) GAS had a negative effect on GBT and WPP, but not on GPI and WOM; and (d) AW had a positive effect on GPI and WOM, but not on ATT and WPP. Surprisingly, this study found insufficient statistical evidence to support the mediating role of ATT in the relationship between GAS-GPI and AW-GPI. This study highlights the importance of integrated advertising and education campaigns in increasing customer awareness toward green products and the significance of comprehending the cultural context when developing marketing strategies, especially in emerging markets such as Vietnam, where environmental concerns are skeptical and AW issues are relatively new. The study delved into the Vietnam market and specifically examined beauty care products labeled as “not tested on animals.” Additionally, we addressed a gap in the existing research by investigating the combined influence of AW concerns and GAS on the formation of green behavioral intentions (GBI).

Toward Sustaining Web-Based Senior Center Programming Accessibility With and for Older Adult Immigrants: Community-Based Participatory Research Cross-Sectional Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many community-based organizations serving Asian Americans pivoted to provide web-based care and social services. Asian American community leaders in the United States Pacific Northwest, including Asian Health & Service Center expressed that there are older immigrant adults who experienced backlash from discrimination, fear, and anxiety owing in part to anti-Asian hate and isolation, including from infection precautions. Pivoting supported staying safe from COVID-19 transmission and anti-Asian hate crimes. This study aims to examine the readiness of diverse groups of older Asian American immigrant adults (Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese) to use a web-based senior center, including technology access and telehealth use, and to identify the psychosocial health impacts that a web-based senior center could be positioned to meet. A community-based participatory research approach was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey study in an Asian-based health and service center in 2022. We selected surveys from the National Institutes of Health-supported PhenX Toolkit. Analyses were performed using R software. There was an 88.2% (216/245) response rate. Overall, 39.8% (86/216) of participants were Chinese, 25% (54/216) were Korean, and 24.5% (53/216) were Vietnamese. There were significant group differences in mobile data plans (P=.0005). Most had an unlimited mobile data plan (38/86, 44% Chinese; 39/54, 72% Koreans; 25/53, 47% Vietnamese). Significant group differences existed regarding whether they started using a new electronic device to communicate with friends or family after the COVID-19 outbreak (P=.0005); most were Korean participants (31/54, 57%). For written text and audio or video apps, most Chinese participants used WeChat (65/85, 76%; 57/84, 68%, respectively), most Koreans used KakaoTalk (49/54, 91%; 49/54, 91%, respectively), and most Vietnamese used Facebook Messenger for written text (32/50, 64%) and Apple Face Time (33/50, 66%) or Facebook Messenger (31/50, 62%) for audio or video. Significant group differences existed regarding whether to try telehealth (P=.0005); most Vietnamese expressed that they would never consider it (41/53, 77%). Significant group differences existed regarding how well they were able to concentrate (χ22=44.7; P<.0001); Chinese participants reported a greater inability (median 5, IQR 4-6). With regard to difficulties in life experiences (χ22=51; P<.0001), the median was 6 (IQR 5-7) for the Vietnamese group. Significant group differences existed in having had a family/household member's salary, hours, and contracts reduced (P=.0005) and having had a family/household member or friend fallen physically ill (P=.0005)-most Vietnamese (15/53, 28%) and Korean participants (10/53, 19%). To build an efficacious, web-based senior center with web-based care and social service options, more older adults need access to the internet and education about using technology-enabled communication devices. Addressing the unique psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on each group could improve health equity. The strength of the participating older adults was observed and honored.

Determinants of the intention to increase vegetable consumption in Vietnam and Switzerland

Increasing vegetable consumption can result in health benefits. In this context, this study aimed to identify predictors of the intention to increase vegetable consumption. Online surveys were carried out in Switzerland and Vietnam between November and December of 2022. Multiple regression analyses were applied to a sample of 1259 consumers to examine the factors affecting the intention to increase vegetable consumption. The results indicate that, in both countries, the intention to increase vegetable intake was positively influenced by the perceived vulnerability of insufficient vegetable intake and the self-efficacy of eating more vegetables. Furthermore, higher levels of employment among participants strengthened the intention to increase vegetable consumption. Heterogeneity among the studied countries was also observed. While the Swiss participants' intention to eat more vegetables was affected by familial hindering, the intention of the Vietnamese participants towards more vegetable intake was positively related to their interest in animal welfare. The variables response cost of eating more vegetables and biological sex were significant in the Vietnamese sample. We conclude that, for both countries improving consumers’ self-efficacy can result in increased vegetable consumption. Campaigns aiming to generate knowledge and improve cooking skills were suggested. The findings contribute to the current literature on sustainable and healthy food consumption.

Differences in subjective responses to traffic-induced vibration and noise in buildings between Vietnamese and Japanese participants

Differences in subjective responses to traffic-induced vibration and noise in buildings between Vietnamese and Japanese participants

A comparison of subjective responses to simultaneous traffic-induced vibration and noise in buildings between Japanese and Vietnamese participants

Vibration and noise are the major environmental problems and the main causes of many adverse effects on the living environment. Up to now, only a few studies have compared the subjective responses due to simultaneous vibration and noise in buildings induced by traffic between two different national participants. This paper investigated the subjective responses to simultaneous vibration and noise with two groups of participants: Japanese and Vietnamese who were studying in Japan. They were exposed to 31 stimuli consisting of six levels of noise and five magnitudes of vibration from conventional and high-speed Shinkansen railways, and road traffic. They were asked to rate their levels of discomfort on a seven-ordinal scale. Finally, the difference between the two groups of participants in subjective responses to combined exposures was shown.

A Cross-Cultural Study on the Role of Message Framing in the Promotion of Fair-Trade Buying Behavior

This cross-cultural study investigates the differential effects of message framing techniques in promoting fair-trade consumption between Eastern and Western cultures. A total of 414 Vietnamese participants from Vietnam and 342 American participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk were randomly assigned to two message framing conditions. It emphasizes the interconnected nature of fair-trade consumption behavior, influenced by message framing, processing fluency, and justice restoration effectiveness. The findings provide practical insights for marketers in effectively engaging consumers in purchasing fair-trade products. This study contributes to the literature by illuminating the impact of message framing strategies on consumer behavior toward fair-trade products in different cultural contexts. Marketers can leverage cultural orientations and message processing styles to develop more effective communication strategies for promoting fair-trade product adoption. Specifically, loss-framed messages may be more persuasive in increasing purchase intention among Vietnamese consumers, while gain-framed messages may resonate better with American consumers. Additionally, messages emphasizing the positive outcomes and benefits of fair-trade products for farmers and producers can enhance consumers’ likelihood of purchasing such products.