CISG Research Articles

Specific Performance – and the International Unification of Sales Law

Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of contract law to regulate the entitlement to performance in kind, but there is still no generally accepted solution. The Vienna Sales Convention, like its predecessors, resolves the question by a quasi-conflict of laws rule, essentially making the award of specific performance dependent upon the law of the forum, thereby undermining the results of unification. Other sources, such as the UNIDROIT Principles, provide autonomous rules that specify in detail the conditions under which it may be claimed. The Draft Common European Sales Law, continues to attach primary importance to the provision of performance in kind, obviously also bearing in mind the interests of consumers.

Serious Deficiencies in the Drafting of Article 71 of the CISG on Suspension Due to Prospective Impairment of Contract Expectations

N/A

Price Reduction in Vienna Sales Convention and Compatibility Check in Sale of Goods Act of Pakistan

Price reduction is one of the civil law remedies incorporated in the Vienna sales convention. On the other hand, Pakistan is neither the signatory of the convention nor its national sales law posses this remedy. Therefore a research is highly required to fill this vacuum and find out a solution for international buyer who is involved in trade with parties in Pakistan. Thus the study aims to investigate the suitability of price reduction in compatibility with existing legal regime. The study reveals the raison d'être in contract making via relative analysis of the existence of price reduction as an assurance for performance and certainty. The results depict that adding price reduction as remedy will be a good legal cover to the buyer's claims and a better response to the business practices in Pakistan. Especially, where the buyer is facing difficulties to prove his loss he may simply opt to reduce the price. Hence, study recommends that introducing the 'price reduction' as a remedy in the local legal system will enhance the confidence of a commercial buyer from the international community. Keywords: Sale of Goods, CISG, Price Reduction, Remedy.

Uniform Interpretation: Notice of Nonconformity

This Article is about uniform interpretation as it pertains to the nonconformity notices under CISG Article 39.1 Article 39, which is one of the most heavily-litigated provisions of the CISG, provides in relevant part:2 The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it.I will focus chiefly on two aspects of Article 39(1): (1) what constitutes a “reasonable time” within which buyers must notify sellers of a “lack of conformity” and (2) what level of specification is required to establish “the nature of the lack of conformity.”

Conceptualization of Breach of Contract under the Vienna Sales Convention and Sale of Goods Act of Pakistan

The Vienna Sales Convention or CISG is an amalgamation of civil law and common law. Moreover,it is relatively a modern document when compared with the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (SOGA) of Pakistan,which is an offshoot of common law. The remedial measures available to the parties contracting for the sale of goods under both regimes are somehow different. Because, the basic concept of a breach in a contract is a major variable in each instrument, if evaluated from various angles. The fundamental scheme applied here is to find the common legal provisions, similarities and differences on the concept of the breach. The comparative analysis shows that similar contractual obligations lead to dissimilarities in remedies under different laws.

CISG상 매도인의 도래된 이행의무의 위반에 따른 매수인의 이행정지권에 관한 연구

CISG상 매도인의 도래된 이행의무의 위반에 따른 매수인의 이행정지권에 관한 연구

국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약상 이자청구권에 관한 연구

국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약상 이자청구권에 관한 연구

Can a Change of Circumstances Qualify as an Impediment under Article 79 of the CISG?

Can a Change of Circumstances Qualify as an Impediment under Article 79 of the CISG?

CISG에서의 매도인의 추완권에 대한 연구 : UCC에서의 매도인 추완권과의 비교검토를 중심으로

CISG에서 규정하고 있는 매도인의 추완권에 대하여 살펴보았다. 매도인의 추완권은 대륙법계를 따르고 있는 우리 계약책임법에서는 인정하지 않는 권리이기 때문에 우리에게는 생소한 개념이다. CISG의 매도인 추완권은 미국의 UCC의 매도인 추완권을 도입한 것으로, 이 권리는 계약유지의 원칙에 입각하고 있다. 따라서 CISG의 매도인 추완권을 제대로 이해하기 위해서는 UCC § 2-508의 매도인 추완권에 대한 이해가 우선되어야 한다.BR UCC § 2-508는 제1항에서 이행기 이전의 추완권으로서 상대적으로 무조건적인 권리를, 제2항에서 이행기 이후의 추완권을 규정하고 있다. 제1항의 권리가 상대적인 무조건적인 권리로 평가받는 것은 제2항에 따른 이행기 이후의 추완이 세 가지 요건을 충족하는 경우에만 인정되기 때문이다. 요건을 충족하였는지 여부에 대한 판단을 돕기 위하여 UCC 공식 주석서에서 몇 가지 방향을 제시하고 있다. 매도인은 그의 제공이 수령될 것이라고 믿는 합리적인 근거를 가지고 있었어야 한다는 요건과 관련하여 주석서는 합리적인 근거의 존부는 이전의 거래과정, 이행과정 또는 무역관행 및 그 계약 체결을 둘러싼 특수한 상황에 기초하여 판단하여야 할 것을 제언하고 있다. UCC § 2-508이 물건이 가지는 하자의 심각성이 매도인 추완권에 영향을 미치는지 여부에 대해서는 명확하게 규정하고 있지 않기 때문에 법원의 견해가 엇갈리고 있으나, 서로 다른 판단은 법원이 유사한 상황에서 서로 다른 법리를 채택한 것으로 평가할 것이 아니라 두 사건에서 각자 상황에 맞는 형평을 추구한 것으로 평가할 수 있겠다.BR 이러한 UCC의 매도인 추완권을 반영한 CISG는 그 권리의 범위와 대상을 보다 확대하였다는 평가를 받고 있다. 매도인 추완권을 행사할 수 있는 매도인의 범위에 대한 제한이 없으며, 이행지체를 제외한 어떠한 하자에 대해서도 추완권을 행사할 수 있다고 해석되기 때문이다. CISG는 UCC와 달리 이행기 이전의 추완권은 제37조에서, 이행기 이후의 추완권은 제48조에서 별도로 규정하고 있다. 이행기 이후의 매도인 추완권은 해석상 본질적 계약위반과의 관계가 논의되고 있다. 한 조약에 규정되어 있는 조문의 조화로운 해석을 위하여 본질적 계약위반의 성립 요건인 ‘실질적 박탈 정도의 손실’의 존부를 판단함에 있어 매도인의 추완 가능성 내지는 추완 기대가능성을 하나의 요소로서 고려하는 것이 타당할 것이다.BR CISG의 매도인 추완권은 영미법상의 계약유지 원칙을 반영하여 UCC의 매도인 추완권보다 발전적인 형태를 채택하고 있다. 대륙법계에 있는 국가들 역시 이러한 추세를 반영한 개정입법을 마련하고 있다. 우리나라는 대륙법계를 따르고 있어 매도인 추완권을 수용하지는 않았고, 영미와 다른 계약책임구조를 채택하고 있다. 그러나 그 권리가 기초하고 있는 여러 가지 선진적인 법정신은 우리나라의 계약책임제도에도 시사하는 바가 크다고 생각한다.

Genetic structure and diversity of the koala population in South Gippsland, Victoria: a remnant population of high conservation significance

In the Australian state of Victoria, the history of koalas and their management has resulted in the homogenisation and reduction of genetic diversity in many contemporary populations. Decreased genetic diversity may reduce a species’ ability to adapt to future environmental pressures such as climate change or disease. The South Gippsland koala population is considered to be unique in Victoria, as it is believed to be a remnant population, not originating from managed populations that have low genetic variation. This study investigated genetic structure and diversity of koalas in South Gippsland, with comparison to other populations in Victoria (French Island/Cape Otway, FI and Raymond Island, RI), New South Wales and south east Queensland. Population analyses were undertaken using both microsatellite genotype and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Non-invasive sampling of koala scats was used to source koala DNA, allowing 222 South Gippsland koalas to be genotyped. Using nuclear data the South Gippsland koala population was found to be significantly differentiated (Djost 95% CI SG–RI = 0.03–0.06 and SG–FI = 0.08–012) and more diverse (AR 95% CI SG = 4.7–5.6, RI = 3.1–3.3, FI = 3.0–3.3; p = 0.001) than other Victorian koala populations, supporting the premise that koalas in the South Gippsland region are part of a remnant population, not derived from translocated island stock. These results were also supported by mitochondrial data where eight haplotypes (Pc4, Pc17, Pc26, Pc27, and Pc56–Pc59) were identified in South Gippsland while a single haplotype (Pc27) was found in all island koalas tested. Compared to other Victorian koala populations, greater genetic diversity found in South Gippsland koalas, may provide this population with a greater chance of survival in the face of future environmental pressures. The South Gippsland koala population is, therefore, of high conservation significance, warranting the implementation of strategies to conserve this population and its diversity into the future.

A Comparative Study on the Article 51 and 73, CISG: Focusing on the Art. 51(1) and 73(1), CISG

A Comparative Study on the Article 51 and 73, CISG: Focusing on the Art. 51(1) and 73(1), CISG

A Study on the Effects of Avoidance of the Contract under CISG in the Cases of Each Country

A Study on the Effects of Avoidance of the Contract under CISG in the Cases of Each Country

Contract validity in the PICC (and their potential interplay with the CISG)

Contract validity in the PICC (and their potential interplay with the CISG)

A study on the obligation to take delivery and co-operate under CISG

A study on the obligation to take delivery and co-operate under CISG

THE ATTITUDE OF OHADA LAW COUNTRIES TOWARDS THE CISG

Disparities in national laws are likely to result in uncertainty which, in turn, creates obstacles to international commerce. It is acknowledged that strong investment flows cannot be achieved without a secure legal and commercial environment. Mindful of such a need, states decided to harmonise sales law internationally. To this end, in 1980 they adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods known as the Vienna Sales Convention or the CISG. The CISG has led a number of countries, including the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) law states, to modernise their local sales law. However, only three of 17 countries that constitute the OHADA community have ratified the CISG. OHADA law countries give the impression of favouring a more regional approach to the unification of sales law rather than the CISG’s global approach by implementing a local Commercial Uniform Act. Their indifference towards the CISG is not without consequences for commerce in the OHADA region. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lack of ratification of a universal convention, as for example the CISG, poses a danger to commercial dealings. It also intends to show that the CISG is not hostile to regional uniform sales laws of the OHADA Commercial Uniform Act type. It concludes that OHADA countries do not need to be afraid of their acceptance of the CISG and recommends that it be ratified.

Battle of the forms under the CISG – one or more solutions?

Battle of the forms under the CISG – one or more solutions?

A Study on the Impediment in CISG and Related Cases

A Study on the Impediment in CISG and Related Cases

Ohada Law Countries vs. The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention

Disparities in national laws are likely to result in uncertainty which, in turn, create obstacles in international commerce. In effect, it is acknowledged that a strong investment cannot be achieved without a secure legal and commercial environment. Mindful of such a need, states decided to harmonise business law internationally. To this end, they adopted the Vienna sales Convention (‘the CISG’), in 1980. The CISG has led a number of countries, including African OHADA law states, to modernise their local sales law. However, only three of seventeen countries that form the OHADA community have ratified the CISG. OHADA law countries give the impression of favouring a more regional approach to the unification of sales law rather than the CISG’s global approach by implementing a local Commercial Uniform Act. Their indifference towards the CISG is not without consequences on commerce in the OHADA region. So, this paper intends to demonstrate that the lack of ratification of a universal convention, as for example the CISG, is dangerous for commercial dealings. It also intends to show that the CISG is not hostile to regional uniform sales laws of the kind of the OHADA Commercial Uniform Act. It ends then with a statement that OHADA countries do not need to be afraid of their acceptance of the CISG and recommends it for ratification.

Attorney’s Fees under the CISG: Stemcor Does Not Disagree with Zapata

Attorney’s Fees under the CISG: Stemcor Does Not Disagree with Zapata

A Study on CIETAC Case about Acceptance with Different Terms - Focus on CISG -

A Study on CIETAC Case about Acceptance with Different Terms - Focus on CISG -