Videotape Replay Research Articles

Motor Learning and the Use of Videotape Feedback After Stroke

Background: Efforts have been made to apply motor learning theories to the rehabilitation of individuals following stroke. Motor learning poststroke has not been well investigated in the literature. This research attempted to fill the gap regarding motor learning applied to practice. Purpose: This two-group research study attempted to determine the effectiveness of an experimental therapy combining videotape feedback with occupational therapy compared to only occupational therapy in learning the motor skill of donning socks and shoes after stroke. Method: Ten participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups and all participants were videotaped during pretest and up to 10 treatment sessions aimed at donning socks and shoes. Only one group viewed their videotape replay. The acquisition of donning socks and shoes was measured using the socks and shoes subtests of the Klein-Bell Activities of Daily Living Scale and their scores on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups and both groups improved. However, the group that received videotape feedback thought they performed better and were more satisfied with their ability to don shoes, lending support for the use of videotape feedback poststroke to improve satisfaction with performance.

Accuracy of Visual Estimates of Joint Angle and Angular Velocity Using Criterion Movements

A descriptive study to document undergraduate physical education majors' (22.8 +/- 2.4 yr. old) estimates of sagittal plane elbow angle and angular velocity of elbow flexion visually was performed. 42 subjects rated videotape replays of 30 movements organized into three speeds of movement and two criterion elbow angles. Video images of the movements were analyzed with Peak Motus to measure actual values of elbow angles and peak angular velocity. Of the subjects 85.7% had speed ratings significantly correlated with true peak elbow angular velocity in all three angular velocity conditions. Few (16.7%) subjects' ratings of elbow angle correlated significantly with actual angles. Analysis of the subjects with good ratings showed the accuracy of visual ratings was significantly related to speed, with decreasing accuracy for slower speeds of movement. The use of criterion movements did not improve the small percentage of novice observers who could accurately estimate body angles during movement.

Verbal instruction for correcting errors versus such instructions plus videotape replay on learning the overhand throw.

The influence of two methods of providing information to women, ages 19 to 22 years who were novices and learning the overhand throw with the nondominant arm, was examined. One group received verbal information on correcting errors, and a second group received the same information immediately prior to viewing a videotaped replay of a just completed throw. Performance was assessed quantitatively with respect to outcome (distance thrown) and qualitatively with respect to throwing form as measured on a 7-point rating scale by judges with a working knowledge of the overhand throw and with respect to throwing mechanics rated by a panel of experts in biomechanics using a scale of Leme and Shambes. Although the treatments led to better learning and performance, there was no significant difference between groups for distance thrown on the Leme and Shambes scale in Sessions 1-6 of 10 trials each on Session 7. The mean rating also indicated increased scores for both groups and better retention at posttest by the group receiving only verbal corrections. These results suggest that information provided by adding videotaped replay may be redundant and unnecessary for those in Sessions 1-6.

Circular Questioning and Neutrality: An Investigation of the Process Relationship

This study investigated the possibility that interventive circular questions violate the principle of neutrality advanced by the Milan school as essential to the practice of systemic family therapy. A method for categorizing circular questions as interventive or descriptive was developed to explore neutrality violations. Neutrality was operationalized as client perceptions of therapist side-taking and feelings of discomfort. Immediately after family therapy, individual family members viewed videotape replays of moments when circular questions were posed and rated their perceptions of therapist side-taking and feelings of discomfort for each selected moment. Findings indicated a greater tendency for non-neutrality with interventive questions. Neutrality was also represented as multidimensional through the lack of correlation between side-taking and discomfort ratings.

Maximizing Performance Feedback Effectiveness through Videotape Replay and a Self-Controlled Learning Environment

This study was designed to examine whether participants who could control the schedule of performance feedback (KP) would learn differentially from those who received a rigid feedback schedule while learning a complex task. Participants (N = 48) were randomly assigned to self-controlled KP (SELF), summary KP (SUMMARY), yoked control (YOKE), or knowledge of results only (KR) conditions. Data collection consisted of an acquisition phase and a 4-day retention phase during which right-handed participants performed a left-handed ball throw. Overall, throwing form improved across trial blocks during acquisition, with the SUMMARY, SELF, and YOKE groups showing more improvement than the KR group. During retention, the SELF group retained a higher level of throwing form and accuracy in comparison to the other groups. Results suggest that when given the opportunity to control the feedback environment, learners require relatively less feedback to acquire skills and retain those skills at a level equivalent to or surpassing those who are given more feedback but receive it passively.

Self-Evaluation, Videotape Review, and Dysphoria

Despite dramatic growth in the use of videotape replay in clinical and educational settings, not much is known about how people process information gained from watching themselves on videotape. There is some indication that videotape feedback poses a potential for negative as well as positive impact. Little research exists on the circumstances and individual characteristics which determine the reactions to and effectiveness of videotape review techniques, however. The present study tested hypotheses derived from video review literature and self-awareness theory regarding the effects of viewing oneself on videotape. Forty-six subjects participated in a mock job interview which was videotaped. Approximately 4 days later they evaluated their performance in the interview based on (1) their recollection of the interview, or (2) a review of the videotape. Dysphoric subjects who viewed a videotape of their interview were more critical of their performance than dysphoric subjects who simply recalled their interview; they were also more critical than nondysphoric subjects in either condition. The overly critical self-evaluation during videotape review appears to be specific to individuals who are dysphoric.

Bronchial blood flow measured by video dilution technique in sheep.

Bronchial blood flow was studied with the video dilution technique (VDT) in seven sheep. All animals were anesthetized (thiamylal and halothane) and ventilated. A videodensitometer and a videotape replay of the fluoroscopic image of dye moving through the common bronchial artery were used to construct dye mass vs. time curves. The areas under the curves were inversely proportional to flow in the bronchoesophageal artery, the site of dye injection. At thoracotomy, an electromagnetic flow probe (EMFP) was placed on the common bronchial artery (the major branch of the bronchoesophageal artery) to measure blood flow changes simultaneously by EMFP and by VDT. These two methods of measurement of blood flow to the airways were compared to validate the use of VDT in this circulation. Common bronchial artery blood flow was increased by injection of radiocontrast dye into the fluoroscopically positioned bronchoesophageal artery catheter causing hyperosmotically induced hyperemia. In 160 simultaneous measurements in five sheep, the percent change in flow as measured by EMFP and VDT correlated closely (r = 0.96). When flow changed because of spontaneous aortic pressure changes or pharmacologic intervention (28 simultaneous measurements in five sheep), the percent change in flow by EMFP and VDT also correlated well (r = 0.98). Bronchial blood flow changes in sheep can be measured accurately using the video dilution technique.

Divergence and Convergence in the Causal Attributions of Married Couples

This study addresses the question of whether and to what degree differences between actor and observer are likely to occur in the mutual attributions of married couples regarding the causes of each other's behavior. Specifically, the author investigated the effects of the following on spouses' attributions: the viewing of videotape replays of interactions; the sex of the subject; the target of the attribution (self or spouse); and the valence of the behavior. The data provided by the 40 couples in the study are clearly consistent with the finding of previous research that married couples do exhibit mutual idealizing tendencies in both their perceptions and causal attributions. Anticipation of future interaction, a concern for relationship maintenance, and self-serving biases, broadly interpreted, are invoked as explanations for these results. Viewing a videotape replay had minimal effects, and only among females, in reorienting. subjects' attributions. Finally, the results suggest that, whereas wives are remarkably convergent in their attributions to self and spouse, husbands tend to provide more stable and less variable internal attributions for themselves than for their wives. These results, which both support and reverse the pattern predicted by the actor-observer hypothesis, are interpreted in terms of role differences between husbands and wives and as strategic causal communications.

Effect of Videotape Replay on the Quality and Accuracy of Student Self-Evaluation

This study was designed to determine the effect of videotape replay on the quality and accuracy of student self-evaluation. Thirty-two junior physical therapy students were asked to perform a clinical skill and to assess their performances using the Performance Evaluation Form (PEF) designed for this study. The students in the Experimental Group assessed their performances after viewing a videotape replay. Students in the Control Group assessed their performances without viewing videotape replays. Faculty judges used the PEF to rate each student's performance. The instructor and student ratings were compared to determine the accuracy of student ratings. In addition, two faculty judges used a scale designed for this study to rate the degree of quality of each student's self-evaluation. No significant differences were found between the Experimental Group and the Control Group on either of the variables tested. The data gathered in this study indicated that videotape replay lacks value in enhancing self-assessment when evaluation immediately follows the performance of a skill. Further study is indicated.

Videotape replay in marital therapy.

Videotape replay in marital therapy.

回転追跡学習に及ぼすモデル提示とイメージリハーサルの効果 : 特に生理的反応とパフォーマンスの分析に基づいて

Generally, the method by observing a model or rehearsing a skill with imagery is often regarded as an effective technique in the initial stage of acquiring a motor skill. It was the purpose of the present study to determine the effects of video-tape replay (VTR) of model skills and image rehearsal (IR) on the early stage of acquiring a pursuit rotor skill, in terms of performance, electric myographic (EMG) and respiratory measurements. Concerning the VTR, the camera angle for the model, 0 degrees (subjective angle, VTRS) or 180 degrees (objective angle, VTRO), was specifically varied as an important experimental variable. Sixty male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental treatment groups. The four groups were as follows: VTRS-observing the model skill via VTR at subjective angle ; VTRO-observing the model via VTR at objective angle ; IR-rehearsing a skill with imagery; and control group (CON)-observing a regular TV program via VTR. These four experimental treatments were administered between the original learning phases and the post-test phases. The original learning phases on pursuit rotor task consisted of fifteen 30 sec-trials with 15 sec-intertrial rests and the post-tests were three 30 sec-trials with 15 sec-intertrial rests. The four groups were first given fifteen 30 sec-trials with 15sec-intertrial rests on pursuit rotor task. Immediately following the pre-training, VTRS and VTRO were asked to observe and image the model skill via VTR under the same trial conditions of the pre-training. IR was received image rehearsal training under the same trial condition of the pre-training, while the control was required to observe the regular TV program via VTR. During this experimental treatment period, EMG and resperatory responses were recorded for each subject, respectively. After that, all subjects were administered three post-test trials (30 sec-trials with 15 intertrial rests) on pursuit rotor task again. As the performance measures, time on target scores on pursuit rotor task were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance which detected no significant difference (P>.05) for the mean post test scores among the four groups. Concerning EMG, the patterns of EMG were classified into four typical groups, namely tonic type, regular change type, irregular change type, and non-visible change type. Both VTRO and VTRS showed the most frequencies for the tonic type, and IR did for the regular change type, while CON did for the irregular change type. These frequencies of the four EMG patterns on musculi flexor carpi radialis and musculi deltoideus were significantly different (P<.05) among the four groups. Furthermore, coefficients of variation (CV) for respiratory frequencies were analyzed. The average of CV were significantly different (P<.01) between rest and image training periods for VTRO and VTRS, but not for IR. IR showed relatively higher CV during image training periods than VTRO or VTRS.

Videotape replay and the learning of skills in open and closed environments.

Abstract Female novice tennis players (N = 42) were randomly assigned to one of three videotape replay (VTR) conditions: Performance Information Feedback (PIF); Environmental Information Feedback (EIF); or a combination of both (PEIF) to ascertain whether the treatments differentially affected open (ground-strokes) and closed (serve) skills. Performance measures were obtained on a pretest and posttest as well as during session 4 and session 8. Cues appropriate to the VTR condition were employed to direct the subjects' attention. Two analyses were conducted: a MANOVA on the pretest/posttest improvement scores and a three factor ANOVA for the session 4/session 8 scores. For the first analysis, follow-up ANOVAs revealed that for forehand and backhand PEIF improved more than either PIF or EIF and that EIF improved more than PIF. For the serve PEIF improved more than PIF and EIF but the latter two were not significantly different. In the three factor ANOVA all main effects were significant: PEIF was better tha...

Angiographic measurement of coronary blood flow by video dilution technique.

A simplified video dilution technique has been developed whereby neither coronary dimensions nor contrast velocity need be measured to obtain coronary blood flow relative to a control flow. In 6 dogs, the distal left anterior descending coronary artery flow was measured by simultaneous electromagnetic flowmeter and video dilution technique. For the 236 paired measurements, the electromagnetic flow ranged from 23 to 196 ml/min for each series. When the first measure of a series was considered the control, the flow ratio difference between electromagnetic and video dilution values had a standard deviation of 12 per cent. When each series was broken into pairs, flow ratio difference between these values had a standard deviation of 10 per cent. Thus, the video dilution technique allows accurate measurement of coronary blood flow relative to a control state, utilizing only the known amount of contrast medium injected and the image from videotape replay of the injection. A patient is presented to illustrate the technique during coronary angiography. Applications include determination of coronary reserve during reactive hyperemia to assess the hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions, and determination of the effects of drugs upon coronary blood flow.

Correspondence between self and other perceptions of communication dominance

This study investigated correspondence between self and other perceptions of communication dominance. Subjects who scored either high or low on a measure of communication dominance participated in a task requiring social interaction and subsequently rated videotapes of the interactions. Individuals who scored low on the dominance measure reported noncorrespondent perceptions of communication behaviors following social interaction. The observation of videotape replay of the interaction promoted perceptual correspondence for self and other, but activated social comparison processes which resulted in noncorrespondent perceptions of the communication behaviors of relative strangers. Subjects who scored high on the measure of communication dominance were consistently correspondent.

Introducing Videotape to the Family in the Role of a Specialized Member of the Treatment System*

Although videotape replay in clinical treatment is becoming common, intervention opportunities have been limited by conceptualizing this tool as equipment to be mastered or as a set of how‐to‐do‐it techniques. Videotape intervention is a process which begins when the equipment is introduced to the family. Introducing this equipment as an unthinking, almost human, record keeper is the first step in a process which leads to the understanding that videotaped information is initially available to provide interpersonal behavioral data. Utilizing this approach, the therapist avoids a therapist‐video‐family triangle while channelling the potentially anxious responses of family members to their recorded images into an interpersonal viewing style.

The use of self-modeling to improve the swimming performance of spina bifida children.

The use of edited videotape replay (which showed only "positive" behaviors) to improve the water skills of three spina bifida children, aged 5 to 10 years was examined. A multiple baseline across subjects design was used, and behavioral changes were observed to occur in close association with intervention. One child was given successive reapplications of videotaped self-modeling with continuing improvements. It appears that a useful practical technique has been developed.

Effective Use of Videotape Replay in Learning Motor Skills

Effective Use of Videotape Replay in Learning Motor Skills

Cross-sectional echocardiography. I. Analysis of mathematic models for quantifying mass of the left ventricle in dogs.

Cross-sectional echocardiography was used to quantify left ventricular mass noninvasively in 21 dogs. Short- and long-axis cross-sectional images of the left ventricle were reproducibly traced at endocardial and epicardial borders during stop-motion video-tape replay. We used area, length and diameter measurements to calculate left ventricular mass by seven mathematic models, including the standard formulas used with M-mode echocardiography and cineangiography. Calculated mass was compared with excised weight of the left ventricle by regression and percent error analyses. Formulas using short-axis areas and long-axis length resulted in higher correlation coefficients (0.94--0.95) and lower mean errors (6--7%) than for standard formulas. Since short-axis areas account for regional left ventricular irregularities, noninvasive quantification of left ventricular mass by cross-sectional echocardiography in dogs is most accurate with formulas using short-axis areas.

Medical students talking to patients.

Observations were made of 108 pre-clinical medical students interviewing patients carefully selected by general practitioner tutors, under strict supervision in an audio-visual studio. Videotape replay allowed immediate feed-back to the student, and this was supplemented by direct comment from the patient. The consultations were also used for small group teaching (by CCTV). Although most students viewed the exercise as threatening, they appeared to find it a helpful experience. The method uncovered students with major defects in communicating at the personal level. Detailed analyses of the content of the interviews are being carried out, and will be the subject of a separate communication.

Improving performance of classroom teachers through videotaping and self-evaluation

This study sought to determine the extent to which teachers modify their classroom performance with the use of a selfanalysis instrument and videotape replay. The purpose was also to determine whether or not teachers using the videotape replay and the self-rating instrument modified their performance significantly more than did teachers who did not use the self-rating instrument.