Videotape Recordings Research Articles

Neuronal networks and textural descriptors for automated tissue classification in endoscopy

This study examines the potential of neuronal networks and textural feature extraction for recognising suspicious regions in endoscopy under variable perceptual conditions and systematic or random noise in the data. Second-order statistics and discrete wavelet transform-based methodologies are examined in terms of their discrimination abilities, and several neuronal network learning algorithms are compared in terms of success. The results provide numerical evidence that neuronal networks are capable of classifying offline and online tissue samples extracted from standard images and VHS videotape recordings of colonoscopy procedures with satisfactory success rates. This type of technology could prove to be useful for developing intelligent adaptive systems that will assist medical experts in real-time to automate minimally invasive diagnostic procedures.

Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game

Background: It is a matter of debate whether or not ordinary heading of the ball in soccer causes injury to brain tissue. Objective: To analyse concentrations of the biochemical markers...

Young children's hand contact activities: An observational study via videotaping in primarily outdoor residential settings

Microlevel activity time series (MLATS) data were gathered on hand contact activities of 38 children (1-6 years old) by videotaping in primarily outdoor residential environments. The videotape recordings were then translated into text files using a specialized software called VirtualTimingDevicetrade mark. Contact frequency (contacts/h), duration per contact (s/contact), and hourly contact duration (min/h) were summarized for outdoor hand contacts with 15 distinct object/surface categories ("Animal", "Body", "Clothes/Towels", "Fabric", "Floor", "Food", "Footwear", "Metal", "Non-dietary Water", "Paper/Wrapper", "Plastic", "Rock/Brick", "Toys", "Vegetation/Grass", and "Wood") and two aggregate object/surface categories ("Non-dietary objects/surfaces" and "Total objects/surfaces"). For outdoor both hand contacts with "Total objects/surfaces", contact frequencies ranged from 229.9 to 1517.7 contacts/h, median durations/contact ranged from < 1 to 5 s, and hourly contact durations ranged from 42.6 to 102.2 m/h. The data were analyzed for significant differences in hand contact activities as a function of (1) age, (2) location, (3) gender, and (4) hand. Significant differences (P < or = 0.05) were found for all four factors analyzed. Hourly contact durations with "Non-dietary objects/surfaces" and "Total objects/surfaces" increased with age (P = 0.01, rs = 0.42 and P = 0.005, rs = 0.46, respectively), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Wood" decreased with age (P = 0.02, rs = -0.38 and P = 0.05, rs = -0.32, respectively). Location was found to affect contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with certain objects/surfaces. For example, contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Fabric" were higher indoors (P = 0.02 for both), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Vegetation/Grass" were higher outdoors (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Girls had longer hourly contact durations with "Footwear" (P = 0.02), "Non-dietary objects/surfaces" (P = 0.03), and "Total objects/surfaces" (P = 0.01) than boys. The right hand had longer hourly contact durations with objects that are often manipulated with the hand (e.g., "Toys" (P = 0.0002)), while the left hand had longer hourly contact durations with passively touched objects/surfaces (e.g., "Clothes/Towels" (P = 0.003) and "Floor" (P = 0.04)).

The non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students: Analysis of interpersonal behavior using videotaped recordings in a 5‐minute interaction with a simulated patient

AbstractAim: The aim of this paper was to study the non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students and to make a quantitative comparison of the communication techniques of nursing students and experienced nurses to provide guidance for education.Methods: Twenty‐six students (the student group) and 13 nurses (the nurse group) played the role of a nurse. The participants interacted with two simulated patients for 5 min each. The simulated patient was in a sitting position and the nurse started interaction from a starting point that was 3 m away from the patient. Videotaped recordings of these scenarios were recorded and analysed every second using record paper. The analysis items were the distance between the patient and the nurse, posture and position, utterance time, the direction of a nursing person’s face to the patient, facial expression, head nodding, gestures, and the self‐contact behavior of a nurse during interaction with a patient.Results: As 90% of the student group interacted in the standing position, significantly fewer students than the nurse group had their gaze level at the same level or lower than the client. The duration of upper limb and hand gestures was significantly shorter in the student group than for the nurse group.Conclusions: The finding that nursing students showed fewer non‐verbal communication behaviors than nurses suggests there is a pressing need for the development of an educational program in nursing science training to improve non‐verbal communications skills.

Grounds for values and attitudes

This study discusses how children make use of the content in play to get a superior status position in their peer-culture and looks at some implications for values education. Observations of children age three to six years were made during their free playtime in pre-school, and both field notes and videotape recording were used for data collection. Analysis of content in children’s peer-cultures was carried out through Corsaro’s perspective of interpretive reproduction. The social structure in children’s peer-culture is of great importance, and by interpreting communication in play, strategies were found that developed status positions. Results showed that pre-school children both make use of and contribute to attitudes and values of inequality and justice.

Left atrial volume predicts cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation: three-decade follow-up

Aims The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term outcome and the predictors of adverse events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and results This population-based historical cohort study comprised 46 residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, with well-documented, clinically defined lone AF and a complete two-dimensional echocardiographic examination. The original echocardiographic videotape recordings were analysed in a blinded fashion for left atrial volume (LAV) and left ventricular ejection fraction. With 1296 person-years of follow-up, the median duration of AF was 27 (first quartile=24, third quartile=33) years. Twenty-three (50%) patients developed events. Cerebral infarction occurred in seven patients, myocardial infarction in 11, and congestive heart failure in 16. In a multivariable analysis, patients with indexed LAV ≥32 mL/m2 had a significantly worse event-free survival (adjusted HR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.56–12.74; P =0.005). All cerebral infarctions occurred in patients with an indexed LAV >32 mL/m2. Conclusion Patients originally diagnosed with benign lone AF follow divergent courses based on LAV. Those originally diagnosed with lone AF and normal sized atria had a benign clinical course throughout the long-term follow-up. Patients with increased LAV at diagnosis or later during the follow-up experienced adverse events.

A Conversation Analysis of Communication between Patients with Dementia and Their Professional Nurses

The purpose of this study was to understand conversations and to identify typical conversational problems between nurses and patients with dementia. A conversation analysis method was used. The data was collected in a geriatric institutional setting, using a videotape recorder, and transcribed. The transcribed data was analyzed in terms of expressions, contents, and relationships to identify communicative problems and their resolutions. Among a total of 532 episodes, 440(82.7%) were identified as nurse-involved episodes. In addition, 66 of the 440 episodes were selected based on the significance of the conversation. The communicative problems between nurses and patients in terms of expressions were identified as "directive and authoritative expressions", "emotional and competitive expressions", "evasive and on-looking expressions", and "excessive use of title only", such as calling them granny or grandpa without proper names. In terms of content and relationships, "lack of themes in psychosocial areas" and "nurse-led relations" were identified respectively as communicative problems. The results of this study will provide substantial guidelines for nurses in caring for elderly patients with dementia by deeply understanding linguistic structures and problems of everyday conversations between nurses and patients with dementia.

Are You Really Going to Read Us A Story? Learning Geometry Through Children's Mathematics Literature

This study analyzed how one teacher used contemporary children's literature to supplement middle-grades geometry. The teacher's students were matched to students in other classes on general reading, general mathematics, and geometry. Student and teacher interviews, observation notes, and video tape recordings provided insights into fluency and flexibility with mathematical vocabulary. On the three outcome measures, the groups showed little change in general reading and a modest increase in general mathematics abilities. In contrast, the students in the children's literature group showed markedly improved performance in geometry. Analyses indicated these students: (a) showed fluency with geometry vocabulary, (b) demonstrated flexibility in the application of geometry concepts, (c) explained formulae with rich descriptions, and (d) outperformed the non story group on geometry ability when controlling for pretest performance.

2403 高レイノルズ数で飛翔するサッカーボール後流の動態(S43-1 スポーツ流体工学(1),S43 スポーツ流体工学)

The purpose of this study is to visualize and analyze the vortex structure around the real flight soccer ball in high Reynolds number. In order to visualize the flow around the soccer ball during flight, a ball was coated as uniformly as possible with titanium tetrachloride. A subject then kicked the ball, and this activity was filmed at 4,500 fps with a high-speed video-tape recorder camera (Photron Ultima ; Photron Inc.). At an outside air speed of&le;1.0m/s, the subject performed an almost non-spinning straight kick and a laterally spinning curved kick towards the middle of a goal from a distance of 15m. Images were recorded in black and white (256×256 pixels) and then uploaded onto a computer as AVI files. It seemed that the Strouhal number of wake near the real fright soccer ball was about 1.0 as similar as the high-mode value of a smooth sphere. It was observed that the vortex pairing in the wake.

特異な嚥下障害を来した統合失調症の１例

Recently, patients receiving the long-term administration of typical antipsychotics have been recognized to be at risk of developing intractable tardive dystonia. A 44-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of progressive dysphagia for about 5 years. He had received several typical antipsychotic medications since at age of 24 years for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. The patient had been suffering from an abnormal sensation in his throat and progressive dysphagia for five years, and nasal escape on deglutition for one year. A videotape recorder esophago pharyngography revealed that his larynx was positioned low, at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra, before swallowing, and was not elevated but rather descended to the level of the 7th vertebra upon swallowing. When the larynx was in this lower position, a small amount of swallowed material was transported to the esophagus. The remaining material in the pyriform sinus overflowed into the laryngeal cavity and lower airway after swallowing. However, the patient was able to eat with ease when he was with a girl friend, eating in a restaurant, and was hungry. The peculiar downward movement of the larynx was not observed during speech production, only during deglutition. Based on these findings, we suspected that his peculiar swallowing disorder might have been induced by tardive dystonia arising from the long-term administration of typical antipsychotics.

Effects of species-relevant environmental enrichment on the behaviour and productivity of finishing pigs

Three different enrichment objects, which were designed according to pig-specific requirements, were provided to groups of growing pigs with undocked tails. The enrichment treatments were a substrate dispenser providing straw, a rootable feed dispenser providing flavoured feed and a liquid dispenser that provided flavoured water when chewable rods were manipulated. These objects were compared with a pen with a full bed of straw (positive control) and a commercial enrichment object, a Bite Rite (Ikadan System, Denmark, minimal enrichment). Video tape recordings from weeks 1, 3 and 7 were scanned using time-sampling to investigate general behaviour and enrichment use. Production parameters were measured, as well as occasions where tail biting (with fresh damage to a tail) occurred. The behavioural observations revealed that all of the enrichment provided was used by the pigs, but there were differences in the level and type of enrichment use by the pigs. The extent to which the straw and straw rack were used was significantly greater than for the other treatments (11.5 and 3.6% of the observations). Enrichment that was located on the floor could be manipulated from different postures, including whilst lying down; for example in 6.6% of the observations in which pigs on straw were lying down, they were manipulating the straw. This also applied, but to a lesser extent, to the straw rack and rootable feed dispenser. Groups provided with the liquid dispenser (which experienced technical problems) and Bite Rite had the highest prevalence of tail biting incidents (100 and 83% of pens, respectively). This study shows that a full bed of straw was the most successful way of occupying the pigs and, in addition, it prevented severe tail biting. Where it is not possible to supply a full bed of straw, point source enrichment objects such as substrate or feed dispensers appear to offer a good substitute. Such objects were well-used and did not affect production negatively; furthermore, severe outbreaks of tail biting were prevented.

Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in an outpatient setting

Objective To evaluate the interrater reliability of the Turkish version of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and to measure the clinical efficacy using a linician-rated impression scale in a clinical outpatient setting. Method Data were collected from 19 nonmedicated children and adolescents (6 girls, 13 boys, mean age 14 ± 2.25 years) with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Interrater reliability was assessed by 3 raters through videotape recordings of evaluation. Correlational analyses were maintained by comparing CY-BOCS scores to self-ratings of Children's Depression Inventory (depression), 20-item Leyton Obsessional Inventory–Child Version (obsessive-compulsive symptoms), and Child Behavior Checklist (parent ratings of behavioral problems). The Clinical Global Impression for OCD was administered to measure the clinical efficacy of CY-BOCS. Results Internal consistency was .77 for the total 10 items. The interrater reliabilities, defined as the intraclass correlation for the compulsion subscale, the obsession subscale, and the CY-BOCS total scores were .85, .94, and .89, respectively. Although the sample size was small, CY-BOCS total score was correlated with the Clinical Global Impression score ( P < .01) and showed a significantly higher correlation with Leyton Obsessional Inventory–Child Version scores when compared with Children's Depression Inventory and Child Behavior Checklist scores. Conclusion Our results indicate that the Turkish version of CY-BOCS yielded good interrater reliability and was significantly correlated with a clinician-rated global impression scale. Although the small sample size hinders a conclusion, CY-BOCS showed significant results regarding validity measures. Therefore, our results support that CY-BOCS has the potential to fulfill the need in clinical research settings.

New facilitation exercise using the vestibulo-ocular reflex for ophthalmoplegia: preliminary report

To study the effect of facilitation exercises using the vestibulo-ocular reflex on ophthalmoplegia due to brainstem injury. A single-baseline design (A-B: A without specific therapy, B with specific therapy) across individual subjects. Inpatient rehabilitation facility. Eight patients with ophthalmoplegia (total of 15 affected muscles) due to brainstem injury. Basic rehabilitative treatment that included physical therapy, occupational therapy and/or speech therapy for impairments such as hemiplegia, ataxia or dysarthria was administered for two weeks (control treatment). Then, two facilitation exercise sessions (100 times/day, five days/week for two weeks) were administered in addition to the basic rehabilitative treatment for four weeks to the eight patients with ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmoplegia was evaluated at study entry and at the end of each two-week session. The goal of the facilitation exercises is to facilitate voluntary eye movement using conjugated eye movements in the direction opposite to passive movements of the head. To assess ophthalmoplegia we measured the distance between the internal/external corneal margin and the canthus of the affected eye on images recorded on a video tape recorder. After the initial two-week basic rehabilitative treatment, the distance between the corneal margin and canthus decreased slightly. Subsequently, after each of the two facilitation exercise sessions, there were significant reductions in the distance between the corneal margin and canthus compared with that at the beginning of the respective facilitation exercise session. Facilitation exercises significantly improved the horizontal movement of eyes with ophthalmoplegia due to brainstem injury.

The effect of the text size on the viewing distance in individuals with low vision

In order to explore optimal viewing distance for individuals with low vision depending on text size during reading performance, two adults with normal vision and twenty adults with low vision participated in this study. Japanese version of MNREAD reading acuity charts (MNREAD-J) was used to measure their reading performance. The participants were encouraged to adopt whatever distance was most comfortable for them to read and varied their viewing distances voluntarily depending on the text size. The participants read aloud from the largest text size until it became too small to read. A video tape recording was made to allow for measurement of viewing distances for each trial. While two participants with normal vision and eleven participants with low vision maintained their preferred angular size of print as controlling the reading distance with the text size change, the chosen viewing distances of remaining nine participants with low vision were relatively constant at about 20 cm or less regardless of text size variations. The results suggest that the low vision readers would be divided into two groups; constant visual angle group and constant and close viewing distance group.

YOUNG CHILDRENʼS HAND ACTIVITIES: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY VIA VIDEOTAPING IN A PRIMARILY OUTDOOR RESIDENTIAL SETTING

ISEE-361 Introduction: The dermal route is an important route of exposure for children because infants and children can incur a significant portion of their total pesticide exposure from dermal contacts with residential dust, soil, and dislodged surface residues. The micro-activity approach models dermal exposure and dose as a series of transfers and removals resulting from discrete contact events (e.g., right hand contacting toy for 10 seconds). The resulting exposure and dose profiles provide various metrics of toxicological interest (e.g., peaks, averages, and instantaneous values) and yield information on how exposures and doses occur and how they can be mitigated. Micro-activity data on hand contacts is a crucial input needed to implement the micro-activity approach for estimating dermal exposure and dose. This paper presents the results of an analysis on micro-activity data gathered on young children's hand-to-surface contact frequency, duration per contact, and hourly contact duration. Methods: Micro-activity data on 38 children aged 14 to 82 months were collected by videotaping the children during natural play in a primarily outdoor residential environment. The videotape recordings were then translated into ASCII computer files with second-by-second detail through the use of a specialized software called Virtual Timing Device. Results: Significant differences in contact behaviour (p<0.05) were found between the right and left hands, boys and girls, and indoor and outdoor environments. In addition, hourly contact durations for outdoor contacts with non-dietary objects were found to increase linearly with age (p=0.03) while outdoor contact frequencies with wood were found to decrease linearly with age (p=0.01). Furthermore, from studying children who had the highest contact frequencies, we found that children playing on play structures had the highest outdoor contact frequencies with wood, plastic, and metal. Discussion: While it is uncertain how variable hand activities are between different children or between the same child on different days, the results of this study provide valuable estimations of hand contact behaviours for dermal exposure and dose assessments. The results of this study also provide insights into how children's hand contact activities may differ between locations, genders, ages, and right/left hands.

Left atrial volume predicts cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation: three-decade follow-up

The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term outcome and the predictors of adverse events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation (AF). This population-based historical cohort study comprised 46 residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, with well-documented, clinically defined lone AF and a complete two-dimensional echocardiographic examination. The original echocardiographic videotape recordings were analysed in a blinded fashion for left atrial volume (LAV) and left ventricular ejection fraction. With 1296 person-years of follow-up, the median duration of AF was 27 (first quartile=24, third quartile=33) years. Twenty-three (50%) patients developed events. Cerebral infarction occurred in seven patients, myocardial infarction in 11, and congestive heart failure in 16. In a multivariable analysis, patients with indexed LAV >or=32 mL/m(2) had a significantly worse event-free survival (adjusted HR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.56-12.74; P=0.005). All cerebral infarctions occurred in patients with an indexed LAV >32 mL/m(2). Patients originally diagnosed with benign lone AF follow divergent courses based on LAV. Those originally diagnosed with lone AF and normal sized atria had a benign clinical course throughout the long-term follow-up. Patients with increased LAV at diagnosis or later during the follow-up experienced adverse events.

Validation of a subjective counting method for a horn flies ( Haematobia irritans irritans) (Diptera: Muscidae) population in a cattle herd

A trained observer direct count method to measure horn fly population was evaluated to determine the reliability (inter-observer agreement) and its validity when compared with a “gold standard” method (video film). All the counts were performed with the animals restrained in a chute in a single herd. A direct count of horn flies by each of two observers on opposite sides of the animal was made. In addition a videotape recording of the counting surface on each animal was made. Horn flies were counted on 80 cows in the morning twice monthly from 22 October 1999 to 24 March 2000. The correlation between observer counts was high as was the correlation between observer counts and counts made from a videotape recording. Direct counts by trained observers were highly reliable and had good validity. However, videotape recording can be useful when the horn fly population is high, because it is faster in the field than the direct count method. The results of this study suggest that the direct count method can be used with confidence under field conditions.

Efficacy of Theory-Based Activities for Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia

Agitation and passivity are behavioral symptoms exhibited by 90% of nursing home residents with dementia. They account for many poor health outcomes, caregiver burden, and increased costs of long-term care. This study tested the efficacy of recreational activities derived from the Need-driven Dementia-compromised Behavior (NDB) model: activities matched to skill level only; activities matched to style of interest only; and a combination of both (NDB-derived) for responding to the behavioral symptoms of dementia. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 possible order-of-condition presentations in this crossover experimental design with repeated measures of dependent variables. Trained research assistants, blind to condition match, implemented each condition for 12 consecutive days. Measures of engagement (time on task and participation), affect, and behavioral symptoms (agitation and passivity) were taken from videotape recordings of each session. Mood was measured with the Dementia Mood Picture Test. The primary analysis method was mixed-model analysis of variance. Significantly more time on task, greater participation, more positive affect, and less passivity were found under NDB-derived and matched to interest only treatments compared with the matched to skill level only treatment or baseline. Agitation and negative affect improved under all treatments compared with baseline. There was no significant change in mood. The NDB-derived activities are tailored to meet individual needs and improve behavioral symptoms associated with dementia. These findings help to explain factors that produce behavioral symptoms and the mechanisms that underlie their successful treatment.

An MPEG-4-Based High-Definition Videotape Recorder

The subject of this paper is an advanced tape format designed especially for digital cinema production and post-production, ultra-high-quality shooting, and blue-and-green-screen shooting. It is also suitable for final on-air program delivery and interchange of HDTV. This paper will concentrate on the coding techniques used, the multiformat capability demanded by users, and the implementation of a format converter to allow easy integration into a multistandard world. A key development is the implementation of an MPEG-4 Studio Profile chipset With 10-bit recording at HD resolutions in either 4:2:2 (YCbCr) or full chroma bandwidth 4:4:4 (RGB) at up to 60 frames/sec, the videotape recorder (VTR) is also backwards-compatible with the two most widely used tape formats in the HD and SD world. The packing density on tape is well over 300 Mbits/sq. in., nearly five times that of the Type D6 format, and a portable version, which can record at double the net video data rate. That is 880 Mbits/sec, allowing a full 444 (RGB) recording at only 2:1 compression. This format has been proposed to SMPTE for standardization.

Symptoms of narcolepsy in children misinterpreted as epilepsy

Differentiating an epileptic seizure from some other paroxysmal event is a common challenge in clinical practice. Many paroxysmal events mimic epileptic seizures and misdiagnosis can have disastrous consequences. Incorrectly identifying an event as an epileptic seizure can lead to unnecessary investigations and instigation of inappropriate treatment regimes. We report five patients referred to regional Paediatric Neuroscience Centres for investigation of events initially suspected of being epileptic seizures. All five patients were subsequently diagnosed as having narcolepsy. Suspected diagnoses were absence epilepsy (four patients), generalized epilepsy with astatic seizures (two patients) and focal epileptic seizures (two patients). Diagnostic confusion arose because lack of responsiveness due to excessive sleepiness was mistaken for epileptic absences, and cataplexy was confused with a variety of seizure types. In each case, videotape recording of clinical events aided in making the diagnosis of cataplexy. At presentation, all five children had excessive daytime sleepiness with cataplexy. Following correct diagnosis and appropriate management, an improvement in symptoms was reported in all cases. Narcolepsy/cataplexy should be included in the differential diagnoses of paroxysmal disorders, particularly if there are associated sleep symptoms or behavioural difficulties. It is important to take a sleep history when evaluating any disorder of the central nervous system. [Published with videosequences]