Video Watermarking Research Articles

Reversible Joint Blind Watermarking for Medical Images and Videos

Reversible Joint Blind Watermarking for Medical Images and Videos

Multilevel Reversible Video Watermarking with Improvement on Occluded Areas

This paper investigates the influence of the occlusion in reversible video watermarking technique based on histogram modification of motion compensated prediction error and presents a novel reversible video watermarking algorithm which has better embedding capacity and PSNR in occluded areas. In occluded areas, conventional motion estimation techniques calculate higher prediction error. Therefore, watermarking algorithm which exploits prediction error has small embedding capacity and poor image quality. To reduce the prediction error, occlusion detection algorithms must be employed in motion estimation.

A Novel Video Watermarking Approach Based on Implicit Distortions

Copyright-sensitive videos are commonly leaked or illegally distributed by so-called digital pirates. Video owners aim to prevent this by hiding a unique watermark in every video that contains information about the receiver. If the video is then illegally distributed, the copyright owner can extract the watermark and identify the malicious consumer. However, pirates may manipulate the video in the hope of destroying the embedded watermark. Although a variety of imperceptible and robust solutions exist, these introduce many artificial distortions to the video. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel video watermarking approach in which only a single encoder decision is explicitly changed. Then, the explicit change automatically propagates into a large collection of implicit distortions that represents the watermark. The implicit distortions resemble ordinary, encoder-created compression artifacts and hence are imperceptible. Additionally, they prove to be robust against video manipulations. Furthermore, the proposed scheme requires no modification of existing consumer electronic devices. Consequently, the proposed watermarking approach can be applied to help combat piracy without bothering innocent users with unnatural distortions.

Robust Digital Watermarking for High-definition Video using Steerable Pyramid Transform, Two Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform and Ensemble Position-based Error Correcting

In this paper, we propose a robust blind watermarking scheme for high-definition video. In the embedding process, luminance component of each frame is transformed by 2-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D FFT). A secret key is used to generate a matrix of random numbers for the security of watermark information. The matrix is transformed by inverse steerable pyramid transform (SPT). We embed the watermark into the low and mid-frequency of 2D FFT coefficients with the transformed matrix. In the extraction process, the 2D FFT coefficients of each frame and the transformed matrix are transformed by SPT respectively, to produce two oriented sub-bands. We extract the watermark from each frame by cross-correlating two oriented sub-bands. If a video is degraded by some attacks, the watermarks of frames contain some errors. Thus, we use an ensemble position-based error correcting algorithm to estimate the errors and correct them. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm is imperceptible and moreover is robust against various attacks. After embedding 64 bits of watermark into each frame, the average peak signal-to-noise ratio between original frames and embedded frames is 45.7 dB.

A multiplicative video watermarking robust to H.264/AVC compression standard

The widespread application of the H.264 video compression standard necessitates proper design of copyright protection algorithms. In this paper, a new blind multiplicative video watermarking algorithm robust to this standard and also other attacks is proposed. With this method, the multiplicative watermark is embedded in the HH subband of the wavelet-transformed video frames. The HH coefficients of the host signal are divided into two patches: One patch is used to host the watermark, while the other patch is remained intact to be exploited at the receiver for estimating the system parameters required for watermark detection. Assuming the wavelet HH coefficients to have the Laplacian distribution, the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion is used for the watermark detection. In this case, the ratio of summation of samples of two patches is used as our decision variable on which the ML criterion is applied. Simulation results show that along with the exhibition of an acceptable robustness against various attacks, the proposed algorithm properly satisfies the invisibility requirements of the watermarking concept with low computational complexity.

A Wavelet Based Watermarking in Video Using Layer Fusion Technique

Watermarking is the advanced technology to illuminate the issue of securing sight and secret data. It is the ability of covering the data into a host with the end goal that the inserted information is undetectable. In this proposed approach layer fusion based technique is employed, alternative pixels from the chrominance layers forms a merged layer and mark the transpose value of the distinctive pieces of color copyright information under wavelet. Finally, the layers retain the original position form a watermarked video frame. The experimental results on video sequences are showing the effectiveness better than the existing techniques in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Correlation Coefficient (CC). Likewise, the results indicate that the framework can be strong against regular video processing attacks.

Anti-HEVC Recompression Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on the All Phase Biorthogonal Transform and SVD

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of Internet of Things and multimedia technologies, people are paying more attention to the security of images and videos. To further improve the security of video content, a video watermarking algorithm based on the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) compression domain is proposed in this paper. The scheme embeds watermark information in the quantized coefficients, which can solve the cumulative error caused by watermark embedding. Moreover, the all phase biorthogonal transform (APBT), an improved transform, is used to compress the watermark data at the digital watermark preprocessing stage, optimize the watermark embedding scheme, and improve the embedding capacity of video watermarking. Due to the characteristics of HEVC video coding, most HEVC video watermarking schemes based on compression domain cannot resist recompression attack. To solve this problem, on the basis of APBT and singular value decomposition, an anti-HEVC recompression video watermarking algorithm is proposed and can effectively resist the HEVC recompression. Experimental results show that even when the quantization parameter is larger than 40, the extracted watermark still has good image quality. In addition, the algorithm also has a good performance in noise resistance.

A novel method for copyright protection of digital videos using SWEA and ZPA technique

Digital copyright protection has become an effective way to prove the ownership and protect the multimedia contents from illegal use and unauthorized users. In order to prove the ownership of a video certain security program is embedded in a video and one of the ways of ensuring the ownership of a video is embedding the watermark in a video. In this paper, a new approach to digital video copyright protection, SWEA (Split watermark embedding algorithm) with Zero Padding Algorithm (ZPA) is proposed. With the help of this algorithm, it is hard to know the original pattern of watermark because of SWEA and minimizing the perceptual degradation of watermarked video because of ZPA. Here we are using ‘db1’ wavelet domain for embedding the watermark in the LL sub-band of the original identical frame (I-frame), based on the energy of high-frequency sub-band in an adaptive manner. SCD (Scene changed detection) is used to find out the identical frame (I-frame). The proposed algorithm has undergone various attacks, such as compression, uniform noise, Gaussian noise frame repetition and frame averaging attacks. The proposed algorithm, sustain all the above attacks and offers improved performance compared with the other methods from the literature.

Application of A Video And Image Watermarking Based On Histogram Shape

Application of A Video And Image Watermarking Based On Histogram Shape

Time Performance of Digital Video Watermarking with MATLAB

Time Performance of Digital Video Watermarking with MATLAB

A NOVEL DIGITAL VIDEO WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE BASED ON WAVELET, SVD AND CZ-TRANSFORM

Digital Watermarking is a technology of embedding data into digital multimedia content to verify the credibility of the content or to recognize the identity of digital content owner. To identify the ownership of the digital content a new digital video watermarking algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm divides frames of a cover video into three colour bands of red, green and blue. Then the accompanying three tasks are performed on every one of three colour bands independently. Initially, each colour band is divided into blocks of small sizes and afterward the entropy of each block is computed. At this step, a threshold is found based on the average entropy of all blocks and following is applied to all blocks associated with lower entropy than the threshold. A wavelet representation of each block is given by applying a discrete wavelet transform. Then Singular value decomposition, orthogonal-triangular decomposition, and a chirp z-transform are used to embed a watermark on the cover video. To check the robustness of the algorithm different signal processing attacks are applied on watermarked video. The Proposed algorithm is compared with singular value decomposition based blind watermarking algorithm. Experimental results shows that proposed algorithm outperforms the singular value decomposition based blind watermarking algorithm quantitatively in term of PSNR.

A blind and robust video watermarking based on IWT and new 3D generalized chaotic sine map

In the modern world, high-bandwidth internet access has led to the theft of all types of digital data, including digital video, and their illegal distribution. The digital video watermarking technique was introduced late last century to enforce video copyright protection. In this paper, a robust blind and secure video watermarking method is presented based on integer wavelet transform and the generalized chaotic sine map. In this method, integer wavelet transform is applied to each main frame of the standard video. Basically, watermarking techniques are evaluated based on three concepts of content quality, data resilience and data capacity. Therefore, in order to guarantee the quality of the watermarked video, the watermark is inserted in low-frequency coefficients. An appropriate security level is added to increase the efficiency and functionality by chaotic map to watermark. In addition, the normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) between the main watermark and extraction watermark is used as the main criterion of resistance measurement. The results show that the proposed method is good in terms of both quality and resistance to a variety of attacks, and the NCC values obtained in most cases are 1 or very close to 1.

A robust video watermarking based on feature regions and crowdsourcing

Video watermarking technique aims at resolving insecurity problems. Recently, many approaches have been proposed in order to satisfy the new constraints of video applications such as robustness to collusion attacks, high level of security and signature invisibility. In this paper, a new video watermarking approach based on feature regions is proposed. The originality of this approach is to use crowdsourcing technique in order to detect feature regions. First, video summary is generated. This summary is then used to detect the first type of feature regions based on crowdsourcing technique. On the other hand, mosaic is generated from original video to detect the second type of feature region browsed by the moving objects. Finally, the signature is embedded into the mosaic generated after merging these two types of feature regions using multi-frequential watermarking scheme. Experimental results have shown a high level of invisibility thanks to the efficient choice of the embedded target. Moreover, the proposed approach is robust against several attacks especially to collusion attacks.

Performance analysis of 2 level DWT-SVD based non blind and blind video watermarking using range conversion method

The recent availability of inexpensive digital recording and storage devices have created an environment to obtain, replicate and distribute digital content without any loss in quality. Hence copyright protection and authentication have become inevitable. Leading to a need, to develop an efficient scheme for video watermarking, involving 2-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and proficient decomposition technique of singular value decomposition (SVD). Performance parameters like processing time, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation (NC) are compared for non-blind and blind watermarking techniques. Focusing the PSNR and NC values are obtained as an average value of 40 dB and 0.99 respectively, when subjected to formidable noise attacks such as geometrical, filtering, salt and pepper noises. Range conversion method improves PSNR for challenging attacks like salt and pepper, Gaussian and Gamma noises.

RST invariant robust video watermarking algorithm using quaternion curvelet transform

Digital images are widely distributed today over the internet and through other mediums. There are powerful digital image processing tools which have made perfect image duplication a trivial procedure. Therefore, security, copyright protection, and integrity verification of digital video have become an urgent issue in the digital world, which can be achieved by means of a technique called digital watermarking. The issues of watermarking are to achieve imperceptibility, robustness, payload and security simultaneously. This paper presents a new Quaternion Curvelet Transform (QCT) based video watermarking technique for embedding a video on another video in a secure and optimized way. However, many of the existing techniques are unable to handle the problem of rotation, translation and scaling attacks on watermarked video. This study presents a novel embedding approach where in the quaternion transform followed by the traditional Curvelet transform is able to overcome the above disadvantages. In this paper, we first represent the color cover video frames in the quaternion form and subsequently generate Quaternion Curvelet Transform (QCT) coefficients for each such quaternion frames. Second, in order to withstand the desynchronization causes due to the geometrical attacks, the Harris corner detection algorithm is used to determine the invariant feature points on the QCT coefficients, which is followed by the calculation of energy for each block centered on those feature points. Third, in order to maintain the trade-off among the watermarking characteristics, the optimized location for embedding the watermark frames is determined using the cuckoo search optimization algorithm. Finally, to attain the authenticity, an authentication key generation procedure is employed using the owner’s biometric image and the watermarked frames. The experimental results prove that the proposed method is promising in terms of robustness, imperceptibility and security to most notable image processing attacks, geometrical attacks, and video processing attacks among the various conventional watermarking algorithms.

A spatiotemporal saliency-modulated JND profile applied to video watermarking

The just noticeable distortion (JND) has been considered a suitable solution for controlling the watermark strength and generating robust watermarking schemes with distortions that are below the sensitivity threshold. However, JND assumes the same attention level for all image regions, which does not reflect the behavior of an observer. Recently, several models have utilized the modulatory effect of visual attention over JND to improve the efficiency of watermarking schemes. However, most of them have focused on still images. In this paper, we propose a saliency-modulated JND profile for improving video watermarking schemes. Our method aims to adapt the watermark strength to obtain the most robust possible scheme with an imperceptible watermark. Moreover, it has the advantage of fully exploiting the spatiotemporal properties of video to minimize its perceptual redundancies and achieve low computational complexity. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed method and its contributions to video watermarking process.

A Copyright Protection Scheme for Videos Based on the SIFT

A blind and robust video watermarking algorithm for copyright protection of the videos in the discrete wavelet transform is proposed in this paper. Each frame of the video is decomposed and binary watermark bit is embedded in high frequency coefficients. For better security, the watermark is encrypted prior to embedding using the cat map. Scale invariant feature transform is used to restore against the rotation attack. Two pairs of matched feature points from the original watermarked frames and corresponding attacked frames are used to find the angle of rotation angle against rotation attack. Experimental results show the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed method against a variety of attacks. It is especially robust against rotation attack in comparison with other popular watermarking methods.

A new approach for scene-based digital video watermarking using discrete wavelet transforms

A new approach for scene-based digital video watermarking using discrete wavelet transforms

English

English

Fibonacci Based Key Frame Selection and Scrambling for Video Watermarking in DWT–SVD Domain

Video copyright is the technique for hiding sensitive data in digital video. This paper aims to introduce a new technique for video copyright namely Fibonacci based keyframe selection and scrambling for video watermarking in DWT---SVD. In this methodology, scene change detection technique is employed for identifying frequent changes in the scenes. In a specific frame, each scene is selected by using keyframes, which are generated by Fibonacci sequence. The initial seeds of the Fibonacci sequence are used as authentication key for generating keyframes. Based on the limitations of the scene changes the authentication keys are generated. The watermark is embedded only in specific frame of the changed scene in LH sub band. The secret image is scrambled using Fibonacci---Lucas transform. In embedding process, singular values (SVs) of the scrambled watermark block are added to the SVs of specific frames, produce the watermarked video collectively. In extraction phase, SVD is performed on the watermarked video to extract the scrambled watermark block from key frames. After that the extracted watermark blocks are collected together to yield the complete scrambled watermark. Later it is descrambled by using the secret keys to generate the original watermark. This method is blind since the host video is not required to extract the watermark. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology resists different image and video processing attacks. In addition, the proposed methodology improves the robustness and quality of both host video and watermark.