Video Watermarking Technique Research Articles

Wavelet packet transform-based robust video watermarking technique

In this paper, a wavelet packet transform (WPT)-based robust video watermarking algorithm is proposed. A visible meaningful binary image is used as the watermark. First, sequent frames are extracted from the video clip. Then, WPT is applied on each frame and from each orientation one sub-band is selected based on block mean intensity value called robust sub-band. Watermark is embedded in the robust sub-bands based on the relationship between wavelet packet coefficient and its 8-neighbour (D 8) coefficients considering the robustness and invisibility. Experimental results and comparison with existing algorithms show the robustness and the better performance of the proposed algorithm.

Video watermarking technique for H.264/AVC

Since digital video data can be easily manipulated, the importance of video authentication is increasing. We propose a watermarking technique that is simple to implement, yet quite effective for H.264/AVC. The proposed watermarking scheme inserts a watermark bit on the motion vectors for inter-coded macroblocks or on the mode number for intra-coded macroblocks. A scheme to watermark skipped macroblocks, which are vulnerable to forgery, is also proposed. The new watermarking scheme shows high watermark payload with small image quality and compression power degradation. The run-time increase for software implementation and design overhead for hardware implementation, of the proposed watermark, are very low due to the simplicity of the algorithm.

Real-time video watermarking system on the compressed domain for high-definition video contents: Practical issues

Everyday, we encounter high-quality multimedia contents from HDTV broadcasting, DVD, and high-speed Internet services. These contents are, unhappily, processed and distributed without protection. This paper proposes a practical video watermarking technique on the compressed domain that is real-time and robust against video processing attacks. In particular, we focus on video processing that is commonly used in practice such as downscaling resolution, framerate changing, and transcoding. Most previous watermarking algorithms are unable to survive when these processings are strong or composite. We extract low frequency coefficients of frames in fast by partly decoding videos and apply a quantization index modulation scheme to embed and detect the watermark. On an Intel architecture computer, we implement a prototype system and measure performance against video processing attacks frequently occur in the real world. Simulation results show that our video watermarking system satisfies real-time requirements and is robust to protect the copyright of HD video contents.

Novel robust image watermarking based on subsampling and DWT

This paper presents a robust digital image watermarking scheme based on subsampling and DWT. Subsampling is firstly used to construct a subimage sequence as a video segment. Then, a random watermark sequence satisfied with Gaussian distribution is block-wised embedded into the DWT domain of these subimages repeatedly using the video watermarking technique. And watermark is detected through computing correlation between watermark and watermarked frames. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves good robustness against JPEG compression, common image processing operation and geometric distortions. Furthermore, the proposed watermarking scheme is also robust against linear collusion and other video watermarking attacks.

A Study on Digital Image and Video Watermarking Schemes using Neural Networks

The use of computer network communication makes information exchange and transmission relatively simple and quick. But with digital image, audio and video products like multimedia, copyright protected security questions will be exposed in such communication environments. Digital watermarks have been recently proposed for authentication of both video and still images. This paper gives a review of a few of the proposed image and video watermarking techniques using neural networks.

A Video Watermarking Technique Based on Pseudo-3-D DCT and Quantization Index Modulation

The increasing popularity of the internet means that digital multimedia are transmitted more rapidly and easily. And people are very aware for media ownership. However, digital watermarking is an efficient and promising means to protect intellectual properties. Based on the intellectual property attention in the information era, how to protect the personal ownership is extremely important and a necessary scheme. In this paper, we propose an effective video watermarking method based on a pseudo-3-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) and quantization index modulation (QIM) against several attacks. The watermark is mainly inserted into the uncompressed domain by adjusting the correlation between DCT coefficients of the selected blocks, and the watermark extraction is blind. This approach consists of a pseudo-3-D DCT, watermark embedding, and extraction. A pseudo-3-D DCT, which is taken DCT transformation twice, will be first utilized to calculate the embedding factor and to obtain the useful messages. Using the QIM, we embed the watermark into the quantization regions from the successive raw frames in the uncompressed domain and record the relative information to create a secret embedding key. This secret embedding key will further apply to extraction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can survive filtering, compressions, luminance change, and noise attacks with a good invisibility and robustness.

Video watermarking using wavelet transform and tensor algebra

We present a robust, hybrid non-blind MPEG video watermarking technique based on a high-order tensor singular value decomposition and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The core idea behind our proposed technique is to use the scene change analysis to embed the watermark repeatedly into the singular values of high-order tensors computed form the DWT coefficients of selected frames of each scene. Experimental results on video sequences are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of perceptual invisibility and robustness against attacks.

A MULTIMEDIA WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE BASED ON SVMs

In this paper we present an improved support vector machines (SVMs) watermarking system for still images and video sequences. By a thorough study on feature selection for training SVM, the proposed system shows significant improvements on computation efficiency and robustness to various attacks. The improved algorithm is extended to be a scene-based video watermarking technique. In a given scene, the algorithm uses the first h' frames to train an embedding SVM, and uses the trained SVM to watermark the rest of the frames. In the extracting phrase, the detector uses only the center h frames of the first h' frames to train an extracting SVM. The final extracted watermark in a given scene is the average of watermarks extracted from the remaining frames. Watermarks are embedded in l longest scenes of a video such that it is computationally efficient and capable to resist possible frames swapping/deleting/duplicating attacks. Two collusion attacks, namely temporal frame averaging and watermark estimation remodulation, on video watermarking are discussed and examined. The proposed video watermarking algorithm is shown to be robust to compression and collusion attacks, and it is novel and practical for SVM-applications.

Blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust against geometric attacks: a set of approaches in DCT domain

A set of robust MPEG-2 video watermarking techniques is proposed, focusing on commonly used typical geometric processing for bit-rate reduction, cropping, removal of any rows, arbitrary-ratio downscaling, and frame dropping. Both the embedding and the extraction of watermarks are done in the compressed domain, so the computational cost is low. Moreover, the watermark extraction is blind, i.e., no original unwatermarked MPEG-2 video is needed for watermark extraction. The presented technique is applicable not only to MPEG-2 video, but also to other DCT-based coding videos. Selected experimental results validate our techniques.

Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking

One of the challenges for blind watermark detection is synchronization. Synchronization is the process of identifying the coordinates of an embedded watermark and is crucial in successful watermark detection. If the detector's input is watermarked but synchronization fails, then the embedded watermark will not be detected. In this paper, temporal synchronization for blind video watermark detection is examined by developing new models for watermark embedding and detection. The structure of the watermark, and specifically its key schedule, dramatically affects the ease of synchronization. The new embedder models the construction of the watermark by using a state machine key generator. The key generator can produce time-invariant, time-independent, and time-periodic key schedules as special cases. The watermark detector uses a queue and a state predictor to perform a search to establish and maintain temporal synchronization. These models are general and can be applied to many symmetric blind video watermarking techniques. It is shown that a watermark without temporal redundancy in its key schedule is vulnerable to attacks such as frame dropping and transposition. Using the models, a watermark more resilient against temporal synchronization attacks is designed by adding temporal redundancy in the watermark construction. Experimental results from an implementation of the models are presented.