Video Recording System Research Articles

Evaluating digital video recorder systems using analytic hierarchy and analytic network processes

Digital video recorder (DVR) systems are novel security products with significant potential for application in the surveillance market, which, like many other areas of security technology, is changing quickly. Consumer demand and procuring budgets of system development firms are increasingly being emphasized, motivating upgrades to system quality. Digital surveillance systems include both hardware and software. Procurers have difficulty complying with these standards due to the wide gap between the descriptions in the standards and interpretations of evaluations of digital video recorder systems such as the functions of channel, recording, playback and display, communication and remote transmission. A case study compares the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) decision models, and the comparison results indicate that interdependencies can affect real decisions. For network-like decision models (i.e., decision problems that can be structured in a network model form), ANP represents an effective tool for providing an accurate solution for administrators or managers of this case.

Multichannel high sampling rate 1‐bit audio with a high definition video recorder system

Ideally, as much audio, video, and metadata information as possible should be acquired to produce archives using the most advanced technology available at the time so that maximum information can be inherited. On the other hand, it is not easy to develop both audio technology and video technology simultaneously or even to integrate them. For example, because we specifically examine audio technology, it is desirable to use video products in the market to achieve the goal. In this sense, we propose the use of IEEE1394 equipment and synchronize their components for integration. We developed a high sampling rate 1‐bit audio AD/DA converter that is equipped with IEEE1394 and recording and playback software running on Linux. The software can synchronize a 1‐bit audio stream using MPEG‐TS of HD video to extend its audio quality using IEEE1394 isochronous streaming with 125‐Es resolution. This integration of audio and video is achieved without modifying existing video products. This paper describes the system and the 1‐bit audio AD/DA converter (5.6 MHz sampling 8ch in 8ch out or 4.8 MHz sampling 16ch in 16ch out).

A novel acoustic evaluation system of scratching in mouse dermatitis: Rapid and specific detection of invisibly rapid scratch in an atopic dermatitis model mouse

Scratching is an essential and a skin specific behavior induced by itching, which is a common symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other types of dermatitis. Itching sensation and scratching are closely associated and thus scratching times are currently used for evaluating itching in animal models. However, objective measuring systems of scratching to assess the grade of dermatitis and the effectiveness of anti-pruritic drugs in animal dermatitis models are lacking. To investigate a quantitative evaluation system for itching, we have developed a novel acoustic scratching counting system and compared its accuracy with time-consuming slow-motion video recording system. We have also objectively evaluated the efficacy of an antihistamine using this novel system. Scratching behavior of an AD model mouse (K14 driven IL-18 transgenic mouse) was recorded visually and acoustically. Specific scratching sound produced by mice was recorded and counted using a software we have developed, and the results obtained using our acoustic system were not statistically different from data obtained using slow motion video system. Surprisingly, mice scratched more than 10 times/second, which was invisibly rapid motion and revealed inaccuracy of conventional hand counting system. Results were identical to that of measured by 10 times time costing slow-motion video analysis. The antihistamine is clearly effective for suppression of scratching as demonstrated using this objective and accurate method. This novel motion analysis system will open a window for physiological and pathological analysis for animal models and development of anti-pruritic drugs.

Learning From Technical Documents: The Role of Intermodal Referring Expressions

We investigated the impact of two types of intermodal referring expressions on efficiency of instructions for use. User manuals for software or technical devices such as a video recording system frequently combine verbal instructions and illustrations. Much research has shown that the presence of an illustration has a beneficial effect on learning. The present study focuses on a factor that modulates this beneficial effect. The combination of text and an illustration can be effective only if the user integrates the information coming from these two media. This integration depends largely on the intermodal referential expressions, the function of which is to mark explicitly the relations between the text and the illustration. In an experiment (N = 104), we compared the effectiveness of two intermodal referring expressions often used in procedural texts: indexes (numbers introduced in the illustrations and in the instructions to establish cross-references) and icons (visual representations of the components of the device, which are inserted in the verbal instructions). The icons condition led to the most efficient use of the device. This experiment shows that learning from multimedia documents depends on the possibility of effectively connecting the verbal instructions to the illustration. Taking into account the ergonomic properties of the cross-media referring expressions should allow text designers to improve the effectiveness of technical documents.

Wetting and infiltration of zirconium diboride by copper and copper/boron alloys

PurposeThis paper investigates wetting and infiltration of zirconium diboride by copper and copper/boron alloys in order to more effectively create electrodes for electrical discharge machining.Design/methodology/approachA high temperature furnace outfitted with a video recording system was utilized to observe wetting angles between molten copper alloys and zirconium diboride at various temperatures. A parallel, investigation of the thermodynamics involved with oxidation in the system was also undertaken.FindingsThis study showed that zirconium diboride can be wet by pure copper under carefully controlled conditions where oxygen contamination is minimized, and that the wetting angle increases with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic calculations reinforce the contention that oxygen contamination is the key barrier to wetting and infiltration. The addition of boron to copper significantly improves the wetting characteristics, and enables wetting and infiltration under higher oxygen contamination conditions.Practical implicationsThis study illustrated that boron must be added to copper to achieve infiltration when surface oxides are present.Originality/valueInfiltration of porous 3D green shapes of ceramics and metals is a common method for producing metal and ceramic components using rapid prototyping. Good wetting of the porous material by the infiltrant material is necessary for successful infiltration using capillary forces. This paper illustrates the alloys and conditions under which it is possible to produce electrodes of zirconium diboride/copper using rapid prototyping.

Contractile force measurements of cardiac myocytes using a micro-manipulation system

In order to develop a cell based robot, we present a micro-mechanical force measurement system for the biological muscle actuators, which utilize glucose as a power source. The proposed measurement system is composed of a micro-manipulator, a force transducer with a glass probe, a signal processor, an inverted microscope and video recording system. Using this measurement system, the contractile force and frequency of the cardiac myocytes were measured in real time and the magnitudes of the contractile force of each cardiac myocyte under different conditions were compared. From the quantitative experimental results, we could estimate that the force of cardiac myocytes is about 20~40 μN, and show that there are differences between the control cells and the micro-patterned cells.

Comparison of video and direct observation methods for measuring oral behaviour in veal calves

Measuring behaviour, especially oral behaviour, has always been a debated issue: therefore the aim of this paper is to closely examine the study of oral behaviour in calves and the approaching methodology. Behavioural observations were conducted by two media (direct observations by check sheets and indirect observations by videotapes recorded by cameras connected to a digital field switcher and a time-lapse video recorder) in order to compare data and assess the reliability and validity of the two methods in identifying some oral behavioural patterns in calves.The study was carried out on 54 Polish Friesian calves housed in group pens and in individual crates. The behaviour of the calves was investigated during the fattening period on the 2nd, 7th, 13th, 18th and 23rd week, one hour before and one hour after each of the two meals. Two experienced observers checked the behaviour of the calves, including oral behaviours on structures and buckets and oral stereotypies, by direct observations using a scan sampling every 2 minutes. The calves' behaviour was also video recorded on the same days in which the direct observations were carried out and analysed by the same two observers. Percentages of time spent on each type of behaviour were calculated and analysed by Chi-square test. Regardless of the housing system, the comparison between direct and indirect observations revealed significant differences in almost every behavioural category. Licking, biting and nibbling structures, nibbling and sucking the bucket, playing with the bucket and the teat, chewing and oral stereotypies were significantly higher in direct observations compared to indirect (P < 0.001), while inactivity was higher in video recorded observations (P < 0.001). In conclusion, regardless of the type of housing, our results revealed an objective difficulty in analysing videotapes with very detailed behavioural categories, like oral behaviours. Although video recording can certainly represent a useful and practical alternative to direct observations in many situations, the video recording system used in this study for investigating calves’ oral behaviour, in spite of the use of multiple cameras, could not replace direct observations, probably due to the restricted field of view, the low depth of focus, the black and white vision, the lack of audio and the time-lapse feature.

Digital video recording and archiving in ophthalmic surgery

Currently most ophthalmic operating rooms are equipped with an analog video recording system [analog Charge Couple Device camera for video grabbing and a Video Cassette Recorder for recording)]. We discuss the various advantages of a digital video capture device, its archiving capabilities and our experience during the transition from analog to digital video recording and archiving. The basic terminology and concepts related to analog and digital video, along with the choice of hardware, software and formats for archiving are discussed.

2207 画像処理技術を用いた運転者行動解析のための長時間運転画像記録システムの開発(OS5-1 物流機械と自動車の安全及び基盤技術,OS5 安全・安心・セキュリティー・防災,TRANSLOG 2006)

This paper describes a video recording system for the purpose of observing and analyzing the long distance truck driver's behavior. The system consists of a few cameras that have infrared lights, a hard disk DVD recorder that can record for long time and four-channel multiplexer. As a result, the system worked well on the commercial truck and we could observe the driver's behavior. Moreover we tried to apply image processing technology to retrieve the driver's characteristics from the video.

An inexpensive, innovative, indigenously assembled system for audio and video recording of nasendoscopic procedures: ideas and innovations

Nasendoscopy is a commonly performed procedure for evaluation of velopharyngeal competence. For the purpose of recording the findings, sophisticated systems are available, which are extremely expensive and probably beyond the scope of many centers especially in the third world. An imaginatively assembled system is presented which focuses on the cost; this has been reduced to a fraction of the original, without compromising on the quality of the images. The potential uses for this system are tremendous, considering the volume of charity work being done in the field of cleft lip and palate in the third world countries.

Echolocating bats can use acoustic landmarks for spatial orientation

We investigated the echolocating bat's use of an acoustic landmark for orientation in a complex environment with no visual information. Three bats of the species Eptesicus fuscus were trained to fly through a hole in a mist net to receive a food reward on the other side. In all experiments, the vocal behavior of the bats was recorded simultaneously using a high-speed video recording system, allowing for a 3D reconstruction of the flight path. We ran three types of experiments, with different spatial relations between the landmark and net hole. In the first experiment, the bat's behavior was studied in test trials with the landmark placed 10 cm to the left of the net opening; between test trials, the positions of the net opening and landmark were moved, but the spatial relationship between the two remained fixed. With the landmark adjacent to the net opening, the bats quickly found the hole. In the second experiment, bats were tested in control trials in which the landmark was moved independently of the hole, breaking the established spatial relationship between the two. In control trials the bats repeatedly crashed into the net next to the landmark, and inspected the area around it. In the final experiment, the landmark was removed altogether from the set-up. Here the bats spent more time per trial searching for the net opening with an increased number of inspections as well as crashes into the net. However, over the course of a test day without the landmark, bats reduced the time spent per trial and focused inspections and crashes around the hole. The behavioral data show for the first time that the echolocating bat can learn to rely on an acoustic landmark to guide spatial orientation.

Efficacy of a nature-like bypass channel in a Portuguese lowland river

Throughout Europe in the last decade there has been a steady shift away from more technical fish pass designs to more nature-like passes, such as nature-like bypass channels. Upstream fish passage in a nature-like bypass channel was investigated in a lowland river, the Lima River, for 117 days from March 2000 to May 2002. Fish passage was recorded using an automatic video recording system. Electrofishing samples within the bypass and below the weir were compared with species abundance found on the tape recordings. More than 7500 individuals of eight species passed through the bypass channel. Species composition was dominated by striped mullet (65.3%) and potamodromous species (34.3%), which used the bypass mainly at night. Of the environmental variables considered, bypass discharge explained most of the variation in the number of cyprinids, whereas water temperature was more important for diadromous species. Comparing species composition below the weir using passage recordings provided a useful tool to assess species efficacy of the bypass, although biological requirements should also be taken into account. This study proved the efficacy of the bypass for passage of almost all occurring species and life stages and also for providing suitable habitat for fish fauna, highlighting the use of these facilities for river restoration schemes.

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigation on resonant vibrations of piezoceramic annular disks

In this study, vibration characteristics of thin piezoceramic annular disks with stress-free boundary conditions are investigated by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurement. The nonaxisymmetric, out-of-plane (transverse), and axisymmetric in-plane (tangential and radial extensional) vibration modes are discussed in detail in terms of resonant frequencies, mode shapes, and electrical currents. Two optical techniques, amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) and laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), as well as the electrical impedance measurement are used to validate the analytical results. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the transverse and tangential vibration modes cannot be determined by the impedance analysis; hence, only resonant frequencies of extensional vibration modes are presented from the impedance analyzer. The LDV system is used to measure the resonant frequencies of transverse vibrations. However, both the transverse and extensional vibration modes and resonant frequencies of piezoceramic annular disks are obtained by the AF-ESPI method, and the interferometric fringes are produced instantly by a video recording system. Numerical results obtained by finite-element calculations are compared with those from theoretical analysis and experimental measurements. It is shown that the theoretical predictions of resonant frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes agree well with the experimental results. Good agreement between the predicted and measured electrical impedance also is found. The dependence of resonant frequencies and dynamic electromechanical coupling coefficients on the inner-to-outer radius ratio also is analyzed and discussed in this study.

An integrated software architecture for real-time video and audio recording systems

This paper presents an integrated MPEG video and audio recording software system with a system-on-a-chip (SoC) platform. By fully utilizing the information obtained from video compression, the auto exposure and auto white balance can be accurately predicted and adjusted. The bit rate control as well as data buffer techniques adopted in the design overcome the difficulties of real-time streaming to storage cards.

High‐Quality Video Recording and Monitoring System for Endoscopes

We have developed a new recording system for endoscope images with the popular mini digital video (mini DV) camera. A special adaptor screws onto the lens top, and either a flexible or rigid endoscope can be attached to the camera. Using this system, we can monitor not only the endoscopic images but also the patient's condition. Satisfactory images can be obtained even with the finest fiberscope. Nevertheless, our new system costs only USD 1,000. Therefore, the system is both cost-effective and useful for the outpatient clinic or casual setting or for house calls for the purpose of patient education.

Communication during trauma resuscitation: do we know what is happening?

Verbal communication is essential for teamwork and leadership in high-intensity performances like trauma resuscitation. We evaluated communication during multidisciplinary trauma resuscitation. The main trauma room of a level one trauma centre was equipped with a digital video recording system. Resuscitations were consecutively and prospectively enrolled. Patients with revised trauma score (RTS)=12 were resuscitated by a 'minor trauma team' and patients with RTS<12 by a 'major trauma team'. Information transferral from physicians to other team members was evaluated separately for all ABCDE's, according to initiation, audibility and response. The observer was trained and the first 30 video's were excluded. From May 1st to September 1st 2003, 205 resuscitations were included, 12 were lost for evaluation. The 'major trauma team' resuscitated 74 patients (ISS:21.4). Communication was audible in 56% and understandable in 44% during the primary survey. The 'minor trauma team' assessed 119 patients (ISS:7.4). Communication was audible in 43% and understandable in 33%. Communication during trauma resuscitation was found to be sub optimal. This is potentially harmful for trauma victims. Professionals and institutions should be aware that communication is not self-evident. Introduction of an aviation-like communication feedback system could help to optimise trauma care.

Model for measuring quality of software in DVRS using the gap concept and fuzzy schemes with GA

A model of software quality is proposed to measure the quality of the software in a digital video recorder system (DVRS) during its development stage. The characteristics and metrics of this model are adopted from ISO/IEC 9126 and 14598. The model incorporates a λ-fuzzy measure, a genetic algorithm and a hierarchical Choquet integral. It is based on the gap concept between perceive performance by the developers and satisfaction by the end-users, acquirers and evaluators of third parties in software development stage. A checklist about of the software quality is used to reduce the gap between the quality of the DVRS software quality as assessed by the developers and that as assessed by the end-users, acquirers and the evaluators of third parties.

Grey relational analysis evaluation of digital video recorder

The surveillance market includes various digital video recorder (DVR) systems. Six criteria – feasibility, economy, service, equipment functionality, management, and past achievements – are considered to assess DVRs made by three companies. This study evaluates the quality of three digital video recorder systems using grey relational analysis (GRA). Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Analysis of the mechanisms of rabbit’s brainstem hemorrhage complicated with irritable changes in the alvine mucous membrane

To explore the dynamic changes in the pressure of the lateral ventricle during acute brainstem hemorrhage and the changes of neural discharge of vagus nerve under the load of intracranial hypertension, so as to analyze their effects on the congestive degree of intestinal mucous membrane and the morphologic changes of intestinal mucous membrane. An operation was made to open the skull to obtain an acute brainstem hemorrhage animal model. Microcirculatory microscope photography device and video recording system were used to determine the changes continuously in the caliber of jejunal mesenteric artery during brainstem hemorrhage and the changes with time in the congestion of jejunal mucosal villi. We used HE stain morphology to analyze the changes of duodenal mucosal villi. A recording electrode was used to calculate and measure the electric discharge activities of cervical vagus nerve. (1) We observed that the pressure of lateral cerebral ventricle increased transiently during acute brainstem hemorrhage; (2) The caliber of the jejunal mesenteric artery increased during brainstem hemorrhage. Analysis of red color coordinate values indicated transient increase in the congestion of jejunal mucous membrane during acute brainstem hemorrhage; (3) Through the analysis of the pathologic slice, we found enlarged blood vessels, stagnant blood, and transudatory red blood cells in the duodenal submucous layer; (4) Electric discharge of vagus nerve increased and sporadic hemorrhage spots occurred in duodenal mucous and submucous layer, when the lateral ventricle was under pressure. Brainstem hemorrhage could cause intracranial hypertension, which would increase the neural discharge of vagus nerve and cause the transient congestion of jejunal mucous membrane. It could cause hyperemia and diffused hemorrhage in the duodenal submucous layer 48 h after brainstem hemorrhage.

1301 高温疲労条件下における316FR鋼のき裂開閉口挙動の観察(G03-1 き裂進展・破面解析,G03 材料力学)

In order to clarify the crack closure and reopening point of fatigue crack, crack-tip in 316FR steel is continuously observed during the high-temperature fatigue crack propagation tests, which is carried out under several stress ratio conditions, by means of a CCD-microscope and videorecording system. The crack opening ratio q_o which is obtained by the pattern matching of the pictures, is varied by the stress ratio. The relationship between the stress ratio and q_o can be estimated well by the equation which is already proposed by one of the authers after the crack propagation analysis of tested material.