Video Recording Device Research Articles

Cybersecurity Challenges of the Civilian Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Nowadays unmanned aircrafts are widely available at a reasonable price for civilians. This change in the market raises cybersecurity related concerns. In this paper we arefocusing on three aspects of the cybersecurity challenges: data protection element, cyberattack element and general concerns over drones from the Asian market. The first element is extremely important when it comes to ethical and rightful drone use. A drone fitted with a camera or a video recording device can easily violate personal data. The cyberattack element aims to make sure the user understands that their device can be hacked, and not just simply the drone itself but various devices connected to them. Lastly, we are focusing on raising awareness of using drones from the Asian market. These types of products sometimes get into the spotlight due to built-in cyberissues. This part is aimed to raise general awareness over data protection coming from third party device use.

Emotion Regulation Learning Processes Within two Parenting Systems in the Case of a Foster Preschooler

ABSTRACT Acts of abuse are indicative of a parent's inability to regulate his or her own emotions in an appropriate manner and jeopardize a child's development. Foster care should provide a safe environment both to protect a child from harm and to heal a damaging social-emotional developmental trajectory. How does a child learn to regulate his or her emotions faced with the two different environments of foster home and parental home? This study is based on the use of a microanalytic observation method using a video-recording device in natural settings. It concerns a preschooler, Lola, aged 5, and her birth parents and Foster Mother (FM), who together form her caregivers. To evaluate the evolution of their interactions over a year, three observational sessions were held at an interval of six months. The emotional regulation learning processes used by Lola and her caregivers during playtime were analyzed with Emotion Regulation Strategies (ERS) coding systems in order to build ERS cycles. The analysis of this case showed that Lola learnt to develop language strategies to regulate her emotions with her FM, while exhibiting self-soothing behaviors and distraction strategies with her biological parents. The degree of distress and emotional tension in her birth family had a critical impact on Lola's ERS learning processes. Clinical implications for child care practices are discussed following a clinical psychology perspective.

Body-worn cameras ‘on the move’: exploring the contextual, technical and ethical challenges in policing practice

ABSTRACT The body-worn camera (BWC), an audio and video recording device, has been increasingly adopted by law enforcement across the globe. Drawing on a qualitative study, this paper will explore the use of these mobile devices in the UK and examine the challenges that have been faced during its implementation in two British police forces. In particular, we will discuss how these cameras move with the police officer’s bodily movements (both intentionally and unintentionally) and are used for policing purposes in different settings (such as urban and rural contexts or different operational units). Based on a set of semi-structured interviews with 26 police officers, this article will explore the contextual, technical and ethical challenges that hinder the use of BWCs in such settings. This study concludes that these practical and techno-social challenges are often interlinked. The context of use of these cameras and how they operate technically are connected, often raising significant ethical issues particularly for data management and storage. Ultimately it is argued that the operational perspective of the frontline officer is invaluable when designing and implementing technologies so they are policeman-proof.

Why and How Should Cognitive Science Care about Aesthetics?

Empirical aesthetics has found its way into mainstream cognitive science. Until now, most research has focused either on identifying the internal processes that underlie a perceiver's aesthetic experience or on identifying the stimulus features that lead to a specific type of aesthetic experience. To progress, empirical aesthetics must integrate these approaches into a unified paradigm that encourages researchers to think in terms of temporal dynamics and interactions between: (i) the stimulus and the perceiver; (ii) different systems within the perceiver; and (iii) different layers of the stimulus. At this critical moment, empirical aesthetics must also clearly identify and define its key concepts, sketch out its agenda, and specify its approach to grow into a coherent and distinct discipline.

INTRA- AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY FOR LIMB LENGTH MEASUREMENT AND TRIAL ERROR ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER QUARTER Y-BALANCE TEST IN HEALTHY ADULTS

There has been an increased emphasis placed on outcome measures in healthcare recently. This emphasis, coupled with a limited amount of clinically meaningful upper extremity closed-kinetic chain performance-based measures, has led to the development of the Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-UQ). Current literature has reported the established reliability of the test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities of the YBT-UQ, but not the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of limb length (LL) measurement and trial error assessment (assessing whether a subject committed an error during the trial thus negating the results of that trial). These components are important to the output of the measure and therefore need to be examined. To examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of LL measurement and trial error assessment for the YBT-UQ. A test-retest design was utilized to evaluate reliability. A convenience sample of healthy college students had their right upper extremity LL measured and performed the YBT-UQ in order to establish intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of LL measurement and YBT-UQ trial error assessment. LL was measured from the C7 spinous process to the distal end of the third digit of the right hand per protocol for the YBT-UQ. Two YBT-UQ practice trials were performed for each stance hand followed by three trials for each stance hand. The trial reach measurements were recorded by each rater. A video recording device was used to record each trial and the video was viewed by each rater for trial error assessment. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values for intra-rater reliability for LL measurements were 0.986, 0.987, and 0.990 for each of the three raters respectively, indicating excellent reliability. The ICC value for inter-rater reliability for LL measurements was 0.990, also indicating excellent reliability. Trial error assessment intra-rater reliability Kappa values were 0.917, 0.869, and 0.951 for each of the three raters respectively, indicating very good agreement. The Kappa value for trial error assessment for all three raters, collectively, was 0.658 for the first assessment of trial errors and 0.643 for the second assessment of trial errors, indicating good agreement between raters for each assessment of trial errors. The YBT-UQ demonstrates a high degree of reliability in measurement of LL and agreement regarding trial errors assessment on the population studied. 2b.

Category – Imaging

Introduction Ultrasound is considered as the first‐line imaging method of choice in gynaecology due to it being a simple, accurate, and safe technique. The quality and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound depends on the skills of the individual performing the ultrasound scan. Despite the implications that poor ultrasound practice has on patient safety, the role of training and evaluation of ultrasound practice has received limited attention. Aim Ultrasound practice in a general gynaecology clinic was assessed by evaluating the video‐recorded quality of ultrasound images and comparing these to best practice guidelines; Objective Structured Assessment of Ultrasound Skills (OSAUS), Society and College of Radiographers, British Medical Ultrasound Society (SCoR/BMUS), and International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ISUOG). Methods A video recording device was connected to a randomly selected ultrasound machine in gynaecology clinics of a busy teaching hospital. To minimise the Hawthorne effect, staff were notified through email 3 weeks in advance. Data were collected over a three‐week period. The anonymised recordings were analysed against current best practice guidelines. Ultrasound practice was categorised as compliant, partially compliant and noncompliant. Results In total, 43 observations of ultrasound use were recorded and findings with regard to the three categories were recorded as percentage frequencies (%). The study found 41.9% of images were annotated appropriately and 25.6% of clinicians examined bladder, vagina, and cervix when indicated. Assessment of image optimisation was compliant in 23.3% of recorded observations, 11.6% partially compliant, and 65.1% noncompliant. The study also found that the global examination on gynaecology was 20.9% compliant, 18.6% partially compliant, and 60.47% noncompliant. Conclusion The study has shown that ultrasound practice among gynaecologists did not reflect the standards of current guidelines. The results suggest a need for improvement, through supervised training and core knobology. Accuracy and performance of ultrasound examination remains highly operator‐dependent. Video surveillance of ultrasound use was found to be an effective tool for assessing competence and performance of ultrasound examination.

Detecting dressing failures using temporal–relational visual grammars

Evaluation of dressing activities is essential in the assessment of the performance of patients with psycho-motor impairments. However, the current practice of monitoring dressing activity (performed by the patients in front of the therapist) has a number of disadvantages when considering the personal nature of dressing activity as well as inconsistencies between the recorded performance of the activity and performance of the same activity carried out in the patients’ natural environment, such as their home. As such, a system that can evaluate dressing activities automatically and objectively would alleviate some of these issues. However, a number of challenges arise, including difficulties in correctly identifying garments, their position in the body (partially of fully worn) and their position in relation to other garments. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel method based on visual grammars to automatically detect dressing failures and explain the type of failure. Our method is based on the analysis of image sequences of dressing activities and only requires availability of a video recording device. The analysis relies on a novel technique which we call temporal–relational visual grammar; it can reliably recognize temporal dressing failures, while also detecting spatial and relational failures. Our method achieves 91% precision in detecting dressing failures performed by 11 subjects. We explain these results and discuss the challenges encountered during this work.

Using Videography to Study the Effects of Stimulants on Daphnia magna

Daphnia have been used to demonstrate the physiological effects of stimulants such as caffeine and energy drinks in activities designed for secondary school and college labs. We describe how these activities were enhanced by coupling a microscope to a video recording device and digital data recording system to facilitate more accurate quantification of the rate of heartbeats in daphnia. Also, the technology facilitates measurements of the changes in the size of the heart due to the effect of stimulants. We describe the setup for the video recorder, data acquisition system, and microscope, the results obtained, and how these activities could be replicated in a secondary school laboratory setting to increase student engagement and be used as a primer to enhance learning and understanding of biological systems by students. This work aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards, in that students “use a variety of equipment and software to enter, process, display, and communicate information in different forms using text, tables, and pictures.”

Design and Application of Micro-video Course Recording in "General City Planning" Course

as information technology flourishes, use ratio of network and mobile terminal devices keeps rising. Microlecture as a new course resource and learning style jumps into people's vision. This paper introduces a microlecture platform which is applied to teach General City Planning. The platform includes the oflowing functions: microlecture making device, classroom live broadcasting and real-time video recording device, microlecture question and answer device, microlecture labeling device and microlecture searching device etc. Based on fully expounding the research background, domestic and overseas situations, this paper analyzes design thought, overall structure and teaching advantage of the platform. The experimental study shows that the microlecture platform is quick and convenient to use. Therefore, it is the optimal platform for both teachers and students.

Practice Based Evidence: An Integrated Therapy Approach for Children who Stutter

This paper adds to the developing evidence base for an integrated therapy programme delivered at the Michael Palin Centre. A combination of data from a small cohort of children who attended the programme (Millard 2011) and a replicated single subject study (Fower, Harley & Millard, 2014) indicated that this programme can be effective in reducing the frequency and impact of stuttering and that these changes are maintained over time. This study seeks to add to the evidence base and increase the validity of the findings by exploring the effect of the therapy with larger participant numbers.Participants: All children (N=39; 32 boys and 7 girls) aged 10;0 – 14;11 who attended an intensive therapy programme over a period of four years were included. This is a longitudinal study which incorporates a pre-course baseline to establish whether change was occurring prior to the onset of therapy. Children completed assessments at seven time points:T1 = 2 months pre-courseT2 = 1st dayT3 = Last DayT4 = 6 weeks post courseT5 = 4-5 months post courseT6 = 8 months post courseT7 = 1 year post courseOutcome measuresa) A speech task – a conversation and reading sample recorded at home using a hand held video recording device (FLIP). These speech samples were later analysed by a trained researcher using the SSI-3 (Riley, 1994) to provide stuttering frequency and severity measures.b) The OASES-S/T (Yaruss & Quesal, 2010) to evaluate the impact of stuttering.c) Palin Parent Rating Scales (Millard, Edwards & Cook, 2009) to explore parents’ perspectives of the impact that the stuttering has on the child; the severity of the stuttering and the impact on the parent; and, the parents’ knowledge and confidence in managing it.This integrated therapy approach seeks to develop strengths in the areas of social communication skills; thoughts and feelings; and speech strategies. Regular follow up sessions take place throughout the remainder of the year and additional individual therapy sessions are available on the basis of need. Preliminary analysis of the data has been completed up to T4. The results indicate that there is no change in the two month pre-therapy baseline phase across the child measures. There are significant changes from T2 to T3 and from T2 to T4. There are no significant changes between T3 and T4. From this preliminary analysis we can conclude that the children were not undergoing a period of natural improvement prior to the start of the course. The frequency and severity of stuttering significantly reduced during the course and this was maintained until the first follow up session. Further the impact of the stuttering as measured by the OASES-S/T scores indicated a significant reduction in the impact of the stuttering in the short term.Further analysis will indicate whether these signs of progress are maintained over the long term and whether changes are observed by parents. These data will be ready for presentation at the conference.

A Novel Method for Real-Time Audio Recording With Intraoperative Video

Although laparoscopic surgery has become widespread, effective and efficient education in laparoscopic surgery is difficult. Instructive laparoscopy videos with appropriate annotations are ideal for initial training in laparoscopic surgery; however, the method we use at our institution for creating laparoscopy videos with audio is not generalized, and there have been no detailed explanations of any such method. Our objectives were to demonstrate the feasibility of low-cost simple methods for recording surgical videos with audio and to perform a preliminary safety evaluation when obtaining these recordings during operations. We devised a method for the synchronous recording of surgical video with real-time audio in which we connected an amplifier and a wireless microphone to an existing endoscopy system and its equipped video-recording device. We tested this system in 209 cases of laparoscopic surgery in operating rooms between August 2010 and July 2011 and prospectively investigated the results of the audiovisual recording method and examined intraoperative problems. Numazu City Hospital in Numazu city, Japan. Surgeons, instrument nurses, and medical engineers. In all cases, the synchronous input of audio and video was possible. The recording system did not cause any inconvenience to the surgeon, assistants, instrument nurse, sterilized equipment, or electrical medical equipment. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the audiovisual group and control group regarding the operating time, which had been divided into 2 slots-performed by the instructors or by trainees (p > 0.05). This recording method is feasible and considerably safe while posing minimal difficulty in terms of technology, time, and expense. We recommend this method for both surgical trainees who wish to acquire surgical skills effectively and medical instructors who wish to teach surgical skills effectively.

Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test

Autobiographical memory for events experienced during normal daily life has been studied at the group level, but no studies have yet examined the ability to detect recognition of incidentally acquired memories among individual subjects. We present the first such study here, which employed a concealed-information test in which subjects were shown words associated with activities they had experienced the previous day. Subjects wore a video-recording device for 4 hr on Day 1 and then returned to the laboratory on Day 2, where they were shown words relating to events recorded with the camera (probe items) and words of the same category but not relating to the subject’s activities (irrelevant items). Electroencephalograms were recorded, and presentation of probe items was associated with a large peak in the amplitude of the P300 component. We were able to discriminate perfectly between 12 knowledgeable subjects who viewed stimuli related to their activities and 12 nonknowledgeable subjects who viewed only irrelevant items. These results have strong implications for the use of memory-detection paradigms in criminal contexts.

Critical evaluation of four different seizure detection systems tested on one patient with focal and generalized tonic and clonic seizures

For long-term home monitoring of epileptic seizures, the measurement of extracerebral body signals such as abnormal movement is often easier and less obtrusive than monitoring intracerebral brain waves with electroencephalography (EEG). Non-EEG devices are commercially available but with little scientifically valid information and no consensus on which system works for which seizure type or patient.We evaluated four systems based on efficiency, comfort, and user-friendliness and compared them in one patient suffering from focal epilepsy with secondary generalization. The Emfit mat, Epi-Care device, and Epi-Care Free bracelet are commercially available alarm systems, while the VARIA (Video, Accelerometry, and Radar-Induced Activity recording) device is being developed by our team and requires offline analysis for seizure detection and does so by presenting the 5% or 10% (patient-specific) most abnormal movement events, irrespective of the number of seizures per night.As we chose to mimic the home situation, we did not record EEG and compared our results to the seizures reported by experienced staff that were monitoring the patient on a semicontinuous basis. This resulted in a sensitivity (sens) of 78% and false detection rate (FDR) of 0.55 per night for Emfit, sens 40% and FDR 0.41 for Epi-Care, sens 41% and FDR 0.05 for Epi-Care Free, and sens 56% and FDR 20.33 for VARIA.Good results were obtained by some of the devices, even though, as expected, nongeneralized and nonrhythmic motor seizures (involving the head only, having a tonic phase, or manifesting mainly as sound) were often missed. The Emfit mat was chosen for our patient, also based on user-friendliness (few setup steps), comfort (contactless), and possibility to adjust patient-specific settings.When in need of a seizure detection system for a patient, a thorough individual search is still required, which suggests the need for a database or overview including results of clinical trials describing the patient and their seizure types.

Resting Behaviour of Parrots Loriculus galgulus

This study analysed the preferences of perch size and position in the aviary in a group of 6 lorikeets (Loriculus galgulus). We monitored the presence of the lorikeets in four different locations in the aviary – on the original perches, floor, wire mesh and experimental perches. The perch preferences were tested using 3 identical experimental perches, each of which consisted of 5 segments differing in diameter – ø 1 cm (circumference = 3.14 cm), ø 2 cm (circumference = 6.28 cm), ø 3 cm (circumference = 9.42 cm), ø 4 cm (circumference = 12.56 cm) and ø 5 cm (circumference = 15.7 cm). The distance between the 3rd and 4th toe was measured in all birds (it averaged in 2.4 cm) in order to assess to what extent the birds can enclose the perch with their toes. The observation continued for 35 consecutive days in a private aviary in the group of 4 males and 2 females of the same species. The images were captured in 10-minute intervals by a video-recording device. The number of images mapping the presence of the six birds totalled in 17898. Out of this number, the lories were 10453 times indoors (out of sight) and 7445 times in the outdoor fly, which was monitored. They spent most of the time resting on the original perches (3067x) and totally ignored the floor (1x). They preferred perches (5102x) to wire mesh (2342x). All the differences were highly significant. The favourite perch diameter was 2 cm (537x) and the least popular was the perch 5 cm thick (148x); the difference was also highly significant. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the lorikeets preferred sections A (788x) and E (600x) in the aviary, which means they spent most of the time along the walls. The differences among all the observed sections were highly significant.

Feed intake, ruminal fermentation, and animal behavior of beef heifers fed forage free diets containing nonforage fiber sources1

Eight Simmental heifers (initial BW 313.4 ± 13.2 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments in a 4 × 4 double Latin square design. The experiment was performed in four 28-d periods. Treatments tested were a control diet in which barley straw (BS) was used as a fiber source and 3 diets where the main difference was the nonforage fiber source used: soybean hulls (SH), beet pulp (BP) in pellets, and whole cottonseed (WCS). All ingredients, except the fiber sources, were ground through a 3-mm screen. Fiber ingredients were incorporated at 10, 17, 17, and 16% (on DM basis) in BS, SH, BP, and WCS, respectively. All diets were offered ad libitum as total mixed ration and designed to be isoenergetic (2.95 Mcal ME/kg DM), isonitrogenous (15% CP, DM basis), and with a NDF content of 20% (on DM basis) although there was a discrepancy between the theoretical and the actual chemical composition of the diets. Particle size separation was performed using the 3-screen Penn State Particle Separator. Animals were allotted in 8 individual roofed concrete pens equipped with a feedbunk and water trough. Intake was recorded over 7 d in the last week of each experimental period. Behavior was recorded for 24-h on d 2 and d 6 of each experimental week using a digital video recording device. A digital color camera was set up in front of each pen. Data recorded, except behavioral activities, were statistically analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. To test treatment effect for each behavioral activity, analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Diets ranked from greater to lesser proportion of particles of less than 1.18 mm as follows: SH, BS, WCS, and BP. Dry matter intake of heifers fed WCS was greater than the remaining treatments (P = 0.049). The greatest average ruminal pH was registered in heifers fed BS (6.4) and BP (6.3) whereas the smallest was recorded in SH diet (5.9), with WCS (6.2) occupying an intermediate position (P = 0.006). Total chewing time was greater (P = 0.001) in BS and WCS than in SH and BP. In conclusion, the nonforage fiber sources tested in this experiment can be used in forage-free diets fed to beef heifers as total mixed ration (TMR) without negative consequences in DMI in SH and BP diets and with an increased DMI in WCS diet. The WCS diet promoted rumination and total chewing time to the same degree as BS, which demonstrates that it is equally effective as this forage fiber source.

Tracheal occlusion conditioning causes stress, anxiety and neural state changes in conscious rats

Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that mechanical loads to breathing are stressful stimuli and evoke compensatory behaviours. Conditioning of stressful stimuli is known to cause changes in basal stress levels and behaviour. Individuals with respiratory obstructive diseases repeatedly experience bouts of airway obstruction, which may act as a form of conditioning, and often have affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. It is unknown whether the development of affective disorders in these individuals results from the unexpected recurring respiratory perturbations. To investigate this possibility, we developed a model to elicit tracheal occlusion (TO) in conscious rats and exposed them to 10 days of TO conditioning. We hypothesized that healthy, conscious animals exposed to TO conditioning would develop stress and anxiety and would have modulated neural activity in respiratory, stress, discriminative and affective neural regions. Following TO conditioning, rats had increased basal corticosterone levels, greater adrenal weights and elevated anxiety levels compared with animals not receiving TO. Significant increases in cytochrome oxidase staining were found in brainstem respiratory nuclei, periaqueductal grey, dorsal raphe, thalamus and insular cortex. These results suggest that healthy animals develop stress and anxiety responses to respiratory load conditioning via inescapable tracheal occlusions, which may be mediated through state changes in specific brain nuclei.

A note on lamb's choice for different types of bedding materials

The aim of this study was to analyze the lamb's choice of bedding material when 4 different types of bedding materials and cement floor (CT) area were available during the fattening period. A total of 16 lambs were selected and distributed in 2 groups of 8 lambs each and fattened for 18 days. The animals were housed randomly in 1 of 2 pens that were subdivided into 5 areas. Four of these areas had 1 of the 4 types of flooring: sawdust (SU), waste of paper (WP), straw (ST), and rice husk (RH), whereas the fifth had a CT, opposite the feeding and drinking troughs. A video-recording device was set up in a room close to the pens to record maintenance behavior. Two kinds of recording were carried out: scan sampling every 10 minutes (7 am-9 pm) throughout the entire experiment, and continuous behavior sampling recorded continuously for 12 h/d (8 am-8 pm) on days 1, 7, and 14 (a total of 36 h/pen). The behavior patterns recorded during the experiment included lying down, standing, walking, feeding, and drinking. The occupancy rates for the different bedding areas were significantly different (P ≤ 0.001), and the lambs demonstrated a clear preference for SU bed, with a 47% occupancy rate, followed by WP (17%), ST, and RH, with occupancy rates of nearly 6% and 7%, respectively. The occupancy rate in the area with no bedding material (CT) was 21%. Significant differences were also found in behavior patterns between the bedding zones. When the lambs on the SU bedding were observed, 80% of the time they were lying down and 20% of the time standing. When they occupied the WP area, they spent 63% of the time lying down and 37% standing; for the ST bedding, the rates were 23% lying down and 77% standing; and when the lambs were observed in the area with RH flooring, they spent 40% of the time lying down and 60% standing. The clear preference shown by the lambs for SU may be associated to the SU's physical and thermal properties compared with ST. If all factors are taken into account (cost, animal preferences, and technical performance), WP bedding becomes a interesting material as an alternative to the ST bedding traditionally used by sheep farmers.

Recognition of various tactile stimuli using independent component analysis and k -means

A self-developed integrated system is employed to record and analyse intracortical evoked potentials from the primary somatosensory cortex of rats. Four different neural signals are recorded under no stimulation and stimulation using a toothbrush, pen shaft and toothpick separately. These evoked signals undergo preprocessing and post-processing, in that order. In order to improve the shortcoming of independent component analysis (ICA), which the magnitude and sequence of estimated independent components are ambiguous. The authors propose the dynamic dimension increasing method to form a feature vector by correlation coefficient matrix and mitigate the drawback of ICA. Then, k-means is employed to group the feature vector into different clusters. The authors use the information of monitoring subsystem to check the experimental results by using a video recording device. Finally, the presented methods are utilised to extract the features from various evoked potentials and distinguish the stimulants from different sensory signals.

562 Relationship of Apneic Pause Duration and Airway Protection in Pediatric Patients Referred for Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies

Background and aims: Coordination of breathing and swallowing must be precise for maintenance of airway protection and prevention of aspiration. The phases of respiration are interrupted during swallowing; swallowing apnea must be of sufficient duration to protect the airway to prevent entry of food or liquid. The specific respiratory phase patterns and the association with normal and abnormal swallowing parameters in pediatric patients are presently unknown. The aim of the present project was to analyze the duration of apneic pause during swallowing in association with swallowing parameters in a cohort of pediatric patients undergoing videofluoroscopic studies of swallowing. Methods: A cohort of 50 pediatric patients undergoing videofluoroscopic swallowing studies was identified. The KayPentax Swallowing Signals Lab was used to digitally record the swallow studies concurrently with the respiratory signals. Nasal respiratory airflow was captured using a standard nasal cannula coupled to the video recording device. Results: Variation was noted across subjects in regard to respiratory phase pattern associated with bolus type (thin liquid, thickened liquid, or solid). Variability in swallowing apnea duration was noted across all subjects, however, a significant difference in relation to the duration of swallowing apnea was found in participants who demonstrated aspiration. Conclusions: Participants who did not display swallowing dysfunction were noted to demonstrate increased swallowing apnea duration in comparison to the participants who had aspiration events. Continued research is needed to delineate the relationship between respiratory phase patterns and swallowing abnormalities. Such data will assist clinicians in diagnosis and implementation of appropriate compensatory treatment strategies.

Use of low-cost video recording device in reflective practice in cataract surgery

Reflective surgical practice is invaluable for surgeons at all levels of experience. For trainees in particular, every surgical opportunity must be optimized for its learning potential. Recording and reviewing cataract surgery is an invaluable tool. We describe a video recording device that has the advantages of ease of use; low cost; portability; and ease of review, editing, and dissemination, all of which encourage regular use and reflective surgical practice.