Video Encryption Scheme Research Articles

A flexible visual quality control algorithm for perceptual video encryption based on H.264

In order to meet all kinds of video security applications, especially pay-digital-TV system, a perceptual video encryption scheme based on visual quality control strategy is proposed. The optimal syntax elements and sensitive coded elements are chosen to encrypt by using mathematical XOR operations with stream ciphers generated by Chen chaos system. In order to enhance the security, the encryption scheme of this paper synthetically uses three strategies, including Motion Vector Difference (MVD) encryption, intra prediction mode encryption and levels of low coefficients encryption. The variable length keys are used to encrypt the syntax elements to improve key utilisation. Experimental results show that the proposed perceptual encryption scheme can achieve high security at a relatively high compression ratio and bandwidth cost, as well as about 2% coding rate and 6% encoding time increased at the cost of slightly sacrificing code rate and encoding time. Especially, the degraded visual quality can be controlled gradually with a simple quality factor.

A flexible visual quality control algorithm for perceptual video encryption based on H.264

In order to meet all kinds of video security applications, especially pay-digital-TV system, a perceptual video encryption scheme based on visual quality control strategy is proposed. The optimal syntax elements and sensitive coded elements are chosen to encrypt by using mathematical XOR operations with stream ciphers generated by Chen chaos system. In order to enhance the security, the encryption scheme of this paper synthetically uses three strategies, including Motion Vector Difference (MVD) encryption, intra prediction mode encryption and levels of low coefficients encryption. The variable length keys are used to encrypt the syntax elements to improve key utilisation. Experimental results show that the proposed perceptual encryption scheme can achieve high security at a relatively high compression ratio and bandwidth cost, as well as about 2% coding rate and 6% encoding time increased at the cost of slightly sacrificing code rate and encoding time. Especially, the degraded visual quality can be controlled gradually with a simple quality factor.

Chaos based video encryption using maps and Ikeda time delay system

Chaos based cryptosystems are an efficient method to deal with improved speed and highly secured multimedia encryption because of its elegant features, such as randomness, mixing, ergodicity, sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters. In this paper, two chaos based cryptosystems are proposed: one is the higher-dimensional 12D chaotic map and the other is based on the Ikeda delay differential equation (DDE) suitable for designing a real-time secure symmetric video encryption scheme. These encryption schemes employ a substitution box (S-box) to diffuse the relationship between pixels of plain video and cipher video along with the diffusion of current input pixel with the previous cipher pixel, called cipher block chaining (CBC). The proposed method enhances the robustness against statistical, differential and chosen/known plain text attacks. Detailed analysis is carried out in this paper to demonstrate the security and uniqueness of the proposed scheme.

A Video Sensing Oriented Format-compliant Entropy Coding Encryption Scheme and Embedded Video Processing System

Information security is an important issue in IOT applications such as multimedia sensing. Firstly, the study is aiming to achieve a balance between the security of massive multimedia data and the limited computation with energy resources in IOT system, while an analysis model for optimizing the protection of multimedia data is proposed. Secondly, a new lightweight format-compliant video encryption scheme is presented. By encrypting the key initial index values of the context model in CABAC entropy coding, the proposed encryption scheme achieves low complexity and could meet the real-time requirement of an unmanned aerial vehicle based video capture system. Thirdly, an embedded secure video processing system using DSP and ARM is designed, and the presented encryption scheme is implemented. Finally, the experimental results show that the encryption scheme can get a tradeoff between the efficiency and security.

Design of new scan orders for perceptual encryption of H.264/AVC videos

In this study, a perceptual encryption algorithm is proposed for H.264/AVC video to enhance the scrambling effect and encryption space. Six new scan orders are designed for H.264/AVC encoder by analysing the energy distribution of discrete cosine transform coefficients. They are proven to have similar performance as the conventional zigzag scan order and its symmetrical scan order. These six new scan orders are combined with two existing scan orders to design a scan-order based perceptual encryption algorithm. Specifically, video encryption is achieved more specifically by randomly selecting one scan order from the eight scan orders with a security key, and the sign bit flipping of DC coefficients is also incorporated to further increase the encryption space. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has the advantages of both low bitrate increase and low computational cost. Furthermore, it is more flexible and has stronger security than the existing scan-order based video encryption schemes.

A light weight and secure video conferencing scheme utilizing public network

Security of video encryption schemes is an issue yet to be addressed to the satisfaction of all parties concerned. In the one end of the spectrum, there are applications which require highest level of security and they use conventional encryption schemes which are neither bandwidth efficient nor format preserving. Thus limit their application to a large extent. Other end of the spectrum is occupied by selective encryption schemes which are used by most of the commercial applications. These schemes though bandwidth efficient are not secure as these schemes are designed to degrade the video quality but overall content remain intelligible. Thus a scheme which is highly secure yet bandwidth efficient is the need of the hour. In this paper, we propose a new format preserving selective encryption scheme for JPEG and MPEG which is compression friendly as well as highly secure. We choose the quantized DCT coefficients of the I-frame for encryption. The resultant image/video is completely obscure and is suitable for high end security applications. Also there is no reduction in the performance of compression algorithms applied later in the standard JPEG/MPEG pipeline. Experiments show that the encrypted image/video file is almost of the same size as that of un-encrypted version. Thus the scheme is suitable for applications like tele-medicine, on-the-go video conferencing using low bandwidth cellular networks, etc..

Design and Smartphone-Based Implementation of a Chaotic Video Communication Scheme via WAN Remote Transmission

This paper proposes a chaotic secure video remote communication scheme that can perform on real WAN networks, and implements it on a smartphone hardware platform. First, a joint encryption and compression scheme is designed by embedding a chaotic encryption scheme into the MJPG-Streamer source codes. Then, multiuser smartphone communications between the sender and the receiver are implemented via WAN remote transmission. Finally, the transmitted video data are received with the given IP address and port in an Android smartphone. It should be noted that, this is the first time that chaotic video encryption schemes are implemented on such a hardware platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the technical challenges on hardware implementation of secure video communication are successfully solved, reaching a balance amongst sufficient security level, real-time processing of massive video data, and utilization of available resources in the hardware environment. The proposed scheme can serve as a good application example of chaotic secure communications for smartphone and other mobile facilities in the future.

Highly Secure and Fast Video Encryption Using Minimum Overhead in H.264/AVC Bitstream

Abstract This paper primarily focuses on the encryption method used to design a selective video encryption scheme to meet following objectives. Encryption and decryption are able to secure in bits-level cryptographic security (after encryption), as well as in the pixel-level visual content security (after decoding for unauthorized user) to meet with sensitive video applications with minimum encryption overhead. It provides perceptual encryption with total scrambling of visual content. Besides, it also makes provision for randomness, not only in spatial but also in the temporal domain. It is presumed that an overall encryption and decryption scheme is quick enough to meet real-time applications. There is no change in the quality of video for genuine users. However, these objectives have been achieved in our proposed algorithm in expense of slight changes in compression bandwidth. The proposed algorithm encrypts residue data and motion vectors after entropy encoding to scramble spatial and temporal resolution. Encryption of motion vectors is based on Expo-Golomb entropy coding in inter-coded macroblock and DC value of residues is encrypted based on context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) in intra-coded macroblock. In addition, encryption is carried out using an advanced encryption system (AES) in a counter mode stream cipher. The paper deals with security analysis of a proposed scheme in terms of cryptography, as well as perception security.

Dynamic video encryption algorithm for H.264/AVC based on a spatiotemporal chaos system.

Video encryption schemes mostly employ the selective encryption method to encrypt parts of important and sensitive video information, aiming to ensure the real-time performance and encryption efficiency. The classic block cipher is not applicable to video encryption due to the high computational overhead. In this paper, we propose the encryption selection control module to encrypt video syntax elements dynamically which is controlled by the chaotic pseudorandom sequence. A novel spatiotemporal chaos system and binarization method is used to generate a key stream for encrypting the chosen syntax elements. The proposed scheme enhances the resistance against attacks through the dynamic encryption process and high-security stream cipher. Experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits high security and high efficiency with little effect on the compression ratio and time cost.

A Novel Video Encryption and Decryption Scheme based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Fractional Fourier Transform

We propose three novel algorithms for video encryption and decryption. The algorithms insert one-level of encryption key into the existing methods. Data compression properties of the DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) are utilized to make the algorithm faster. The new algorithms retain the robustness of existing image encryption-decryption algorithms. A video is a collection of frames and a frame is similar to an image i.e. it can be segregated into three primary color channels viz. R, G and B. These channels are compressed by these proposed methods by using two times DWT2 (2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform). The compressed frame-channels are encrypted using 2-D FRT (The 2-D fractional Fourier transform) and random phase masks in two successive iterations. The encrypted channels are merged by two times application of IDWT2 (2-D Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform), generating a color encrypted frame. Decryption process is the reverse of the encryption process. Simulations are performed and the results of these simulations verify the proposals made in the new algorithms.

A Comparative Study of Video Encryption Schemes

method to protect video contents from unauthorized access is known as a video encryption scheme. This paper first surveys the literature to identify most desired features of an encryption algorithm. Then a classification has been drawn according to their characteristics. After that, some of the algorithms are discussed and their working has been explained briefly. At the end a comparison has been shown displaying their performance on a few chosen parameters. KEYWORDSencryption, selective encryption, perceptual encryption

The Video Encryption Scheme Based on Perceptual Encryption Algorithm in H.264 Standards

To meet the requirement of multimedia video transmission's safety and real-time, this paper provides a conclusion based on video encryption schemes of the encryption algorithm. The solution sorts video data into VLC(variable length code) and FLC(fix-length code) ,only choose to reconstruction images FLC compared to encrypt the important element of the operation. The analysis and the simulation results show that the encryption scheme is not only high safety but also low cost system.

적응 산술 부호화를 이용한 고화질 영상 암호화 전략

Abstract o achieve real-time encryption and video data transcoding, current video encryption methods usually integrate encryption algorithm with video compression course. This paper is devoted to discussing the video encryption technology, by encrypting to avoid unauthorized person getting video data. This paper studied the H.264 entropy coding and proposed of CAVLC video encryption scheme which is combined with the process of entropy coding of H.264 CAVLC encryption scheme. Three encryption levels are proposed. In addition, a scrambling method is also proposed which makes the encrypted frames more robust in anti crack. This method showed more robust video data encryption function and compressive rate . Key word : Digital Video Encryption, Surveillance, Security, Encryption * 정회원, 전북대학교 영상정보신기술연구센터 (교신저자)접수일자 2013년 5월 16일, 수정완료 2013년 6월 12일게재확정일자 2013년 6월 14일Received: 16 May 2013 / Revised: 12 June 2013 / Accepted: 14 June 2013 * Corresponding Author: mrlee@chonbuk.ac.krCenter for Advanced Image and Information Technology, ChonbukNational University, Korea

A Comprehensive Survey of Video Encryption Algorithms

Encryption is the widely used technique to offer security for video communication and considerable numbers of video encryption algorithms have been proposed. The paper explores the literature for already proposed video encryption algorithms with the focus on the working principle of already proposed video encryption schemes. This study is aimed to give readers a quick overview about various video encryption algorithms proposed so far.

Bit-Sensitivity based Video Encryption Scheme in Compressed Domain

Bit-Sensitivity based Video Encryption Scheme in Compressed Domain

Privacy-Preserving H.264 Video Encryption Scheme

As a growing number of individuals are exposed to surveillance cameras, the need to prevent captured videos from being used inappropriately has increased. Privacy-related information can be protected through video encryption during transmission or storage, and several algorithms have been proposed for such purposes. However, the simple way of evaluating the security by counting the number of brute-force trials is not proper for measuring the security of video encryption algorithms, considering that attackers can devise specially crafted attacks for specific purposes by exploiting the characteristics of the target video codec. In this paper, we introduce a new attack for recovering contour information from encrypted H.264 video. The attack can thus be used to extract face outlines for the purpose of personal identification. We analyze the security of previous video encryption schemes against the proposed attack and show that the security of these schemes is lower than expected in terms of privacy protection. To enhance security, an advanced block shuffling method is proposed, an analysis of which shows that it is more secure than the previous method and can be an improvement against the proposed attack.

An experiment of scalable video security solution using H.264/AVC and advanced encryption standard (AES): Selective cryptography

This paper presents an efficient and effective framework for the design and development of enhanced selective video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC based on advanced encryption standard (AES). Due to the importance of maintaining the security of information that is publicly displayed, many approaches have been implemented to provide security for information dissemination over the networks. These include encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. For video, the method has been adopted to protect unwanted interception and viewing of any video while in transmission over the networks. In this paper, we design a new selective video encryption based on H.264/AVC and AES. In this proposed scheme, instead of encrypting the entire video stream bit by bit, only the I-frames bitstreams are encrypted. This method took into consideration the good features of selective encryption algorithms with regard to computational complexity, and data compression performance. The proposed scheme was tested in the simulated environment using different video sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides adequate security to video streams. It has no effect on compression ratio and does not reduce the original video compression efficiency. Moreover, it is a suitable technique for secure H.264 bitstreams that require transmission or storage in un-trusted intermediate devices.

Hash key-based video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC

An improved H.264/AVC comprehensive video encryption scheme is proposed. In the proposed scheme, the intra-prediction mode, motion vector difference, and quantization coefficients are encrypted. A novel hierarchical key generation method is likewise proposed, in which the encryption keys are generated based on the cryptographic hash function. Generated frame keys are consistent with the corresponding frame serial numbers, which can ensure frame synchronization in the decrypting process when frame loss occurs. This function provides the property that our scheme is secure against some special attacks for video, such as the frame regrouping attack and frame erasure attack. Our method not only avoids the distribution of encryption keys, but also increases the security. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is efficient in computing, the encryption process does not affect the compression ratio greatly, and the encryption/decryption process hardly affects the video quality.

Enhancing Selective Encryption for H.264/AVC Using Advanced Encryption Standard

Video encryption algorithms have becomes an important field of research nowadays. As an increasing rate of applying video is getting high, the security of video data becomes more important. A digital media can be transmitted easily in real time anywhere at any time due to the advanced development of communications, Internet and multimedia technology. Information availability has increased dramatically with the advent of mobile devices. However, with this availability comes a problem of maintaining the security of information that is displayed in public. Many approaches have been used or proposed to provide security for information disseminated over the networks. These include encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. For video, the method has been adopted to protect unwanted interception and viewing of any video while in transmission over the networks. In this thesis, a development of an enhanced selective video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was reported. A proposed scheme been used instead of encrypting the entire video stream bit by bit, only the I-Frames bitstreams were encrypted. This scheme took into consideration the good features of former selective encryption algorithms with regard to computational complexity, and data compression performance. The proposed system was tested in the simulated environment using different video sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides adequate security to video streams. It has no effect on compression ratio and does not reduce the original video compression efficiency. Moreover, the proposed scheme provides a good trade-off between encryption robustness, flexibility, and real-time processing. It is an appropriate ii technique for secure H.264 bitstreams that require transmission or storage in un-trusted intermediate devices.

Perceptual video encryption scheme for mobile application based on H.264

Security video communication is a challenging task, especially for wireless video applications. A perceptual video encryption scheme is proposed based on exploiting the special feature of entropy coding in H.264. The encryption scheme is compose of coded block pattern permutation, sign of trailing ones scrambling and levels of nonzero coefficients encryption. The important syntax elements and sensitive coded elements are chosen to encrypt using mathematical operations, permutation and stream ciphers. Experimental results show that the proposed perceptual scheme can achieve high security at a relatively low compression ratio and bandwidth cost, as well as rather low complexity and time cost, so it is suitable for security multimedia services for mobile device and wireless application.