Video Distribution System Research Articles

Future Hybrid Technology for Pay TV Platform

The main objective of this study is to analyze the potentiality of new technology of TV broadcasting and video distribution systems and how to adapt to the new trend of video viewing experience and design a future generation TV for the Bangladesh Pay TV industry. This research is based on Bangladesh and the interest of Bangladesh's Pay-TV industry delves into a novel approach aimed at mitigating these challenges by harnessing terrestrial or mobile networks for video broadcasting, thereby upgrading the old-fashioned broadcasting system or diminishing reliance on conventional internet-based streaming for mobile. This study adapts to the latest practice and implementation of ATSC 3.0 Terrestrial broadcasting and video streaming technology enhancement and business success along with emerging 5G network feasibility. ATSC 3.0 terrestrial broadcasting for mobile users has a significant impact on view experience, and seamless video transmission without the usage of internet data, especially in rural areas of the country where the 4G network is very limited. Local Gateway Node will receive ATSC 3.0 live TV and locally added offline video or streaming apps injected through API to deliver household through private CDN. This study offers a comprehensive technical feasibility, benefits, and implications of this innovative approach, upgradation of terrestrial broadcasting system highlighting its potential to revolutionize video delivery to mobile users. This study analyzes the technology evolution and adaptability with the recent trend of video content viewing experience, the importance of this study is significant for Bangladesh's pay-TV market to secure the future business.

ДИСТАНЦІЙНЕ НАВЧАННЯ ESL

Distance Learning is an online-based program that gives students additional practice outside the classroom and helps decrease the amount of time it takes inside the classroom to study for the HSE test or to improve English language skills. МЕТОДИКА ВИКЛАДАННЯ У ВИЩІЙ ШКОЛ І 146 Випуск І (81), 2021 Distance education, as a form of education that enables and promotes development of autonomous life-long learning skill, necessary to keep up with rapid changes and development in today’s society, is a concept definitely worth considering. Teaching a foreign language in a distance education system is very challenging, primarily in terms of overcoming the main gap – lack of direct contact between teachers and learners. This paper focuses on the aspect of teaching materials used for ESL in a distance learning system. To ensure the implementation of basic educational programs with high efficiency, the implementation of appropriate reforms in distance and innovative learning, which meet all modern requirements, is a very important process in the development of education. The development of distance learning courses will be useful to ensure equal access to educational opportunities for all students, especially for workers, or for those who study in parallel in other universities in Ukraine or abroad. Private educational organizations and government agencies around the world support the use and development of distance learning by accumulating pedagogical and methodological experience for further development. Distance learning technologies represent many new opportunities for teaching foreign languages, which allow further expanding the range of teaching methods, just as language laboratories, television and computers have increased the standard classroom. It is important to review these distance-learning options to distinguish their ability levels, as these systems have different limitations on the learning process. For example, one-way systems that use only presentations have been criticized for not providing anything other than a video distribution system that could be reproduced by sending 10 videos to students. The lack of direct bilateral interaction, which characterizes many distance education programs, is contrary to the goals of foreign language teaching. However, using this interaction, distance technologies can maintain the integrity of foreign language teaching. Learning strategies that encourage student-teacher dialogue and student autonomy in distance learning situations should be included in learning.

D2D-Assisted VR Video Pre-Caching Strategy

Along with the advances of virtual reality (VR) technologies, VR applications are found in various fields. For example, at many major exhibitions, VR is used to mimic the real world through utilizing a number of on-spot sensory equipment to provide immersive user experiences. Despite the advantages that VR brings, the enormous amount of distributed VR videos and the high density of VR users may impose a heavy burden on base stations. On the other hand, the quality of experience (QoE) may seriously suffer from the transmission delay and monetary costs of VR videos. To address the above issues, a D2D-assisted VR video distribution system is designed, and a pre-caching algorithm based on QoE gain is proposed. More specifically, by observing the user residence time at a given node, a user can pre-cache VR videos at the nodes to be visited for improved QoE. To achieve better veracity and efficiency of the pre-caching algorithm, the probability of a user entering each node is calculated based on that user’s interest and nodes’ popularity. Furthermore, the set of candidate schemes can be greatly narrowed down to a range of feasible schemes according to the real-time popularity threshold, the available storage space, and the energy of the user’s equipment. The scheme with maximized user’s QoE can finally be selected from the candidate sets according to user’s QoE gain. Numerical results show that our proposed pre-caching algorithm improves the level of user’s QoE while maintaining superior stability compared with the random-caching and greedy-caching algorithms.

Social Attribute Aware Incentive Mechanism for Device-to-Device Video Distribution

To offload and alleviate the heavy base station (BS) traffic load caused by the rapidly growing video services, device-to-device (D2D) communication, as one of the most indispensable technologies of the future cellular networks, can be potentially exploited by mobile users to distribute videos for a BS. In this paper, an effective pricing-based multicast video distribution system and a grid-based clustering method are proposed to support the distribution. Moreover, with the consideration of users’ mobility and social characteristics, we classify them into multicast and core types by studying the user stay probability and familiarity. In particular, core users can cooperate with the BS to distribute videos to the multicast users through intracluster D2D multicast. However, core users cannot selflessly help the BS to distribute videos; instead, they will evaluate their personal benefits before distributing the videos to the multicast users. Further, a Stackelberg game-based pricing mechanism is proposed to inspire the core users to distribute videos. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can not only effectively alleviate the BS traffic load, but also significantly improve the effectiveness and reliability of video transmission.

Cable Market Power: The Never Ending Story of Consumer Overcharges and Excess Corporate Profits in Video and Broadband

The never ending story of the abuse of cable market power in the multichannel video programming distribution (MVPD) and the broadband Internet access service (BIAS) markets involves the central themes of communications policy over the past fifty years. Public policy must create the conditions for competition and entry. However, the economic characteristics of communications networks make it extremely difficult for workable competition to grow and inevitably lead to the abuse of market power, if regulation is too light or deregulation is premature. Cable TV needed policies like local franchises and guaranteed access to programming under the compulsory license §111 of the 1976 Copyrights Act to get off the ground. Cable quickly became the dominant video transmission and Congress twice deregulated cable long before competition existed. Cable abused its market power to raise consumer prices and prevent entry of new video distribution systems, like head-to-head (intramodal) competition from overbuilders and intermodal competition from new technologies like satellite (intermodal competition). Today, cable operators and broadcasters team up to vigorously resist the entry of Internet-based competition and consumers still suffer from the billions of dollars of overcharges as a result. Internet-based cable operators like Filmon, who are the best hope for competition, qualify for the same compulsory license that wireline cable operators have used for four decades.

Turbocharged Video Distribution via P2P

There are two types of P2P systems satisfying two different user demands: 1) file downloading and 2) video-on-demand (VoD) streaming. An example of file downloading is the original BitTorrent, and examples for VoD streaming include various commercial P2P-based VoD streaming systems such as that offered by PPLive. We have a hypothesis - by combining a type: 1) system and 2) system as a single P2P system, both the file downloading users and the streaming users of the same video will benefit in performance. The reasoning is that at any moment, only a subset of the file downloading peers can provide good service to VoD streaming peers and the VoD streaming peers are only good at providing service to a different subset of the file downloading peers. The former subset is the set of peers close to completing the downloading of the video file; whereas the latter subset is the set of peers starting to download a video. In this paper, we propose a novel design for a mesh-based video distribution system without depending on video replication on streaming peers. We produce simple back-of-the-envelop analysis to show its effectiveness. Then, we further validate our design and compare it with other designs through simulation and experiments in practical networking environment by implementing a prototype.

Measuring temporal redundancy in sequences of video requests in a News-on-Demand service

Streaming media is becoming one of the major components of Internet traffic. Therefore, a better understanding of users’ video request patterns is essential, in order to design an effective and efficient video distribution system (caching, storage capacity, bandwidth, etc.). In this paper, the core issue will be the analysis and modeling of video requests temporal redundancy. The study will be centered on a News-on-Demand (NoD) service, which provides support to a wide variety of digital newspaper editions from different regions of Spain. Specifically, six digital newspapers with a high number of requests were analyzed during a period of one year. The level of redundancy has been measured by a global (gR) and a partial redundancy (pR) method, which is new in this type of services. As a result, the main contribution of our paper is a global and partial redundancy model for each digital newspaper, which would allow us to forecast the level of video requests likely to be repeated in the near future. The model turned out to be user independent and with a timeless effect. The validation process shows that all the models successfully pass the hypothesis test, which means that there were no significant differences between the model and the real data. The pR models could predict between 1% and 6% of video requests temporal redundancy with a level of accuracy which varies between 88% and 100%.

New ways of consumption: the audiences of public service media in Italy and Switzerland

The digital transformation of the broadcasting industry forces public service broadcasting (PSB) companies to restructure and rethink their offerings. Characteristic today is a keener attention to the preferences and behaviours of audiences, and the importance of the link between the concept of public service and the role of audience participation. PSB companies are engaged in a reconsideration of their audiences. This article discusses the central role of the audience in the transformation from PSB to public service media (PSM), connecting (1) what has been done by PSM companies to grasp opportunities of digitalization to increase their offerings and (2) the public response to these strategies, analysing the consumption of PSM. The article considers two companies as cases: Rai in Italy, a large country and SRG SSR in Switzerland, a small country. Italy and Switzerland differ in the size and structure of their television markets. The market structure, the television distribution systems and the funding schema of the PSM companies analysed have influenced the development of strategies adopted by these companies and also audience responses. Empirical research is based on analysis of relevant policy documents, the case companies’ offerings, interviews with the firms’ operators, and audiences and users data.

Energy efficiency of on-demand video caching systems and user behavior

Energy-efficient video distribution systems have become an important tool to deal with the rapid growth in Internet video traffic and to maintain the environmental sustainability of the Internet. Due to the limitations in terms of energy-efficiency of the conventional server centric method for delivering video services to the end users, storing video contents closer to the end users could potentially achieve significant improvements in energy-efficiency. Because of dissimilarities in user behavior and limited cache sizes, caching systems should be designed according to the behavior of user communities. In this paper, several energy consumption models are presented to evaluate the energy savings of single-level caching and multi-level caching systems that support varying levels of similarity in user behavior. The results show that single level caching systems can achieve high energy savings for communities with high similarity in user behavior. In contrast, when user behavior is dissimilar, multi-level caching systems should be used to increase the energy efficiency.

7-1 インターネット上での大規模なクライアント数による同時視聴を想定したライブ映像配信システム(第7部門放送方式)

7-1 インターネット上での大規模なクライアント数による同時視聴を想定したライブ映像配信システム(第7部門放送方式)

A New Approach for Video Adaptation through Overlay Services Networks

Video adaptation is an extensively explored content providing technique aimed at appropriately suiting several usage scenarios featured by different network requirements and constraints, user's terminal and preferences. However, its usage in high-demand video distribution systems, such as CNDs, has been badly approached, ignoring several aspects of optimization of network use. To address such deficiencies, this paper presents an approach for implementing the adaptation service by exploring the concept of overlay services networks. As a result of demonstrate the benefits of this proposal, it is made a comparison of this proposed adaptation service with other strategies of video adaptation.

A New Hybrid DCT-Wiener-Based Interpolation Scheme for Video Intra Frame Up-Sampling

Video frame resizing has received more and more research attention as contemporary video distributions need to deliver video to various receiving devices with different display resolutions. It is now becoming necessary for video distribution systems to be able to generate higher resolution video from lower resolution one for some end users. Current schemes in video up-sampling either only focused on improving visual quality with little or no improvement in objective quality or increasing the up-sampling accuracy by adaptively optimizing interpolation methods. Many such algorithms are typically quite complex and require substantial extra implementation efforts. In this letter, we propose a new hybrid DCT-Wiener-based interpolation scheme for video intra frame up-sampling without referencing the original high resolution video frames. This scheme takes full advantage of interpolation in both DCT domain and spatial domain and seamlessly integrates these two approaches to design an improved up-sampling filter. Experiments have been carried out to demonstrate that noticeable improvement in both objective and visual quality are obtained. With similar complexity, the proposed algorithm can achieve up to 4 dB gain in PSNR over fixed parameter Wiener filter-based interpolation, 4 dB gain over popular bicubic interpolation, and 1 dB gain over up-sampling scheme in DCT domain.

Understanding Internet Video sharing site workload: A view from data center design

Internet Video sharing sites, led by YouTube , have been gaining popularity in a dazzling speed, which also brings massive workload to their service data centers. In this paper we analyze Yahoo! Video, the 2nd largest U.S. video sharing site, to understand the nature of such unprecedented massive workload as well as its impact on online video data center design. We crawled the Yahoo! Video web site for 46 days. The measurement data allows us to understand the workload characteristics at different time scales (minutes, hours, days, weeks), and we discover interesting statistical properties on both static and temporal dimensions of the workload including file duration and popularity distributions, arrival rate dynamics and predictability, and workload stationarity and burstiness. Complemented with queueing-theoretic techniques, we further extend our understanding on the measurement data with a virtual design on the workload and capacity management components of a data center assuming the same workload as measured, which reveals key results regarding the impact of workload arrival distribution, Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and workload scheduling schemes on the design and operations of such large-scale video distribution systems.

Maximizing the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope display using the video output port

To the Editor, Difficulties with tracheal intubation significantly contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with anesthesia. The ideal device in a difficult airway scenario, especially an unanticipated difficult airway, is one that is designed to be used as a standard laryngoscope but also provides improved views of the larynx. The GlideScope videolaryngoscope (GVL; Verathon, Bothell, WA, USA) is a camera laryngoscope, which displays a colour view of the pharyngeal and laryngeal structures on a dedicated 7-in. liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. Despite the excellent experience with this device in improving glottis visualization and achieving a high first-time endotracheal intubation success rate, there have been previous descriptions of difficulties directing and advancing the endotracheal tube through the vocal cords and reports of complications associated with its use. We have encountered two additional problems with the GVL. First, the screen has a tendency to reflect the operating room lights causing it to glare and therefore lessen the image quality. Second, when several anesthesia team members were required to assist with a difficult airway, optimal positioning of the mobile stand was cumbersome, making it difficult for some team members to see the 7-in. monitor. A key feature of the GVL system is its video output, which can be used to display the video on a separate screen. At our institution, each cardiothoracic operating room is equipped with the Black Diamond Video Distribution System (Alameda, CA, USA), which permits the display of different sources of digital information in up to four overhead 46-in. high definition (HD) 1080p LCD monitors (Fig. 1a, b). Herein we describe the use of an interface that simultaneously transfers and displays the GVL image on two of the overhead monitors. We added three components to the GVL monitor to transfer and process the video: (1) a video output cable P/N 0600-0239 (Verathon, Bothell, WA, USA), which allows the connection to any NTSC-compatible device; (2) an SDDVI converter (Black Diamond Video, Alameda, CA, USA); and (3) a digital video interfacing (DVI)-I dual link cable. The video output cable allows the connection of the GVL video output (resolution 320 9 240) to the SD-DVI converter. The converter performs the video processing to provide a smooth clear HD video, and its output connects to a convenient DVI-I dual link wall plate connector via a 15-ft DVI cable (Fig. 1c). This HD video is transmitted to the video distribution system console where it can be selected for simultaneous display on the 46-in. HD monitors (model LN46A550P3F, Samsung Electronics America, Mount Arlington, NJ, USA). In the first 20 cases, our initial experience with the system was excellent. Being able to enlarge the image better defines and identifies anatomic structures, and, due to the strategic position of the 46-in. HD screens, the images can be seen by all members of the anesthesia team during the procedure. The interface system is attached to the mobile stand such that only the connection to the wall plate is necessary to allow for immediate display of the image on the overhead monitors. Also, we have not observed any interference between the operating room lights and the 46-in. HD screens. In conclusion, improving the image display can potentially increase the success rate of procedures and minimize associated complications. Furthermore, the GVL is S. Bustamante, MD (&) J. Trepal E. Kraenzler, MD Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA e-mail: bustams@ccf.org

Enhanced video streaming network with hybrid P2P technology

Hybrid peer-to-peer (P2P) approaches combine the cost advantages of P2P solutions with the quality and capacity characteristics of hosted content server solutions. Thousands of users have home devices providing many streaming and storage resources that promise superior scalability and adaptability over server-based content distribution networks. On the other hand, the involvement of these peers is encumbered by additional latency and resource management overhead. In this paper, we describe how the capacity advantage of hybrid P2P solutions over pure P2P solutions translates into higher achievable bit rates. The modeling and analysis of a heterogeneous architecture presented provides insight into the achievable system latency and design directions for topology resource management. The results indicate the potential of hybrid P2P approaches to serve as a cost-effective streaming platform with bit rates and latency quality close to those of other digital video distribution systems such as digital video broadcast–satellite (DVB-S) or Internet Protocol television (IPTV), but with better deployment flexibility for the future digital media “prosumer” models.

Joint Source-Channel Rate-Distortion Optimization for H.264 Video Coding Over Error-Prone Networks

For a typical video distribution system, the video contents are first compressed and then stored in the local storage or transmitted to the end users through networks. While the compressed videos are transmitted through error-prone networks, error robustness becomes an important issue. In the past years, a number of rate-distortion (R-D) optimized coding mode selection schemes have been proposed for error-resilient video coding, including a recursive optimal per-pixel estimate (ROPE) method. However, the ROPE-related approaches assume integer-pixel motion-compensated prediction rather than subpixel prediction, whose extension to H.264 is not straightforward. Alternatively, an error-robust R-D optimization (ER-RDO) method has been included in H.264 test model, in which the estimate of pixel distortion is derived by simulating decoding process multiple times in the encoder. Obviously, the computing complexity is very high. To address this problem, we propose a new end-to-end distortion model for R-D optimized coding mode selection, in which the overall distortion is taken as the sum of several separable distortion items. Thus, it can suppress the approximation errors caused by pixel averaging operations such as subpixel prediction. Based on the proposed end-to-end distortion model, a new Lagrange multiplier is derived for R-D optimized coding mode selection in packet-loss environment by taking into account of the network conditions. The rate control and complexity issues are also discussed in this paper

Design and evaluation of UDLR satellite network model

AbstractFor satellite communication links to be used comprehensively and in a manner consistent with their features as a basis for Internet communications, it has become necessary to add a framework based on the features of satellite communications to the protocol architecture of the Internet. For this purpose, the authors' group has been engaged in the development of the new UDLR (unidirectional link routing) protocol mechanism. This paper discusses UDLR from the following viewpoints. (1) The method of actual network construction should be established effectively so as to make use of the features and advantages of satellite communications. (2) Conditions other than protocol definitions should be stated clearly for the purpose. (3) A feasibility network should be constructed to explore the optimal application area. The principles in their current form are summarized for each of the above points. UDLR has been implemented on the feasibility testbed over the whole Asian area. The transparent coexistence of a multicast video distribution system utilizing the concurrency feature of satellite communications and other Internet application systems has been achieved. It is demonstrated that UDLR functions effectively in the use of satellite communications in the Internet. The possibility of using satellite communications to support new modes of Internet application, such as broadcast stream distribution, is shown. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(5): 60– 69, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20319

A System Level Energy Model and Energy-Quality Evaluation for Integrated Transceiver Front-Ends

As CMOS technology scales down, digital supply voltage and digital power consumption goes down. However, the supply voltage and power consumption of the RF front-end and analog sections do not scale in a similar fashion. In fact, in many state-of-the-art communication transceivers, RF and analog sections can consume more energy compared to the digital part. In this paper, first, a system level energy model for all the components in the RF and analog front-end is presented. Next, the RF and analog front-end energy consumption and communication quality of three representative systems are analyzed: a single user point-to-point wireless data communication system, a multi-user code division multiple access (CDMA)-based system and a receive-only video distribution system. For the single user system, the effect of occupied signal bandwidth, peak-to-average ratio (PAR), symbol rate, constellation size, and pulse-shaping filter roll-off factor is analyzed; for the CDMA-based multi-user system, the effect of the number of users in the cell and multiple access interference (MAI) along with the PAR and filter roll-off factor is studied; for the receive-only system, the effect of 1/f noise for direct-conversion receiver and the effect of IF frequency for low-IF architecture on the RF front-end power consumption is analyzed. For a given communication quality specification, it is shown that the energy consumption of a wireless communication front-end can be scaled down by adjusting parameters such as the pulse shaping filter roll-off factor, constellation size, symbol rate, number of users in the cell, and signal center frequency

Design and Implementation of Streaming Video and Measurement Data Distribution System over the Internet

Design and Implementation of Streaming Video and Measurement Data Distribution System over the Internet

26–42 GHz SOI CMOS Low Noise Amplifier

A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) single-stage cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) is presented in this paper. The microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) is fabricated using digital 90-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. All impedance matching and bias elements are implemented on the compact chip, which has a size of 0.6 mm /spl times/ 0.3 mm. The supply voltage and supply current are 2.4 V and 17 mA, respectively. At 35 GHz and 50 /spl Omega/ source/load impedances, a gain of 11.9 dB, a noise figure of 3.6 dB, an output compression point of 4 dBm, an input return loss of 6 dB, and an output return loss of 18 dB are measured. The -3-dB frequency bandwidth ranges from 26 to 42 GHz. All results include the pad parasitics. To the knowledge of the author, the results are by far the best for a silicon-based millimeter-wave LNA reported to date. The LNA is well suited for systems operating in accordance to the local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) standards at 28 and 38 GHz and the multipoint video distribution system (MVDS) standard at 42 GHz.