Victory In War Research Articles

Totalitarianism and Ukrainian Literature: Traumatic Memory and Revelation of the Past

The article highlights the topic of totalitarianism in Ukrainian literature, in particular, shows the traumatic memory and exposure of the past, which is interpreted differently by writers of different generations. Particular attention is paid to the causes of totalitarianism in Europe after the World War I and its impact on modern post-totalitarian cultures. Such cultures include primarily Ukrainian. Numerous social protests, revolutions, the war in Donbass are not so much the consequences of geopolitical conflicts as permanent attempts to return to the Ukrainian identity, to express national traumas, to identify cultural and human losses, which did not happen immediately after the collapse of the USSR. The problem of totalitarianism is also key in determining the specifics of its modern literary interpretation, because most works of art, which to varying degrees appeal to the reconstruction of the past, for the first time clearly verbalize those relevant topics that are still inconvenient and provoke misunderstandings among Ukrainians themselves.
 Today Ukrainian literature demonstrates a double stance against the totalitarian past. First, we read in it a steady protest against the socialist-realist heritage, embodied in the long search for inherent forms of artistic self-expression; secondly, modern Ukrainian literature resorted to a total revision of the consequences of cultural stagnation provoked by the experience of many years of totalitarian terror.
 The article reveals the connections between this regime and the art of speech, in particular the birth of the pseudo-artistic literary trend of the time - social realism. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the use of literature as a tool of propaganda. In addition, one of the main problems of modern research is the modern ways of artistic rethinking and the process of elaboration of totalitarian experience. In particular, it is about the cultural trauma of oppressed peoples in the Soviet period, which is related to human rights and freedoms, concentration camps, desecration of the myth of victory in World War II, denial of God, etc., which affects the behavior of modern societies and often provokes unpredictable in European politics.

Faktor Keterlibatan Jepang dalam Perang Dunia II pada Film Rengou Kantai Shirei Choukan Yamamoto Isoroku

Japan is one of the countries that was actively involved in World War II. In the war, Japan joined Germany and Italy to fight the US and its allies. However, World War II ended with Japan's defeat in 1945. This study aims to determine the factors of Japan's involvement in World War II in the film Rengou Kantai Shirei Choukan Yamamoto Isoroku by Izuru Narushima. Data was collected using the method of observation and documentation. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive analysis method and the results are presented using informal methods. The theory used in this research is the New Historicism theory by Greenblatt (1980). The results of the analysis show that there are three factors behind Japan's involvement in World War II. The three factors are 1) the belief that war can end the economic crisis; 2) Japan's dream of liberating Asia; and 3) the memory of Japan's victories in wars in the past.

Why America’s Army Can’t Win America’s Wars

Since achieving victory in World War II, the United States military has a less than enviable combat record in irregular warfare. Through a detailed historical analysis, this article provides perspective on where past decisions and doctrines have led to defeat and where they may have succeeded if given more time or executed differently. In doing so, it provides lessons for future Army engagements and argues that until America becomes proficient in irregular warfare, our enemies will continue to fight us at the lower levels of the spectrum of conflict, where they have a good chance of exhausting our will to fight.

The Russian Globalization Project in the XX Century. Anatomy of a Military-Political Strategy

The article discusses the main components of the military-political strategy of Russia in the «short» 20th century – from 1900 to 1991. Special attention is paid to how the foreign policy and the use of Armed Forces were planned. Reconstructing the intellectual ideas that created the framework of the foreign and military policy of the Russian state at that time, the author focuses on the elements that unite the leaders of Russia of the 20th century from Nikolai Romanov to Mikhail Gorbachev. Such issues as the «globalization» of the USSR in world affairs, relations with neighboring Asian centers of power, such as China and Iran, the sphere of «special state interests» of the USSR in Eastern Europe are discussed in the work. The evolution of Russian military strategy in the 20th century is studied: from betting on victory in the World War in the first half of the century to focusing on the actions of expeditionary groups during the Cold War. The article analyzes in detail the strategic deterrence measures carried out by the Armed Forces of the USSR in the 1950-1970. The issue of the resources of military-political strategy is considered separately.

KİŞİSEL NOTLARDAN TOPLUMUN ORTAK HAFIZASINA SAVAŞ DÖNEMİ HATIRALARI: ATATÜRK’ÜN HATIRA DEFTERİ

Toplumların siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel tarihi bakımından önemli kaynaklar arasında yer alan hatıratlar, askeri tarih için de büyük önem taşır. Özellikle zaferle sonuçlanan savaşlar, toplumların hafızalarında büyük yer edinir. Anlatılan tarihi olaylar, geleceğe yönelik bir rehber vazifesi görür. Hiç şüphesiz; I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında yaşananları kaleme alanlar, hatıralar vasıtasıyla bugünü kavramak isteyenler için tarih somut birer kanıt niteliğindedir. Toplumsal hafızanın güçlenmesine vesile olan esas, yani askeri mücadele hatıraları illiyet bağını da beraberinde güçlendirmektedir. Bununla birlikte hatıratların gündelik yaşam rutininde kültürü, ideolojiyi ve kimliği ortak paydada buluşturan ve dönemi analiz yapabilmek üzere araç olan bir niteliği de bulunmaktadır.
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal düzende köklü değişikliklere yol açan I. Dünya Savaşı’nda birçok cephede savaşmıştır. Görev aldığı cephelerde yaşadıklarını düzenli olarak not alan Atatürk’ün yazma tutkusuna 1916 yılında 16. Kolordu Komutanı olarak görev yaptığı karargâhında da şahit olunur. Söz konusu cephede, bir yandan Muş ve Bitlis’i işgalden kurtarmak üzere harekâtlar planlamış, bir yandan da milletin kaderinde dönüm noktası sayılacak olayları kaleme almıştır. Böylelikle Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün askerlik hayatının en parlak safhası tarihin önemli vesikaları arasında yer alan hatıralar vasıtasıyla toplumsal hafızaya kazınmıştır.
 “Atatürk’ün Hatıra Defteri” adlı eser, Mustafa Kemal’in yaveri Şükrü Tezer’in anlatımıyla vücut bulmuştur. Tezer, 28 Şubat 1916 tarihinde Edirne’ye Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın yaverliğine atandığı andan itibaren onun yaşantısına ve askeri mücadelesine yakından şahit olmuştur. Şükrü Tezer imzalı bu eser, Kasım-Aralık 1916 tarih aralığında Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın kaleminden kâğıtları çiçek motifli ve yaprak kenarlarında sarı yıldızlar bulunan deftere düşen anılarla zenginleşmiştir. 
 Bu çalışmada Şükrü Tezer’in Atatürk’ün Hatıra Defteri adlı eser incelenecektir. Bu inceleme aynı zamanda I. Dünya Savaşı’nın 1916 yılına ışık tutacaktır. Mustafa Kemal görevde bulunduğu bu cephede kaleme aldığı notlarda, onun düşünce dünyasını zenginleştiren kitaplara da atıf yapmıştır. Paşa’nın yazdığı notlar, tarihsel konulara duyduğu ilgi yanında edebiyat tutkusunu da yansıtmaktadır. Paşa’nın cephede yaşadıkları onu anlamak için bir rehber vazifesi görmektedir. Türk milleti için verdiği faydalı bilgiler, geleceğe aydınlatmak ve çağdaş medeniyetler seviyesine ulaşmak üzere atılan her adımda bir ışık niteliğindedir. Görev aldığı bu cephede Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın kaleme aldığı bu notlar, aynı zamanda dönemin gidişatı hakkında analiz yapabilmek üzere milleti için temel prensipleri oluşturmuştur. Paşa’nın bu entelektüel birikimi kâğıda düşen söz konusu notlar vasıtasıyla sosyal, kültürel, askeri ve siyasi birçok konuda okuyana fikir verdiği gibi Türklük bilinç ve duygusunu da güçlendirmektedir. Askerî harekâtın planlanması ve uygulanmasının seyri içinde Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın vazifesine olan aşkı, yaşananları kaydetme tutkusuyla birleşince incelenen bu eserin gelecek nesillere azim ve güven vereceği şüphesizdir.

In Adan Tradition the Personality Traits about Father and Son

‘Otha padhithru pathu’ It is the Book belongs to the ‘Etthu Thogai’ literature and it tells about the outer life. In this literature it denotes the special about the ancient tamilians ruling power, war victories and donations. This book is a historical document only about the King’s of cherans. Kadalpiragottiya Senguttuvan is the son of Immayavaramban Neduncheralathan is the song leader of Second of the ten songs. In this Padhitru Pathu fifth ten part songs tells about the personality traits, straight forward way of victories, good rule for the people and they donated every thing to the people without saying the word No. Both of the leader for father and son did above thing. They lead the country for the people like the light house. It is the description’s of above research.

Impact of Russian Military Aggression on the Natural Tourist Resources of Ukraine

The paper highlights and analyses the irreparable damage to the country’s ecological system and natural tourist resources due to russian military aggression in Ukraine, considering the problems of restoring these resources and the safety of involvement in recreational activities in the future. Emphasis is placed on the need to maximize the damage to the country's environment as a result of russia’s military aggression in Ukraine to determine further compensation by the aggressor for this damage. It is determined that the plan to restore Ukraine after the victory in the russian-Ukrainian war should include measures to restore and preserve ecosystems, and plans to rebuild settlements should include nature-oriented solutions and measures to build the country’s recreational system. Priorities for ensuring environmental security in the war zone in eastern Ukraine as components of environmental protection in the context of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions have been identified. The emphasis is on the need to build a national culture of security and resilience in crises, using the experience and approaches of the United States as an example.

International analysis of battlefield performance in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866–1870

Following the startling Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, European observers sought to understand the war’s lessons and to apply them to future conflict. This article traces the way in which commentators in Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, and the various secondary states of Germany evaluated tactical developments resulting from the war. It highlights the transnational community of interest in military affairs, and how some imperfections in military learning from the war were nationally specific while others transcended borders. Understandings of the war’s battlefield implications were often slow to develop, and imperfectly anticipated conditions in the subsequent Franco-Prussian War.

Dear Shusha, you have liberated! Honorable pinnacle of a victorious war

The presented text was drawn up on the proud words of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on the liberation of Shusha. President Ilham Aliyev addressed the people directly from the Alley of Martyrs on November 8, 2020 and announced the liberation of the ancient Azerbaijani city of Shusha. November 8 is declared Victory Day. Shusha is an invaluable center of Azerbaijani culture. In this regard, its release is important. That is why President Ilham Aliyev has officially declared Shusha the cultural capital of Azerbaijan. Today Shusha is being restored, revived and decorated. A new Victory road is being built in Shusha and preparations are underway for the resettlement of Shusha residents to the city in the near future. In order to increase the political significance of Shusha, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and President of the Republic of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan signed the well-known "Shusha Declaration" between the two countries.

중화인민공화국 성립 초기 보훈정책의 수립

This paper examines the background of the implementation of the People’s Republic of China(PRC), which is not revealed in previous studies. Before and after the establishment of the PRC, we looked at the reasons why the Chinese Communist Party(CCP) actively promoted the Chinese government and what was the goal to be achieved through the Chinese government. In this paper, it was “war” that was noted while looking at the process of establishing the PRC. I think the nature of the political party implemented by the PRC before and after the establishment of the PRC is different. From the establishment of the CCP in July 1921 to the establishment of the PRC on October 1st, 1949, the CCP had been threatened and fought by the The Kuomintang(KMT). Prior to the founding of the PRC, the goal was to win the competition with the CCP by promoting the expansion of the Chinese Red Army through the veterans policy. Immediately after the victory in the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the PRC, the resolution of the economic difficulties and stability of the national system were prioritized. However, due to the “The Korean War” that broke out on June 25th, 1950, the establishment of national politics was accelerated. The long-term goal of the veterans policy, which was enacted and implemented after the founding of the country, was to contribute to the solidarity and stability of the national system.

Left to die: the fate of the Catalan consumer cooperative movement during the primer franquismo (1939–59)

ABSTRACT During the 1930s, the Catalan cooperative movement finally became a movement of the masses, but Franco’s victory in the Civil War put an end to its expansion and to almost the whole movement. This article charts the consumer cooperatives’ fortunes in the Barcelona Province during the first 20 years of the new regime. It covers Francoist policies towards consumer cooperatives and the obstacles these and the bleak economic situation presented, focusing on the work of the organization created by the new National Syndicalist state apparatus: the Barcelona Territorial Union of Consumer Cooperatives (UTECO).

THE WESTERN BALKANS IN THE LINE OF ATLANTICISM POLICY

The policy of the "Collective West" with respect to the Western Balkans is determined by the geostrategic significance of the region in world politics. The ability to control this territory gives the powers significant political, economic, and military advantages. The EU and NATO have become centres of attraction for the Western Balkan countries since the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century, offering them prospects for modernization and democratization, promising to finance reforms, create investment opportunities and grant full membership in the "club of the rich". In reality, the democratic prospect has not improved the situation in the region, it has not ceased the hostility of peoples, and it has not built a stable economy. The aspiration of the Euro-Atlanticists to consolidate the results of the victory in the Cold War, to prevent Russia's revenge and China’s strengthening has led to the expansion of the military and political presence, and it contributes to the escalation of tension now. The lack of unity between the EU and the USA on the future of Kosovo, Republika Srpska as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina is fraught with a new revision of borders in the Balkans.

세종의 정벌은 정당한 전쟁이었는가 - 피해자와 가해자의 전도(顚倒)

In Korean society, there is no monarch more respected and revered than King Sejong. He left many achievements during his reign and played an important role in the process of establishing the national system of Joseon. However, the view that emphasized the greatness of King Sejong was overly emphasized. King Sejong’s attitude, which put pressure on neighboring powers while carrying out conquests to achieve diplomatic goals, was very harsh. Because of the achievements of land pioneering and victory in war, the physical pressure or unethical behavior of Joseon’s surrounding powers in this process was hardly mentioned. Therefore, in order to examine the legitimacy of the conquest, it is necessary to understand the situation of intrusion by external forces, which was presented as the justification for dispatching troops. Next, it is necessary to examine the logic that was put forward while leading the conquest. In this paper, I would like to explain the legitimacy of the conquest by focusing on these two contents.

Summaries

Summaries

Insurgent Armies: Military Obedience and State Formation after Rebel Victory

Abstract Why do some winning rebel groups build obedient and effective state militaries after civil war, while others suffer military defections? When winning rebels face intense security threats during civil wars, rebel field commanders are more likely to remain obedient during war-to-peace transitions. Intense security threats incentivize militants to create more inclusive leadership structures, reducing field commanders’ incentives to defect in the postwar period. Intense security threats also reduce commanders’ capacity for postwar resistance by forcing insurgents to remain mobile and adopt shorter time horizons in rebel-governed territory, reducing the likelihood that field commanders will develop local ties and independent support bases. The plausibility of the argument is examined using a new list of winning rebel groups since 1946. Two case studies—Zimbabwe and Côte d'Ivoire—probe the causal mechanisms of the theory. The study contributes to debates about the consequences of military victory in civil war, the postwar trajectories of armed groups, and the conditions necessary for civil-military cohesion in fragile states.

TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN THE MODERN SYSTEM WORLD ORDER: FEATURES AND PROSPECTS

The modern system of the world order is a synthesis of the Yalta–Potsdam system and the onset of the Anglo-Saxon civilization after the victory in the Cold War. The pressure of the West and the resistance to this process determine the trans- formational character of the modern era. The confrontation between the tendency to assert multipolarity and the line oriented towards violent unipolarity needs to be com- prehended. Globalization of the world under the auspices of the Anglo-Saxon center and information maneuvering by it, gave rise to the phenomenon of a given political transformation of the desired territories from centers of power. According to Atlantic political strategists, these territories are defined as nodal in the attack on the inter- ests of a strategic enemy. In the nodal regions of the earth, new orbits of influence, plexuses of forces and interests, springs of enemy coverage are being formed. The de- stabilization of states created in the XX century, given spaces, territories requires not only a constant reaction of the opponent to protect their sovereignty, the necessary points of support for the stability of self-sufficient centers, but elevates the regions of the earth and individual countries to the rank of responsibility, defining them as vital territories. The tension of the international situation is revealed as a constant factor. The reality of the actors’ relationships is becoming mutually exhausting actions, the consequence of which may be economic exhaustion, military-political mistakes, self- destruction, transformation of the weak in order to further absorb them. The actions of the Russian Federation to strengthen statehood taken in 2022 were a revelation for the West. They declared that the vector of offensive tactics against Russia has been put to an end. The Russian Federation has chosen an offensive position to protect national sovereignty and ensure the stability of the country in the surrounding world. The new tactic makes adjustments to the system of traditional perception of political limology, the practice of looking at the system of borders approved by international treaties. Anti-Russian political processes, which have been actively developing in Ukraine for more than thirty years, could not stop at the demarcation line. They influence not only the EU policy, but also the domestic political situation in the country. It is known that borders symbolize the socio-political practice of spatial differentiation. The whole history of Europe is the history of the redistribution of borders. They oc- curred when the polarity in the world is changing. The transformation of the world under the influence of the United States and NATO after the collapse of the socialist bloc is aimed precisely at this.

Lessons of the Cold War

Lessons of the Cold War

М.С.ГОРБАЧЕВ В ВОСПРИЯТИИ РУКОВОДСТВА США И ФРАНЦИИ В 1985 ГОДУ: ОЖИДАНИЯ И РЕАЛИИ

The articleis devoted to the first year whenMikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the perception of his personal qualities and political attitudes by the elites of the United States of America and the Republic of France.The author attempts to clarify the impressions of the new Soviet leader among the leaders of the United States and France, to establish what expectations were experienced during this year in Washington and in Paris in connection with the change of leadership in the USSR, and to determine whether there was a problemin the relationsin 1985. In the process of working on the article, the methods of imagology, modern comparative studies, as well as traditional historical-genetic and historical-typological methods were used. The American administration and the government of France –one of the key allies of the United States in NATO, hada well-thought-out and coordinated strategy of action against the USSR, aimed at achieving victory in the Cold War. In 1985, there were no significant changes neither inUS-Soviet nor French-Soviet relations. The US-Frenchdialogueconcerningthe agenda of bilateral relations and relations with the USSR did not undergo serious changesas well. Western leaders considered it premature to draw conclusionsabout Gorbachev as a new leader and reformer. Too little time has passed since he took the top position, and Western politicians were not readyto assess Gorbachev's behavior on the international arena and the possible consequences of the change of power in the USSR. Neither the United States nor France expected that,in the coming years,the USSR would face an avalanche of crisis phenomena that would lead to the collapse of the country and the end of the Cold War. In the plans of the American and French administrations, the motives of cooperation and dialogue continued to occupy a significant place. Both Washington and Paris were in no hurry to change their strategies, because they assumed that Gorbachev, like all the leaders of the USSR before him, was a product of the Soviet system, and he would stick to the course of his predecessors.

МІЖНАРОДНЕ ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО СУДНОПЛАВСТВА НА НИЖНЬОМУ ДУНАЇ У ХІХ - ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The article analyzes the main international acts, treaties, conventions governing commercial shipping in the Lower Danube in the XIX – early XX centuries. Considerable attention is paid to the periodization and peculiarities of international diplomacy regarding commercial shipping on the Danube. The measures of European states for the introduction of a single legal regime and guarantees of safety of navigation on the Danube are considered. The attempts of the Russian Empire to establish political, economic and legal hegemony in the European international shipping trade are analyzed. The process of creation of the European Danube Commission (hereinafter – EDC) and its place in the deployment of international shipping in the region is studied. By the middle of the XIX century most often used bilateral diplomacy aimed at strengthening the presence of European countries on the Danube. Britain, Austria, and Russia actually imposed their conditions on the Ottoman Empire regarding shipping and trade relations. The Russian Empire almost monopolized its presence on the Lower Danube with the Peace of Bucharest (1812), the Peace of Andrianople (1829), and the Ackermann Convention of 1826, much to the displeasure of leading European countries. Therefore, from the middle of the XIX century efforts of European countries (including Britain, France, Austria) were aimed at ousting Russia not only from the Danube, but from the Budzhak region and the creation of an international commission (EDC), which would regulate commercial shipping. Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 and the loss of the Danube part of Budzhak temporarily drove it out of the Danube region. The legal alternative was the activity of the EDC, which was clearly regulated by international treaties and conventions. In addition to regulating the shipping regime, the EDC dealt with the issue of quarantine, arrangement of shipping channels, legal regime in the area of responsibility. Even the victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 failed to restore Russia’s full presence. The agreements of 1878–1883, according to which Russia regained the Danube part of Budzhak and the Kiliia estuary, became a certain compromise, and the powers of the EDC extended to the entire Lower Danube. Until 1918, control over waterways continued to be exercised by the European Danube Commission, which in turn also did not take into account the interests of the newly formed Danube states (Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria).

Industri Pertahanan Prancis dan Inggris Dalam Penguatan Aliansi Kekuatan Militer pada Perang Dunia I

World War I took place on the European continent between the Allies and the Central powers. In this war, the warring parties did not only rely on the troops quantity, but also their own technology. In addition, both sides had maximally empowered their strategic industries in building military forces for war. The article identifies the factors that supported the victory of France and Britain in World War I, thus encouraging the development of war technology and strategic industry which continues to present day. In that arena, France and Britain had the upper hand in the use of technology and industrial support for war. The theories used for this discussion are Carl von Clausewitz's theory of war, Morgenthau's balance of power theory, Liddell Hart's strategy theory and the theory of revolution in military affairs. The discussion was carried out using qualitative methods with an exploratory and historical approach which ultimately showed that the Allied defense industry had so far gained technological advantage from the influence of the victory in World War I.