Victory Day Research Articles

«День Великой Победы» в исполнении У. Г. Нохсорова

Одним из основных фольклорных жанров якутов (саха) является тойук - вокально-поэтическая импровизация в обрядовой, общественно значимой ситуации. Каждая локальная общность саха формирует определенный мелодический стиль тойука. Статья посвящена исследованию музыкального стиля обрядовых песнопений в исполнении выдающегося этнофора, виртуозного импровизатора, представителя приленской локальной традиции У. Г. Нохсорова (1907-1951). Предметом рассмотрения стал тойук «День Великой Победы», исполненный Устином Гаврильевичем в 1945 г. Автором выявлены индивидуальные особенности тойука У. Г. Нохсорова, которые заключаются в наличии своеобразной основы формообразования структуры песнопений - не менее трех разделов со вступлением и каденцией, зависящих от особенностей стихосложения, а также в многообразной тембровой орнаментации и распевности слогов. Основное отличие виртуозного исполнительства У. Г. Нохсорова от других тойуксутов состоит в следующих типичных приемах: преобладание трехдольного распева слогонот (что значительно преображает мелодию обрядового песнопения - эту характерную особенность напевов певец перенял от своего учителя Т. В. Захарова-Чээбия) с эпизодическим применением двудольной организации; использование особых тембровых приемов - вибрато, тремоло, нисходящее глиссандо, - значительно дополняющих ладоинтонационную ткань песнопений; мелодическая линия с широким распевом, состоящая из девяти слогонот, образует в каденции новый контур окончания тойука. Актуальность статьи связана с необходимостью изучения локальных разновидностей тойука, что является важным для продолжения практики обрядового пения в Якутии. One of the main folklore genres of the Yakuts (Sakha) is the “toyuk” - a vocal and poetic improvisation performed in a ritual, socially significant situation. Each local Sakha community has its own musical style of toyuk. The purpose of the article is to investigate the style of this ritual chant as performed by the outstanding ethnophore, virtuoso improviser, and representative of the local tradition of Prilena, U. G. Nokhsorov (1907-1951). On the basis of the toyuk “Day of the Great Victory” that Nokhsorov performed in 1945, the author examines the poetic and musical features of the genre. The author identifies individual features of Nokhsorov’s toyuk and elements that structure the singing. In a toyuk there are at least three sections with an introduction and cadence, depending on the type of versification, and there are a variety of timbre ornamentations and ways of pronouncing syllables. One of the main differences between Nokhsorov’s masterly performance and that of other “toyuksuts” is the three-part chanting of the syllable-notes (slogonoty) which predominates, and which significantly alters the melody. The singer adopted this practice from his teacher T. V. Zakharov-Cheebiya. Other differences include the occasional use of bipartite organization; special timbre techniques of tremolo and descending glissando, which complement the mode and intonational texture of the chant; and a melodic line with a protracted chorus consisting of nine syllables that creates a new configuration of the cadence that ends the toyuk. Studying local varieties of toyuk is important so that the practice of ritual singing in Yakutia will continue.

High-spatiotemporal-resolution inverse estimation of CO and NOx emission reductions during emission control periods with a modified ensemble Kalman filter

Emission control strategies are among the most effective ways to improve air quality, but the emissions reduced were usually estimated with high uncertainty. Here we present a modified ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to reduce the uncertainties of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions at one week and 5 km resolution by assimilating surface CO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations. By decoupling analysis steps from ensemble simulations, the modified EnKF avoids filter divergence and enables reuse of costly ensemble simulations, making high-spatiotemporal-resolution inversion affordable. This method is tested by a set of observing system simulation experiments. By assimilating synthetic observations from 400 sites, the errors of CO and NOx emissions over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) in the a priori emission inventory are reduced by 78% and 76%, respectively. Further application of this method estimates the emission reductions during China's Victory day parade using real surface observations. The changes of the emissions in each city are identified by this method, which suggests that the CO and NOx emissions over BTH region during the parade are reduced by 36% and 44%, respectively. Using the inversed emission inventory, the biases of CO and NO2 simulations during the parade are reduced by 95% and 91%, respectively. This highlights the potentials of this method for improving high-spatiotemporal-resolution emission estimation.

Организационно-правовое регулирование прокурорского надзора на Урале в годы Великой Отечественной войны: к 75-летию со Дня Победы в Великой Отечественной войне

Организационно-правовое регулирование прокурорского надзора на Урале в годы Великой Отечественной войны: к 75-летию со Дня Победы в Великой Отечественной войне

A long short-term memory approach to predicting air quality based on social media data

Air pollution, such as PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than 2.5 μm), PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than 10 μm), NOx, and SOx, is a global concern because it may cause many chronic and fatal diseases, especially in developing countries. To better address air pollution problems, an important step is the timely and accurate prediction of air quality. Traditional methods are mainly based on meteorological data, regression model data, remote sensing data and different retrieval methods. Numerous studies on deep learning methods have suggested that these approaches may be able to perform accurate predictions for complex systems. In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM) approach for predicting air quality is proposed; moreover, meteorological data are used and Chinese social media is investigated as a proxy for public perceptions and responses for air quality prediction. We gathered daily air quality data, meteorological data and Weibo check-in data for Beijing, China from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. The average sentiment of the related Weibo posts was selected as the public response proxy. The performance of our proposed model is evaluated based on real data. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) indicated that our method presented better prediction results than traditional methods in terms of the PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO concentrations. We focused on the prediction performance during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade period, during which social and political factors played an important role in air quality predictions. The results indicated that the proposed method, which incorporates public response data, was especially suitable for predicting the air quality in extreme short-term social events and provides a timely social measurement and feedback for environmental problems.

Деятельность трудящихся Сурхандарьинской области по укреплению тыла в годы Второй мировой войны

The article analyzes the specific archival material and shows the dedicated work of working people of Surkhandarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan to strengthen the rear during the Second World War. Courage and patience among people have become the main source of approaching Victory Day. For during the war no one sat idle in idleness, people worked shoulder to shoulder, together, helping each other on the machines, in the fields, not knowing peace, fatigue, day and night, for heat and cold. Thanks to their dedicated work, the powerful economic foundation of victory was laid.

Past Is Another Resource: Remembering the 70th Anniversary of the Victory Day on LiveJournal

AbstractIn our article we examine changes experienced by media and memory systems in Russia since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis. Using as an example a popular Russian blogging platform, LiveJournal, we scrutinize how the digital practices related to commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany are influenced by the growing instrumentalization of Second World War memory for media propaganda and manipulation. Using topic modeling to analyze a large set of data on Russian users’ interactions with the platform, we examine how hegemonic and alternative interpretations of the Second World War interact on LiveJournal and how their interactions are influenced by the growing antagonism between Russia and the West. Our findings suggest that LiveJournal constitutes a fractured memory system, which is characterized by uneven representation of Second World War experiences and the growing influence of pro-government actors promoting hegemonic war narratives. However, our observations also show that instrumentalization of the past in the context of the Ukraine crisis does not necessarily interfere with digital practices of Second World War commemoration with the latter remaining unaffected by the events in Ukraine.

ОБРАЗЫ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПАМЯТИ В ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯХ МОЛОДЕЖИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРАЗДНОВАНИЯ ДНЯ ПОБЕДЫ

The article examines the essential characteristics of historical memory. The state of the historical memory of Russian youth is investigated on the basis of the most acute and lively topic — the Great Patriotic War and the celebration of its final — Victory Day. The conclusions of the authors (generally positive) are supported by the material of the questionnaire that was offered to the students.

First Victory Day in Leningrad and the evolution of the holiday in the postwar years

First Victory Day in Leningrad and the evolution of the holiday in the postwar years

“The Enemy has Invaded our Country Again […

The article explores the politics of history concerning World War II in the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR). It draws on official documents and media resources from the DPR, on personal impressions of the zone of military conflict, and on interviews conducted by the author with eyewitnesses who survived World War II and are now living through the new armed conflict in the Donbass region. The issues the article examines are commemorative practices related to Victory Day, the perception of contemporary events among the local population, especially among eyewitnesses of the two wars, the interpretation of the events of war in science, education, culture, and the media. The continuity of the tradition of struggle to protect the motherland against “modern fascism” is a distinctive feature of the politics of history in the DPR. The article emphasizes that the political instrumentalization of history by all parties is one of the factors delaying the resolution of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine.

STUDENTS ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (BASED ON A SURVEY RESULTS OF STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITIES IN MOSCOW AND ASTRAKHAN)

2020 is marked by the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory. This event is significant both for individual citizens, whose families include (or included) veterans of the war and home front, and for the state as a whole, since patriotism is an important factor in ensuring the stable development of the country, the continuity of generations, and the consolidation of the population. That is why the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt. The Russian Society of Sociologists initiated the next wave of the monitoring project “Modern Russian Students on the Great Patriotic War” (the method of collecting information — online questionnaires on Google Forms, N = 10 065; the results were processed using the Vortex software package), the results of which will not only allow studying the opinions of young people on this topic, but can also be used to analyze the value orientations of young people over the past 15 years and make forecasts. This article describes some of the results of this project, obtained in Moscow and Astrakhan. Students’ opinions are analyzed according to a number of indicators: memory of the war, sources of knowledge about the war, family relations with the war participants, personal and family involvement in understanding the events of the 1941-1945 war, participation in festive events and their assessment. The characteristic is given to the value attitudes and orientations of students, which emphasize the importance of the memory of the Victory over fascism as a form of upbringing of patriotism and family tradition. The authors have compared the students’ opinions in universities of the two cities through the prism of “capital — region (province)”, which resulted in the conclusion about greater personal and family involvement in festive events for the Victory Day of the students of Astrakhan.

RESOLUTION OF ISSUES RELATED TO THE USE OF LAND PLOTS NOT FOR THE PURPOSE PURPOSE WHEN CARRYING OUT A JUDICIAL ECONOMIC EXPERTISE

The relevance of the census is by the fact that it is the first-rate property for all significant means of justice, disputable persons, as well as perusal of civil rights, and of the rest of the country, and at the same time, at the same time, at the same time, N 963 «Techniques for rozmіru shkodi, zapodіyanono ї vnasdok samovilny zaynyattya land dіlyanok, vikoristannya land dіlyanok not for the whole ryazanennyam, knowing the ground crookedness (I’m using the same mask, I didn’t have a draw).
 The Method № 963 is hidden on the assignment to the distributor, the authorities, the territorial communities, the legal entities, the legal entities, all the categories of land in the land and land areas, not the main reason, which is not the main reason.
 The state monopoly (control) at the part of the land legislation, the victorious and the safeguarding of the lands of all categories and the forms of authority, is attached to the Derzhgeokadastre.
 It is prescribed by the Law of Ukraine «On state control over the damage and protection of land» from 19 June 2003, p. N 963-IV of the sovereign control over the victorians and the defense of the earths can be crossed by the cross.
 In response to a visit to the Roshraunker Rozmir, to be under the supervision of the Victory Day in the land of the Red Army, not in accordance with the appropriate standards, refer to the administrative provisions of the state registrars and the workers, but also to the lawyers in the field
 
 The act of registration of the law of land legislation;
 protocol on administrative law enforcement;
 pripis (with the usushenya pushenenya land legislation);
 act of land registration.
 
 The procedure for the assignment to the distributor of the schoolchildren, according to the rules of the localization of the land of the girls, is not the same as the assignment of the procedure, clause 5 of Method № 963.
 An overview of the data for this type of expertise є Rosrahunok rozmіru shkodi, zavdo їnask dikoristannya land dylyanki not for the purpose.
 Judicial examiner — economist to carry out the completion of the correctness of the assignment to the direct ordering of the skoda, induced in the above-mentioned Rosrahunka for the complete assembly of the Inspector.
 The result of the ship examiner’s examination of the economist’s case is that of the hanging of the vessel itself, at the same time as the control body of the Technique № 963.

День Победы и православная Пасха: отражение праздников в медиа властных органов

A purpose of the article is to analyse the correlation between congratulations on the occasion of two holidays that construct the political myth of contemporary Russia: Orthodox Easter (as the most popular religious holiday) and Victory Day (as the most significant civil secular holiday). As an object for the analysis were chosen diverse media of state, municipal and political subjects of St. Petersburg as one of the largest and most important cities of the Russian Federation with a strong interfaith dialogue tradition. In Max Weber’s classification, a congratulation is considered to be a value-rational social action, whose aim is to legitimise social events. For the research, the qualitative content analysis approach was used. Its object is media publications of the official authorities published at the period from 20.04.2019 to 20.05.2019 and dedicated to the celebration of the Orthodox Easter or the Victory Day. The total sample consisted of 343 sources. As a result of the study, it was found out that in 2019 by means of media political, municipal and state subjects were inclined to congratulate the audience with a secular holiday (Victory Day, a celebration of which is presented in all the analysed political subjects that have media), however, both holidays are of paramount importance in the media space. This situation can be interpreted in terms of the broader scope and consolidating potential of the Victory Day holiday, which is based on a significance close to representatives of all religions and confessions of Russia, as well as the grandeur of the great Patriotic war itself, which affected almost all residents of the former USSR, and, as a consequence, is perceived by modern citizens closer than a Church holiday.

Unfairly Forgotten Holiday of Our Country

The article gives the author’s point of view on the historical date of March 31, 1814 when Russian troops together with allied forces took Paris – the capital of Napoleon’s France. In Russian historiography the war of the Sixth Coalition of 1812 (1812–1814) happened to be divided artificially into two parts with separate events: the Patriotic War of 1918 per se and a foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1813–1814. The entry of Russian army in Paris (1814) was the main military result of that war. The author of the article does believe that we all should remember and honor the date of 31 March as a symbol of national pride and a tribute to historical and national memory, as the Day of Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 (besieged by Russian troops Paris was captured and surrendered on that day). The author gives his own opinion and the opinion taken from the interviews with his fellow historians. We earnestly hope that the reader will largely agree with us and accept our point of view, particularly as it relates to the historic day of March 31, 1814. It seems to us that the attitude to the heroes and participants of the Patriotic War of 1812 should be more considerate. Even though they have been deceased for a long time, at any rate, in the national historiography there is a paradox related to that war: the Patriotic war of 1812 indeed occurred, but there is not any Victory Day for some reason. In any case, this holiday is not celebrated at all. We find the present situation unacceptable, since Russia won both Patriotic wars, not just one. The first Patriotic War of 1812, as well as the second Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, should have its own Victory Day celebrated at the official State level, as both wars were great. These are our views outlined in this historical journal.

The Decline of Antifascism: The Memory Struggle over May 1945 in the Polish Parliament (1995–2015)

The article discusses a shift, of the paradigm structuring Polish official memory of World War II and the state-socialist period from antifascist to anticommunist, that took place in the post-1989 Polish parliament. Based on the example of the political struggle in parliament over the memory of May 1945 (Victory Day) that occurred on three consecutive major anniversaries of this event (1995, 2005, and 2015), the article shows how the right-wing post-Solidarity camp dismantled and eliminated the antifascist narrative that was based on a symbolic continuity between 1945 and 1995–2005, respectively, and was promoted by the postcommunists, replacing it with a primarily anticommunist narrative about “two totalitarianisms,” founded on a symbolic continuity between 1939 and 1989. Within this new paradigm, May 1945 was made into a merely formal commemorative point of reference devoid of any symbolic power.

The Red Army in the Second World War by Alexander Hill

Reviewed by: The Red Army in the Second World War by Alexander Hill Brandon Schechter (bio) Alexander Hill. The Red Army in the Second World War. 754 pp. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-02079-5 (hardback); 978-1-68815-5 (paperback). Part of a multivolume history of armies in the Second World War, this book offers an up-to-date treatment of the Red Army from an operational, economic, and political standpoint. It is a very useful reference book for military historians, and anyone writing on Stalinism during the war should probably take a look at it. Building on classics by authors such as John Erickson and David Glantz and more recent works by Mark Edele and Roger Reese, this book offers a state-of-the-field view of the Red Army during the war for military historians. The author takes a long view of the army's development, starting just before the First Five-Year Plan and ending with Victory Day. This is a solid work of old-school military history, very different from much of the current work on the war (including this reviewer's), which approaches the war primarily as a cultural and political event. Hill provides a very good overview and some new interpretations. The book is not shockingly novel; it traces a more-or-less familiar story of how the Red Army became more adept in the course of the war while continuing to suffer staggering losses. However, it is convincingly argued and makes use of sources only recently made available and Hill's prolonged engagement with the subject. Whatever it may lack in novelty, it more than makes up for in thoroughness and nuance. Hill shows mastery of his material and excels at showing how factors at multiple levels—from the most basic small-unit communication to the political culture of Stalinism—impacted the effectiveness of the army. Continuities are just as striking as changes. A shortage of qualified cadres was a chronic problem, whether the result of expansion of the army, purges, or high losses in combat. The Red Army's inability to establish effective communication and coordination of its activities emerges as a major theme of the book, from prewar training until the end of the war. His discussion of Stalin's role as ultimate arbiter and his effect on the general culture of the army is thorough and nuanced. Hill takes us from the rise of politically connected generals before and during the "Great Terror" to the more variegated interactions between Stalin and his subordinates as he came to respect expertise. Nonetheless, Hill joins the chorus of authors in underlining the ruthlessness of Stalin as setting an example and tone that would lead commanders to push forward at all costs from the war's beginning to end. Here as elsewhere, we see not so much a new interpretation of the Red Army and its place in the war as a well-researched and convincingly argued reiteration of where the field has arrived, making use of new sources. [End Page 113] Where Hill's work is perhaps most novel is in his impressive ability to find the devil in the details. He shows a number of instances in which intimate knowledge of Red Army infrastructure make its strengths and weaknesses clear. The reader is frequently privy to how both top-level decision making and on-the-ground details such as the lethality of anti-tank guns and how reliance on telephones and lack of skilled radio operators crippled communication. His discussion of Red Army weapons, threaded throughout the volume, is thorough and accessible to laymen. He does an admirable job elucidating the politics behind the adoption or rejection of different arms for an English-language audience. Finally, Hill allows for cultural factors to play a significant role without resorting to essentialism. For example, he pays heed to issues of patronage and a sort of gung-ho culture of action over careful planning (he refers to it as "nu ladno" and "na avos´") in a thoughtful manner. This book is a major resource for military historians interested in the Red Army and scholars of Russia who need a...

State-run celebration of Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia (based on audiovisual sources)

The article deals with the history of celebrating the Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia organised by the state. Various aspects of the history of the holiday have been considered with the extensive use of audiovisual documents (materials from Czechoslovak newsreels and TV archives), which allowed for a detailed analysis of the propaganda representation of the holiday. As a result, it has been possible to identify the main stages of the historical evolution of the celebrations of Liberation Day, to discover the close interdependence between these stages and the country’s political development. The establishment of the holiday itself — its concept and the military parade as the main ritual — took place in the first post-war years, simultaneously with the consolidation of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Later, until the end of the 1960s, the celebrations gradually evolved along the political regime, acquiring new ritual forms (ceremonial meetings, and “guards of memory”). In 1968, at the same time as there was an attempt to rethink the entire socialist regime and the historical experience connected with it, an attempt was made to reconstruct Liberation Day. However, political “normalisation” led to the normalisation of the celebration itself, which played an important role in legitimising the Soviet presence in the country. At this stage, the role of ceremonial meetings and “guards of memory” increased, while inventions released in time for 9 May appeared and “May TV” was specially produced. The fall of the Communist regime in 1989 led to the fall of the concept of Liberation Day on 9 May, resulting in changes of the title, date and paradigm of the holiday, which became Victory Day and has been since celebrated on 8 May.

Victory Day report. The siege of Leningrad in the publications of the Finnish war correspondents of 1941-1942

Victory Day report. The siege of Leningrad in the publications of the Finnish war correspondents of 1941-1942

After the Bronze Night: 9 May in contemporary Estonia

The article deals with the transformation of the interpretation of 9 May in Estonia after the Bronze Night in Tallinn (2007) which was marked by sizeable clashes between Russian-speaking and Estonian youth. The celebration of Victory Day at the monument to the Unknown Soldier which had been moved outside the city centre and the march of the “Immortal Regiment” are seen as an attempt to compensate for the traumatic experience of the Russian-speaking population of Estonia. It is pointed out that the Bronze Soldier has acquired the meaning of a physical embodiment and a symbol of consolidation of the protest of the local Russians who are defending their right to historical memory. The article notes the painful reaction of the Estonian population to the celebration of 9 May which is perceived as a threat of social unrest among the Russian minority and questioning the sovereignty of the whole country

„We were celebrating the October and the May Day”: names of the holidays in the Soviet period in the Arkhangelsk dialects

The article, written on the basis of material in the Arkhangelsk dialects, is devoted to the “new” holidays that appeared (the October, the Victory Day, the May Day) or acquired significance (the New Year) in the Russian North in the Soviet period. Their dialect names are described, with special attention paid to the manner in which dialects adapted official names (for example, the Day of the Great October Socialist Revolution became October). In addition, the ceremonial content of the holidays of the Soviet era (the preparation and use of special festive foods and drinks, the preparation of the house for the holiday, including its cleaning and decoration, the tradition of gost’ba, or visiting relatives in the holidays) are analysed. Further, the study considers the beginnings of omens and regulations, mainly related to the agrarian labour cycle (start and end of field work) and changes in nature (ice drift and river-freezing, or rekostav). These began to take shape around the most important “new” holidays — Oktyábr’skaya (October) and Pervomai (May Day). Also discussed is the interaction of the Soviet holidays with holidays on the church calendar that were near in time (May Day — Passover, New Year — Christmas) and agrarian-labour holidays marking the completion of seasonal field work (Oktyábr’skaya — sowing (obsevnaia).

Some Aspects of Identity Politics of Kharkiv Local Authorities After 2013

Abstract The paper analyzes the transformation of identity politics of Kharkiv local authorities after the Euromaidan, or Revolution of Dignity, the annexation of Crimea, and the War in Donbass. Being the second largest city in Ukraine and becoming the frontline city in 2014, Kharkiv is an interesting case for research on how former pro-Russian local elites treat new policies of the central government in Kyiv, on whether earlier they tried to mobilize their electorate or to provoke political opponents with using soviet symbols, soviet memory, and copying Russian initiatives in the sphere of identity. To answer the research question of this article, an analysis of Kharkiv city and oblast programs and strategies and of communal media were made. Decommunisation, as one of the most important identity projects of Ukrainian central authorities after 2014, was analyzed through publications in Kharkiv’s city-owned media as well as reports from other scholars. Some conclusions are made from the analysis of these documents: Kharkiv development strategy until 2020, Complex program of cultural development in Kharkiv in 2011–2016 (and the same for 2017–2021), The regional program of military and patriotic training and participation of people in measures of defense work in 2015–2017, Program of supporting civil society in 2016–2020 in Kharkiv region and the city mayor’s orders about the celebration of Victory Day (9 May), the Day of the National Flag (23 August), the Day of the City (23 August) and Independence Day (24 August) in 2010–2015.