Victoria Harbour Research Articles

Exploring the Mechanism of Residential Attractiveness in Compact Urban Areas – a Case Study of Hong Kong

Compact cities adopt high density, mixed land use and transit-oriented development (TOD). For sustainable development, compact development reduces the use of automobile and lessens the overdevelopment of land resources. For solving urban sprawl and housing shortage, more and more metropolises have adopted compact development. Academics, planners and policy makers mainly focused on evaluating the impacts of neighborhood attributes on housing prices and residential movements. Few have examined the relationships between residents’ demand and residential attractiveness in compact cities. Therefore, this study develops Residential Attractiveness Evaluation (RAE) Model to evaluate the attractive degree of urban areas based on residents’ demand in compact cities. Hong Kong is chosen as the study area which is a typical compact city. The results show that districts near the CBD and both sides of Victoria Harbor have highest residential attractiveness than other areas. Community planners and policy makers should consider residential attractiveness based on residents’ demand in efforts to promote sustainable development. Residential attractiveness is the foundation of residential land use planning and policies. Planners in compact cities should adopt various planning strategies according to different residential attractiveness. Moreover, residential attractiveness is the benchmark of evaluating residents’ satisfaction of new residential planning and policies.

Investigating brand strategy gap in Hong Kong: first impressions and unique attractions

ABSTRACT A brand strategy gap refers to a deviation of the projected destination image of the destination marketing organizations (DMOs) from the perceived image of residents. This gap can be represented by the perceptions of the city’s most salient features and unique attractions by government officials and local residents. Given the difference in sample sizes, the gap is examined with the aid of CATPAC, a neutral network content analysis software which allows the quantification of the frequency and clustering of textual answers of the respondent groups, and the relationships across such answers. In Hong Kong, an empirical study confirms that the two groups share similarities and discrepancies regarding both the most salient destination images and unique attractions. They share characteristics of an urban destination as the first impression, and features (Victoria Harbour, cultural attributes, skyscrapers and beaches) that are unique attractions though respondents also create different mental interrelationships in their perceptions of the destination image.

Xiqu Centre, Hong Kong: design and construction of a suspended theatre structure

The West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) development aims to provide Hong Kong with a vibrant new cultural quarter on the shores of Victoria Harbour. As the first completed building in the district, the Xiqu Centre provides a world-class venue dedicated to the development and performance of xiqu (pronounced ‘see-chew’), a form of traditional Chinese opera. With its prominent location, the Xiqu Centre will act as a gateway to the wider district. Accordingly, a large area of ground-level public realm is provided within the building footprint. This article discusses some of the technical challenges in the design of the building structure – prompted by its unusual arrangement and constrained site – and how they were overcome. In particular, it will focus on the design and construction of the 1073-seat Grand Theatre spanning 37m over a column free public plaza.

Reconstruction of the track and a simulation of the storm surge associated with the calamitous typhoon affecting the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874

Abstract. A typhoon struck the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874 (“Typhoon 1874”), causing extensive damage and claiming thousands of lives in the region during its passage. Like many other historical typhoons, the deadliest impact of the typhoon was its associated storm surge. In this paper, a possible track of the typhoon was reconstructed through an analysis of the historical qualitative and quantitative weather observations in the Philippines, the northern part of the South China Sea, Hong Kong, Macao, and Guangdong recorded in various historical documents. The magnitudes of the associated storm surges and storm tides in Hong Kong and Macao were also quantitatively estimated using storm surge model and analogue astronomical tides based on the reconstructed track. The results indicated that the typhoon could have crossed the Luzon Strait from the western North Pacific and moved across the northeastern part of the South China Sea to strike the Pearl River Estuary more or less as a super typhoon in the early morning on 23 September 1874. The typhoon passed about 60 km south–southwest of Hong Kong and made landfall in Macao, bringing maximum storm tides of around 4.9 m above the Hong Kong Chart Datum (http://www.geodetic.gov.hk/smo/gsi/Data/pdf/explanatorynotes.pdf, last access: 3 January 2020) at the Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong and around 5.4 m above the Macao Chart Datum (https://mosref.dscc.gov.mo/Help/ref/Macaucoord_2009_web_EN_v201702.pdf, last access: 3 January 2020) at Porto Interior (inner harbour) in Macao. Both the maximum storm tide (4.88 m above the Hong Kong Chart Datum) and maximum storm surge (2.83 m) brought by Typhoon 1874 at the Victoria Harbour estimated in this study are higher than all the existing records since the establishment of the Hong Kong Observatory in 1883, including the recent records set by super typhoon Mangkhut on 16 September 2018.

Injury patterns of mass casualty incidents involving high-speed passenger ferries presenting to accident and emergency departments in Hong Kong: a retrospective review

BackgroundAccidents involving high-speed passenger ferries have the potential to cause mass-casualty incidents (MCIs), yet there is a lack of relevant studies available to inform hospital disaster preparedness planning. ObjectiveThe objective was to study the injury patterns and outcomes of MCI victims involved in high-speed passenger ferry accidents in Hong Kong waters. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015. All MCIs involving high-speed passenger ferries were captured from the Marine Department of Hong Kong. Victims of all age who were sent to the accident and emergency departments (A&Es) of seven public hospitals around Victoria Harbour, including three trauma centres, were identified from electronic disaster registries of the study hospitals. Data on injury patterns and outcomes were extracted from medical records with the Injury Severity Score (ISS) calculated for each victim. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare medians of the ISS across different mechanisms of injury. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors for major trauma (ISS≥16). ResultsDuring the study period, eight MCIs involving high-speed passenger ferries were reported and 512 victims (median age: 44 years, age range: 2–85 years) were sent to the study hospitals. The A&E triage categories were Cat 1, 3.1%; Cat 2, 4.3%; Cat 3, 19.3%; Cat 4, 72.9%; and Cat 5, 0.4%, respectively. The median ISS was 1.0 (interquartile range: 1.0–2.0). Fourteen victims (2.7%) had an ISS≥16 and age was the only independent predictor for major trauma (OR 1.06, p = 0.025, 95% CI 1.01–1.11). Trauma call was activated at A&E for 11 victims. In total, 100 victims (19.5%) were admitted to the study hospitals, including 19 (3.5%) and 15 (2.9%) who required surgery and intensive care unit stay, respectively. Eleven victims (2.1%) died, mostly due to drowning. ConclusionMCIs involving high-speed passenger ferries can result in a sudden surge in demand for both A&E and in-patient care, though the majority of victims may have minor injuries. Better access to lifejackets and mandatory seatbelt use may help to reduce injuries and deaths.

Tracing the potential pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong with statistical models combining APCS-MLR

In this study, variety of statistical methods were performed to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of pollutants and parsing pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong. The temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of the water pollution were various among the three distinct areas, which might be ascribed to the different dominant pollution sources. Cluster and network analysis showed preliminary pollution sources in these areas, and also indicated the temporal characteristics of Deep Bay water pollution, which could divided into two parts before and after 2010. According to the principal component analysis/factor analysis results, three factors in Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Victoria Harbour could explained 68.72%, 54.87% and 72.28% of the total variances, respectively. The contribution rate of different pollution source on water quality variables in each area had calculated by absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression model. The contribution rate was roughly ranked as: point source pollution > non-point source pollution > overland runoff > river input. It is the first time to combine multivariate statistical methods, network analysis and regression model to profoundly analyze spatiotemporal variation of seawater quality and parsing the pollution sources. This novel analysis method can provide reference for the water quality evaluation and management of other water bodies.

Seasonal occurrence and fate of chiral pharmaceuticals in different sewage treatment systems in Hong Kong: Mass balance, enantiomeric profiling, and risk assessment

Concern about the presence of chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment from wastewater discharge is mounting. In this work, the occurrence and fate of atenolol, metoprolol, venlafaxine, and chloramphenicol, including 10 different stereoisomers, were investigated in sewage and sludge from diverse treatment processes in 4 sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Hong Kong via 4 sampling campaigns over a period of 2 years. The average amounts of individual pharmaceuticals entering the STPs ranged from 4.91 g/d to 6290 g/d, with sludge carrying much lower amounts than the discharged effluent. Mass balance analysis revealed that: larger quantities of these pharmaceuticals were released during the dry seasons, biodegradation was the primary removal mechanism for atenolol and chloramphenicol, and the removal via primary sedimentation and disinfection processes was insignificant (<30%). Selectivity toward R-(+)-atenolol, S-(−)-metoprolol, and R-(−)-venlafaxine was mostly found across secondary-treated effluent samples. Sold as an enantiopure pharmaceutical in R,R-para-form, chloramphenicol was preferentially eliminated after biological process. This is the first study on the occurrence of chloramphenicol enantiomers in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicological assessment indicated that atenolol and metoprolol could pose risks to marine fish in effluent-receiving waters (i.e., the western waters and Victoria Harbor) of Hong Kong, while R-(+)-atenolol could pose a risk to protozoans five times higher than the S-(−)-enantiomer.

Water-effect ratio of copper and its application on setting site-specific water quality criteria for protecting marine ecosystems of Hong Kong.

Generic water quality criteria (WQC) of a chemical are usually set based on results generated from toxicity tests which were conducted using standard laboratory water with well-controlled physiochemical properties. However, in natural aquatic environments, physiochemical characteristics, such as salinity, total suspended solid, total organic carbon and the co-existence of chemical contaminants, often vary spatially and temporally. These parameters can, in turn, alter the bioavailability of target chemicals and, thus, influence their toxicity to marine organisms. To account for site specificity, the US Environmental Protection Agency's water-effect ratio (WER=site water-LC50/laboratory water-LC50) procedure can be applied to derive site-specific WQC. Most past studies, however, were conducted for freshwater systems. Here, for the first time, the WER of copper (Cu) was determined for three marine water control zones (WCZs) in Hong Kong: Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay and Southern WCZs. Samples of water were collected from three locations within each WCZ, while acute toxicities to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum, intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus and larvae of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma were determined in site or laboratory (artificial seawater) waters. Results of this study showed that conservative final WER relative coefficients for Cu ranged from 0.57 to 0.73 for the three WCZs, and water from some locations caused >30% mortality in the fish larvae in the controls (without Cu addition). These results suggested that current generic WQC for Cu are likely under-protective for marine organisms in the three areas, and it should be tightened by multiplying it with site-specific WER to offer better protection to marine biodiversity and integrity of the ecosystem.

Macrobenthic communities in Hong Kong waters: Comparison between 2001 and 2012 and potential link to pollution control

Macrobenthic communities in 2001 and 2012 were compared across the marine environment of Hong Kong based on sediment grab samples collected from 28 stations. CLUSTER analysis showed in both surveys that the stations could be divided into four groups at 20% faunal similarity. However, there were notable changes in the macrobenthic community structure between 2001 and 2012 in three focal areas of pollution control (i.e., Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay and Tolo Harbour). The potential link between macrobenthos and pollution abatement measures, and the contributions of environmental conditions to the differential responsiveness of macrobenthos were explored. Notably, a reduction in nutrient input to the eastern part of Victoria Harbour might have led to recovery of benthic communities therein.

Occurrence and fate of endogenous steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A and phthalates in municipal sewage treatment systems

Steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the endocrine function in organisms at low concentrations. The occurrence, distribution behavior, removal rate and the fate of 31 target EDCs in sewage treatment plants, which consist of various treatment facilities and receiving water in Hong Kong, were investigated. Estrone, nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate and diethyl phthalate were found to be dominant in each group of influent samples with concentrations ranging from 11–33, 747–3945 and 445–4635ng/L, respectively. Conversely, progesterone, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant in dewatered sludge, with concentrations ranging from 0.9–237, 75–19,743 and 4310–37,016ng/g (dry weight). The removal rates of primary sedimentation and disinfection approaches were lower than 30% for most of the chemicals, while those of activated sludge and reverse osmosis were greater than 80% for more than two-thirds of the compounds, noticeably decreasing the estrogenic risk of sewage discharged into the environment. Steroid hormones were removed via biological degradation, while some APEOs and PAEs adsorbed to the sludge. Victoria Harbor poses a low to medium estrogenic risk mainly contributed by estrone and estradiol and deserves attention.

Volatility in China's Stock Market: Boom, Bust, Boom…And Bust?

With the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index (SCI) dropping 5% at its opening, a circuit breaker was triggered and halted trading for 15 minutes. But when trading resumed, the market continued to drop, and a second circuit breaker was triggered, halting trading for the day. The overall SCI decline of 7.2% for the day was not just disastrous for Chinese investors, but it also caused a global panic that perhaps a global recession would ensure. China's Chief Economist and Head of Greater China Economic Research for JPMorgan, had JPMorgan clients and investment professionals looking to him for advice on how to interpret the events in China. Would the decline continue? What impact would it have on global markets in general and the United States in particular? Excerpt UVA-F-1759 May 13, 2016 Volatility in China's Stock Market: Boom, Bust, Boom…and Bust? From his office at the JPMorgan Private Bank headquarters in Hong Kong, Zhu Haibin could see the peaceful Victoria Harbour below. But the nature of the phone calls he was receiving that morning from both investors and other JPMorgan investment professionals was in stark contrast to that calm and peaceful view. With the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index (SCI) dropping 5% at its opening, a trading mechanism called a circuit breaker, designed to pause trading when precipitous market changes occurred, was triggered, halting trading for 15 minutes. When trading resumed, however, the market continued to drop, and a second circuit breaker was triggered, halting trading for the day. The overall SCI decline of 7.2% for the day was not just disastrous for Chinese investors, but it also caused a global panic that perhaps a global recession would ensure. Many other markets, including the U.S. market, were off to one of their worst, if not their worst, start on record. Zhu was China's Chief Economist and Head of Greater China Economic Research for JPMorgan, so JPMorgan clients and investment professionals were looking to him for advice on how to interpret the events in China. As he prepared for a conference call with these important constituents, he pondered the events of the past few years (Exhibit 1): the record returns of 2014 and early 2015, when the SCI more than doubled in value; the 40% decline in the summer of 2015; the modest rebound in the fall of 2015; and the dramatic events of early January 2016. Reviewing these events seemed like an important place to start to prepare for the questions from participants on the call: Would the decline continue? What impact would it have on global markets in general and the United States in particular? The Boom . . .

Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong

The presence of plastic waste with a diameter of less than 5mm (“microplastics”) in marine environments has prompted increasing concern in recent years, both locally and globally. We conducted seasonal surveys of microplastic pollution in the surface waters and sediments from Deep Bay, Tolo Harbor, Tsing Yi, and Victoria Harbor in Hong Kong between June 2015 and March 2016. The average concentrations of microplastics in local coastal waters and sediments respectively ranged from 51 to 27,909particles per 100m3 and 49 to 279particles per kilogram. Microplastics of different shapes (mainly fragments, lines, fibers, and pellets) were identified as polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, a blend of polypropylene and ethylene propylene, and styrene acrylonitrile by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This is the first comprehensive study to assess the spatial and temporal variations of microplastic pollution in Hong Kong coastal regions.

An overview of subsea tunnel engineering in Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Cross Harbour tunnel was opened in 1972, breaking the barrier of highway transport between the busiest urban areas of the Kowloon peninsula and Hong Kong Island. With the rapid economic and population growth of Hong Kong between 1970 and 1997, four more subsea tunnels were constructed under Victoria Harbour. The MTR Shatin to Central link will be the sixth such tunnel across Victoria Harbour. Immersed tunnels of different form and structure were adopted for all of these tunnels. To the west of the harbour, two more subsea tunnels are currently being constructed. As a part of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge project, the world’s longest immersed tunnel is under construction to connect Hong Kong to mainland China. Within the Hong Kong boundary, a subsea tunnel connecting Tuen Mun and Chek Lap Kok will be constructed using a large diameter tunnel boring machine. This paper provides an overview of all the subsea tunnels already built or currently under construction for road and rail transport in Hong Kong. Considerations for selecting the most appropriate method for subsea tunnelling for each location are described.

Cleaning up Hong Kong’s harbour by building big and digging deep

A major civil engineering scheme has recently been completed to improve the water quality of Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon peninsula. It has involved creating the city’s largest sewage treatment works and its deepest sewage tunnel. The £1·6 billion project, commissioned at the end of 2015, complements an earlier stage completed in 2001. All harbour area sewage is now delivered by way of the combined 44·6 km long, 160 m deep sewer tunnel to Stonecutters Island sewage treatment works before being discharged into the harbour. This paper describes the many daunting design and construction challenges, which included keeping the first stage operational as work progressed, and the numerous innovations adopted to overcome them.

Long-term variations in oxygen in sub-tropical coastal waters: Influence of sewage effluent

The increase in population in the Pearl River delta region has increased domestic sewage and industrial discharges, which influences biogeochemical (e.g. carbon dioxide release) and environmental (e.g. oxygen depletion) conditions. Dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations along with salinity, temperature, pH, and chlorophyll a at the surface were collected during seven cruises at eight stations in different months in 2005–2006 to document the seasonal influence of anthropogenic inputs on dissolved oxygen in different areas of Hong Kong waters. Long-term data during 1997–2006 were used to assess air-sea exchange of dissolved oxygen. Near the Pearl River estuary, dissolved oxygen was undersaturated, while partial pressure carbon dioxide was oversaturated, which indicated that Pearl River estuary influenced waters were heterotrophic and represented net sources of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In Victoria Harbour, where there was greater sewage effluent influence, however, the degree of dissolved oxygen undersaturation was even more than the Pearl River estuary influenced waters throughout the year. In contrast, the eastern waters, where there was less influence of anthropogenic inputs, showed seasonal variability: undersaturation of dissolved oxygen (∼90%) in the dry season shifting to slight oversaturation (∼105%) in the wet season. The monthly average air-sea influx of oxygen decreased by ∼50 to 200 mmol m−2 d−1 in the wet season relative to that in the dry season in Victoria Harbour, which was coupled with an increase in chlorophyll a from the dry to wet season. These findings are important in understanding why the eutrophication impact from nutrient enrichments in Hong Kong waters is not as severe as one would expect, and also how sewage effluent influences biogeochemical processes of dissolved oxygen and carbon in coastal waters.

Combined effects of land reclamation, channel dredging upon the bioavailable concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Victoria Harbour sediment, Hong Kong

The up-to-date concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment materials of Victoria Harbour was investigated so as to evaluate the pollution potential associated with the reclamation projects in Hong Kong. A total of 100 sediment samples were collected at 20 locations. Except the control point in reservoir, the PAHs concentrations were detectable levels all sites (131–628.3ng/g, dw) and such values were higher than Dutch Target and Intervention Values (the New Dutch standard in 2016). The PAHs concentration indicating that construction waste and wastewater discharges were the main pollutant sources. Results of correlation in single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) studies also revealed that the PAHs concentration was highly correlated (<0.01) with DNA migration (i.e. the length of tail moment of fish cells) in 5mg/ml of PAHs. The above observation indicates that the PAHs present in the sediment may substantially effect the marine ecosystem. Although the dredged sediment can be a useful sea-filling material for land reclamation; however, the continuing leaching of PAHs and its impact on the aquatic environment need to be studied further.

Foraging behavior of the black-eared kite Milvus migrans lineatus at Victoria Harbour and Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong

Black-eared kites Milvus migrans lineatus were observed 122 times over 5 days foraging from Victoria Harbour and Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong. They were found to forage significantly more in Kowloon Bay and take flight paths parallel to the shore, though over the water, at lower altitudes. Their preferential foraging suggests that their food (refuse) may be clumped and not randomly distributed. We tentatively suggest that this species might help identify refuse hotspots in Hong Kong waterways, although we have not drawn a direct link between refuse distribution and kite foraging behavior.

Words from the LOC

The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is honored to have the opportunity to host the 11th Pacific Rim Conference on Stellar Astrophysics. The conference was attended by 100 researchers from 20 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, USA, and Vietnam.The meeting began on the evening of December 13 with the reception held in the foyer of the Faculty of Science office. The 4-day (December 14-17) scientific sessions were held in the Centennial Campus, a new extension of the HKU campus constructed in 2011. On December 16, we had an organized afternoon tour of the south side of the island of Hong Kong, making stops at Repulse Bay and Stanley and ending at the Victoria Peak. The conference banquet was held in the Tien Yi Restaurant in the Peak Tower, which commands a gorgeous view of the Victoria Harbor. Before the banquet, we were treated to the magnificent traditional Chinese face-changing show, where the artist was able to change her face masks in fractions of a second right in front of the audience. After the conference, there was a self-guided tour to Macau on December 19, cumulating with a Portuguese dinner at the historical building of the Clube Militar de Macau.I would like to thank the many people who helped in the organization of the conference. First I would like to acknowledge the contributions of Anisia Tang, who ably oversaw the logistics of the entire conference, including the venue, budget, registration, web site, and tours. Not only she had to deal with the various vendors and suppliers, she also managed to satisfy the many complex university regulations. After the conference, Anisia was instrumental in the editing and production of these Proceedings. To Anisia, I want to express my deepest personal thanks. Linda Lee was in charge of the organization of the travel and lodgings of the participants. Venus Chu made the arrangements for the banquet as well as the Macau tour and she chose the menus that we so much enjoyed. Y.L. Lee provided essential support of many aspects of the organization, in particular the reception. Jenny Cheng was the official photographer and Emily Wong did the video taping of the proceedings. I am in debt to Angela Tsang, the Faculty Secretary, whose unwavering support of this conference was crucial to its success.We are grateful for the financial support provided by the Croucher Foundation, K.C. Wong Education Foundation, and the Faculty of Science of the University of Hong Kong. David Foster, Director of the Croucher Foundation, has been a good friend of HKU astronomy and his continued support is greatly appreciated.I want to express my deepest gratitude to my old friend Kam Ching Leung. Kam Ching was the person who got the Pacific Rim series started 30 years ago. His perseverance and organization skills are the reason why the conferences have been so successful over the years. I thank him in particular for proposing to hold the 11th meeting in Hong Kong and the hard work that he has put in to help this conference achieve all its goals.Finally, I want to thank the participants. Many of you came from distant parts of the world for this conference and your talks and posters are the reasons behind the scientific success of this conference. I hope that these proceedings will serve as a useful landmark for the development of evolved stars research and that this field will continue to prosper for a long time to come.

Isolated shower in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong, in south-westerly winds ahead of a trough of low pressure along the South China Coast

WeatherVolume 71, Issue 4 p. E3-E3 Inside Cover Photograph Isolated shower in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong, in south-westerly winds ahead of a trough of low pressure along the South China Coast First published: 08 April 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2736Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume71, Issue4April 2016Pages E3-E3 RelatedInformation

Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong: 150 years

The image depicts the changes to the coastline of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong in the past 150 years. The historic photo shows a developing commercial harbour during the colonial time; overlaid with a sketch of the current skyscraper filled metropolitan city after 150 years of land reclamation.