Victims Of Trafficking Research Articles

Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia

This study aims to develop a model for the effective implementation of restitution criminal sanctions against individuals involved in trafficking in persons. The findings of this research hold strategic significance in terms of providing legal protection to victims and enhancing the concept of restitution. The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of imposing restitution sanctions on traffickers through judicial decisions in Indonesia. By employing a sociological juridical approach, this research examines legal norms and court rulings pertaining to prosecutors' charges against individuals involved in trafficking crimes. The analysis of these judicial decisions reveals that out of the cases reviewed, only seven included restitution sanctions, and none of the perpetrators fulfilled their restitution obligations. Instead, the offenders prioritized serving prison sentences over compensating the victims. Consequently, it is essential for prosecutors to prioritize the prosecution of perpetrators under the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Individuals. Furthermore, judges should consider utilizing the Law on the Eradication of Non-Criminal Persons and emphasizing imprisonment as an alternative to restitution.

The Crime of Trafficking in Persons with the Mode of Becoming a Female Worker

Law enforcement against the criminal act of trafficking in persons with the mode of becoming a female worker occurs very often in Indonesia so this research was carried out using an empirical juridical research method because this research aims to determine law enforcement for female victims of trafficking in persons. Obstacles in law enforcement against female workers show: 1) Law enforcement against perpetrators of the crime of trafficking in persons with victims of labor is in accordance with applicable law. Even though in law enforcement against perpetrators and victims who have reconciled, the legal process is not at the level of the prosecutor's office (prosecution process). 2) The police as a law enforcement agency in the process of enforcing the law on the criminal act of trafficking in persons also considers the value of justice

Legal Reconstruction of Trafficking Victim Protection Based on Justice Value

The development of computer technology and the internet provide implications-the implications are significant in the settings and the establishment of regulations in cyber space and cyber laws as well as to the development of crime in cyberspace or often referred to as cybercrimes. Of the various things that need to be emphasized that the internet was not initially designed for tracking and tracinguser behavior, but it is designed for the needs of the military in the face of war the world at that time. Normatively, with the establishment of Law Number 11 Year 2008 On Information and Electronic Transactions as new rules that apply, and all the population is considered to have been knowing. Adoption of the Law on Information and electronic transactions against cybercrime. In the era of industrial Revolution 4.0 is the current utilization of the technology, the more massive the better government agencies, private companies, national banking, center for research and society. Sociological research empirical, then studied at first is secondary data, to then proceeds with the research on primary data lapangam or to the community. The author will give an overview first the definition and the classification of crime is cybercrime, the perpetrators and victims of form and modus operandi as well as how the public reacts to kejehatan cybercrime such. Cybercrime is a criminal activity in the virtual world with a network utilizing the computer as a tool and a network of the internet as a medium. In a broader sense, cybercrime is all the illegal actions committed through a computer network and the internet to get advantage by harming the other party. Then in the narrow sense, cybercrime are all illegal actions that are intended to attack computer security systems and the data processed by a computer system.

Successful Criminal Prosecutions of Sex Trafficking and Sexual Abuse of Minors: A Comparative Analysis.

Despite increased awareness of sex trafficking of minors in the U.S., prosecution of traffickers remains difficult, in part because of victim uncooperativeness. There are questions about how that uncooperativeness is expressed, whether it is evident in successfully prosecuted cases, and whether it is unique to trafficked minors or it emerges in similar age victims of sexual abuse. To provide insight relevant to these questions, we compared appellate opinions in two types of successfully prosecuted criminal cases: sex trafficking and sexual abuse of adolescent victims. In the trafficking opinions, victims were rarely described as disclosing on their own or as knowing their trafficker before the victimization. The opinions also often alluded to the trafficking victims' uncooperativeness and delinquency history, and frequently mentioned electronic evidence and prosecution experts. The sexual abuse opinions, in contrast, tended to suggest that victims' own disclosures initiated the case, perpetrators were known and trusted adults, and caregiver support during the case was common. Finally, the sexual abuse opinions never explicitly mentioned victim uncooperativeness or electronic evidence and rarely mentioned expert testimony or delinquency. The different characterizations of the two case types highlight the need for improved education concerning effective prosecution of sex crimes against minors.

Breaking the Body of Evangelical Whiteness: A Womanist Ethic of Encounter for Faith-Based Anti-Trafficking Work

For the last thirty years, white evangelical Christians have been one of the most prominent groups in the anti-trafficking movement in North America. Whether advocating for policy changes on behalf of survivors, interacting with populations vulnerable to sexual exploitation, or staging rescues, these moral actors use Christian religious practices and values to respond to trafficking and commercial sex work. Anti-trafficking work is coated with and coded by evangelical whiteness, which uses the norms of sexual, social, and racial purity in their interactions with and recovery of trafficking victims and survivors. In response to the white evangelical stronghold on anti-trafficking interventions, the womanist ethic of encounter utilizes womanist frameworks to center the historical realities lived experience of Black women and talk back to the history of evangelical whiteness in anti-trafficking work. Secondly, it focuses on how to interact with the holistic body of Black women in the urban mission field of anti-trafficking. Finally, the womanist ethic of encounter seeks to bridge the gap between the Protestant moralistic centering of the word of the Gospel that coats rescue and recovery efforts and asserts a Catholic centering of the Eucharist to clarify the power of sacrificing and breaking the body of whiteness in anti-trafficking work.

Human Trafficking: Iconic Victims, Folk Devils and the Nationality and Borders Act 2022

On 28 April 2022, the Westminster Parliament passed the controversial Nationality and Borders Act. The Act is the single biggest overhaul of the UK's immigration system in decades. The Act aims to deter illegal entry into the UK; remove more easily those with no right to be in the UK; and increase the overall fairness of the system. Notwithstanding these seemingly laudable objectives, however, this article argues that the Act represents a retrograde step in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Relying upon Nils Christie's ‘ideal/iconic victims’ and Stanley Cohen's ‘folk devils’ critique, the article contends that, in an age of heightened securitisation and moral panics, the Act will create ‘folk devils’ of victims of trafficking who do not self‐identify, and unduly penalise victims of trafficking who have committed offences in the course, or as a consequence, of being trafficked.

Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Trafficking of Children as a Form of it

Research on human trafficking has attracted increasing attention since the early 1980s and is extremely important as it highlights the problems and through it identifies the appropriate ways that can provide solutions. The object of this paper is the treatment of trafficking in human beings and in particular will focus on the sexual trafficking of minors. This topic is very current not only in Albania but also in the international arena (due to it’s nature) and requires the commitment of all states and international organizations to combat human trafficking and protect victims of trafficking as part of the field of human rights. Therefore, this topic is covered in section I of this conference. The research questions of this paper are: what does trafficking in human beings involve, what are the needs of the victims, what is the exploitation and sexual abuse of children, what are the consequences that trafficking leaves on children and why children are recruited. Numerous studies and studies have concluded that trafficking represents "a denial of the individual's rights to freedom, integrity, security and freedom of movement" Victims of human trafficking need, among other things, emotional support , family, health care and especially for reintegration into society. On the other hand, child sexual exploitation is a form of human trafficking and consists of adult sexual abuse and monetary or in-kind reward for the child or a third person or persons. and it is precisely the commercial element that separates sexual exploitation from other sexual crimes.Juveniles are recruited more easily because small victims are the most optimal, useful and lower cost, they are easy to be guided by traffickers and slave owners and to adapt to the new situation. Current studies show that some effects of Sex trafficking is sexually transmitted diseases, diseases and other infections, physical harm, substance abuse and malnutrition.
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

The Reintegration of victims of human trafficking: Approaches and Practices in Nepal

This research paper tries to analyze the shelter services and care supports to reintegrating the victims of human trafficking at the family and community level. Primarily, the study applied the qualitative approach by adopting both primary and secondary sources of information. For substantiating secondary information, 40 qualitative in-depth and key informant interviews were conducted. It was found that priorities of shelters are crucial for providing composite and comprehensive services for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking. The shelter care and services mainly orient to victim-centric approach to provide composite service package to victims. Immediate, short-term and long-term services play crucial role for successful reintegration in family and community. The multiple packages in shelter's lone effort was observed to be the best for delivering the best care and services. The widely applied approach of shelters was found victim centered approach, shelter based approach and the community approach. Among these approach, shelter based comprehensive service oriented approach found suitable for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking.

Implementation Challenges of T Visa Eligibility for Human Trafficking Survivors: A Role for Social Work.

The passage of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) and subsequent creation of a residency process for nonresident survivors of human trafficking (the T Visa) are notable milestones in the United States' effort to address the problem of human trafficking and provide essential supports to trafficking survivors. However, current implementation of the statute's eligibility criteria for accessing entitlements and protections contributes to a potential for retraumatization, further traumatization, and other continued harms to survivors. The present article explores the structural and conceptual limitations of current T Visa policy and of recent annual policy guidance materials as important contributors to these policy implementation problems. Resulting problems are identified as an ambiguity of definitions and thresholds, a narrow conceptualization of victimhood, and the contradictory relationship between protection and prosecution. This article then utilizes a trauma-informed social policy framework to identify multisystemic action steps for social workers to address these limitations and improve the T Visa process for trafficking survivors. These actions steps provide an essential road map for closing the gap between the policy goals of the TVPA and its current implementation.

A Multi-Input Machine Learning Approach to Classifying Sex Trafficking from Online Escort Advertisements

Sex trafficking victims are often advertised through online escort sites. These ads can be publicly accessed, but law enforcement lacks the resources to comb through hundreds of ads to identify those that may feature sex-trafficked individuals. The purpose of this study was to implement and test multi-input, deep learning (DL) binary classification models to predict the probability of an online escort ad being associated with sex trafficking (ST) activity and aid in the detection and investigation of ST. Data from 12,350 scraped and classified ads were split into training and test sets (80% and 20%, respectively). Multi-input models that included recurrent neural networks (RNN) for text classification, convolutional neural networks (CNN, specifically EfficientNetB6 or ENET) for image/emoji classification, and neural networks (NN) for feature classification were trained and used to classify the 20% test set. The best-performing DL model included text and imagery inputs, resulting in an accuracy of 0.82 and an F1 score of 0.70. More importantly, the best classifier (RNN + ENET) correctly identified 14 of 14 sites that had classification probability estimates of 0.845 or greater (1.0 precision); precision was 96% for the multi-input model (NN + RNN + ENET) when only the ads associated with the highest positive classification probabilities (>0.90) were considered (n = 202 ads). The models developed could be productionalized and piloted with criminal investigators, as they could potentially increase their efficiency in identifying potential ST victims.

EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN RESTITUSI BAGI KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN ORANG YANG BERKEADILAN PANCASILA

This study aims to examine how the effectiveness of restitution for Victims of Human Trafficking based on Pancasila values of justice. The type of research used by the writer for this study is normative-empirical legal research, and the nature of the research uses an applied perspective. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material is used for sources of this study. To collect the data and legal material the writer do studying literature and conducting interviews. The result of this study shows that the application of restitution that has been implemented in the Human Trafficking case viewed from the perspective of its effectiveness is still not effective in fulfilling the Pancasila value of justice because not all losses suffered by victims can be recovered. This is caused by several factors such as legal factors, law enforcement factors, and legal facilities. In an attempt to optimize the effectiveness of the implementation of restitution based on Pancasila values of justice, which in principle must consider the fairness between the Accused and the Victim, namely based on the principles of An Effective Remedy, the Principle of Victim Reparation, and the Principle of legal protection within the judicial and/or administrative system.

Providing Services to Victims of Human Trafficking During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Social Service Agency State-Wide Survey

While research has documented the needs of human trafficking victims, the importance of such needs during the COVID-19 pandemic remains understudied. This study sought to determine the most critical and urgent service needs of social service providers who serve human trafficking victims. Drawing from survey responses collected from 100 service providers from all 15 counties in Arizona, researchers examined agency needs to serve human trafficking victims during a pandemic, the barriers/fears expressed by human trafficking victims to obtain social services, and the saliency of needs regarding training, screenings, protocols, and services provided. Respondents indicated that the most necessary needs included more training, funding, and receiving referrals. Respondents reported that most barriers/fears expressed by sex trafficking clients were feelings of shame and not self-identifying as a victim. Labor trafficking victims lack knowledge about resources and experience little to no social support. Findings highlight a sustained need for awareness building, developing strong partnerships between agencies that serve human trafficking victims, and the needed ability of social service agencies to modify their service delivery systems during a pandemic. Future research is needed to understand the lack of victim demographic data and provide clear guidelines for agencies to handle emergencies such as a pandemic.

¿Las víctimas de trata pueden tener acceso a la protección internacional? Análisis de las posibilidades de refugio o de protección subsidiaria en la Unión Europea

This research responds to the need to systematise access to international protection within the framework of the European Union (EU) for victims of trafficking in human beings, given that neither the 1951 Refugee Convention, nor the 1967 New York Protocol, nor Directive 2011/95/EU deem this criminal activity justifiable cause for such protection. Granting refuge or subsidiary protection to victims of trafficking who are not nationals of an EU Member State, especially after they have been granted protection under EU law, may offer means to assist them, protect them and prevent them from being sent back to their country of origin, which would exponentially increase their risk of being exploited again by trafficking networks. A detailed analysis of eligibility for international protection in this domain shows that, in some cases, the circumstances surrounding the victims of trafficking may justify the recognition of international protection by EU Member States. Each individual case must be assessed and addressed under the established requirements, with particular attention paid to the existence of acts of prosecution and the grounds that motive these acts, as this is the aspect that poses the greatest challenges in relation to the phenomenon of human trafficking.

Human trafficking: What the pediatric nurse needs to know

Healthcare providers are in a unique position to recognize children who are at risk for human trafficking. Research shows that most trafficking victims have seen a healthcare professional at some point during their exploitation. This places healthcare providers in the position to recognize that something is wrong and take steps to provide support ( Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, 2023 Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response Human trafficking and health professionals: Questions and answers. Public Health Emergency, 2023https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Pages/human-trafficking-faqs.aspx Google Scholar ; National Human Trafficking Resource Center, 2023 National Human Trafficking Resource Center Recognizing and responding to human trafficking in a healthcare context. https://humantraffickinghotline.org/sites/default/files/Recognizing%20and%20Responding%20to%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20a%20Healthcare%20Context_pdf.pdfDate: 2023 Google Scholar ; Waugh, 2018 Waugh L. Human trafficking and the healthcare system. National Conference of State Legislatures, 2018, Aprilhttps://www.ncsl.org/research/health/human-trafficking-and-the-health-care-system.aspx Google Scholar ). Pediatric nurses in healthcare and community settings should have the knowledge necessary to recognize and report potential trafficking victims. This includes a general understanding of human trafficking, awareness of risk factors, assessment skills to recognize, resources to report, and education to help prevent trafficking.

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

In this scientific article, referring to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On combating human trafficking”, the concept of “human trafficking” and the directions of state policy in the field of combating human trafficking is considered. Thus, the article states that human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights, all efforts to provide assistance and protection should be aimed at restoring the rights of victims of human trafficking and preventing their further violation. At the same time, victims should receive protection and assistance without discrimination: it is unacceptable to treat them unfavorably or with prejudice because of their experience in a situation of human trafficking or to restrict their rights. In addition, the moments concerning the identification of victims of human trafficking, sources of information about planned or committed crimes, forms of investigation, typical investigative versions and situations, algorithms, tasks and planning of the investigation are analyzed. The differences between human trafficking and migrant smuggling are also studied and examples related to high-profile criminal cases on this issue from the experience of Kazakhstan are given, including an example related to the operation “Blue Sky”, in which thousands of people participated, to investigate the smuggling of migrants.

THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO: A COMPARATIV SENSE

Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Kosovo, as two countries that lived through the events of war and suffered a large number of different victims and material losses during the war period, took almost identical paths in the direction of nation building.
 Although these two countries have made significant progress in some segments, due to their historical past, also had the opposite side of the coin: stagnation, underdevelopment, corruption, lack of rule of law, high level of unemployment, poverty, various forms of organized crime, etc. One of the forms of organized crime is human trafficking, which occurs in these two countries with some special characteristics due to various factors that have influenced it.
 For this negative social phenomenon, especially in the form of sexual exploitation of women and children, interest is expressed in every country, but these two countries differ from other Southeast Europe countries due to the large number of victims of human trafficking that is, because of sexual exploitation especially women and children after the end of the war events, which means that the expansion time of this phenomenon, the age of the victims, scope and manner represent special characteristics for Bosnia and Herzegovina i Republic of Kosovo.
 Methods: The article uses system-structural, formal-logical, comparative-legal, statistical and dialectical research methods. Based on the methods, we realized the purpose of this paper which is to research, analysis and introduce in comperativ sense, forms and causes of human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Kosovo.
 Results and Conclusions: The analysis was realized within two main thematic areas: Sexual exploitation especially women and children and causes of human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Kosovo after the end of the war events.
 The relevant state institutions in BiH and Republic of Kosovo should be systematically engaged with the aim:
 
 To eliminate or reduce the causes of human trafficking and,
 Rehabilitation and compensation of victims of human trafficking.

Critical Stylistic Analysis of Trafficking Victims in Corban Addison “A walk Across the Sun”

Human trafficking across borders and even continents is one of the numerous ways that slavery is practiced today. For the victims, the effects are invariably devastating. The harsh world of child prostitution is described in a novel .The present study shed light on the issues of human trafficking and its impact in the lives of human beings. Critical stylistic analysis seeking the ideological consequences of human trafficking that deals with literary representation i.e novel of “A walk across the Sun” by Corban Addison who pay attention for different aspects of human exploitation where in victim of sex trafficking as a common trade of exploitation. The study focuses ideological perspective of human trafficking. The analysis of the discourse “A walk across the Sun” explore the traumatic conditions of young victims of trafficking of trafficking .The hidden ideologies of the novel reveal the concept of domination, violence, maltreatment of women. By analyzing of the text critical stylistic applying Jeffries (2010) tools, the researcher identifies different types of human trafficking nature.

Juror Decision-Making in a Child Trafficking Case: The Impact of Defendant and Victim Gender, Defendant Age, and Defendant Status.

There has been an increase in human trafficking in Canada from 2018 to 2019, which suggests a rising trend in human trafficking, and as such, the number of court cases are likely increasing. Because of this, the current study sought to examine how a defendant and victim's gender, and defendant social status and age impacted mock jurors' decision-making in a child trafficking case. Participants (N = 584) read a mock trial transcript depicting a child trafficking case. They were then asked to render a verdict, answer questions relating to perceptions of the victim and defendant and rate their level of agreements on statements concerning sex and human trafficking. Although there was no effect on dichotomous verdict, mock jurors attributed higher guilt ratings to the male trafficker. Moreover, participants reported more favorable perceptions of the victim when the trafficker was female, and the victim was male compared to female. Participants also reported more favorable perceptions of the victim when the trafficker was of high social status and younger compared to older. Additionally, when mock jurors were well-informed about trafficking victim blaming did not occur. The results of the current study provide some insight into juror perceptions of child sex trafficking cases.

Are we seeing the unseen of human trafficking? A retrospective analysis of the CTDC k-anonymized global victim of trafficking data pool in the period 2010-2020.

Human trafficking is considered a hidden global crime with unsubstantiated numbers. Despite the challenges in counting or measuring this crime, reports revealed the presence of around 40.3 million victims worldwide. Human trafficking results in severe detrimental impacts on both mental and physical health. Given the sensitivity and negative consequences of human trafficking on the global system and victims, and considering the scarce research in this area, our current study aimed at describing the (i) Sociodemographic profiles of anonymized victims, (ii) Means of control, and (iii) Purpose of trafficking, utilizing the largest anonymized and publicly available dataset on victims of human trafficking. This is a retrospective secondary analysis of the Counter-Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC) data pool in the period from 2010 to 2020. The utilized dataset is called the k-anonymized global victim of trafficking dataset, and it is considered the largest global dataset on victims of human trafficking. Data from the k-anonymized data pool were extracted and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS® version 27.0 for Windows (IBM Corp. Version 27.0. Armonk, NY) for quality check and analysis using descriptive statistics. A total of 87003 victims of human trafficking were identified in the period from 2010 to 2020. The most age category encountered among victims was 9-17 years with 10326 victims (11.9%), followed by 30-38 years with 8562 victims (9.8%). Females comprised 70% of the sample with 60938 victims. The United States (n = 51611), Russia (n = 4570), and the Philippines (n = 1988) comprised the most countries of exploitation/trafficking. Additionally, the year 2019 witnessed the greatest number of victims registered for assistance by anti-trafficking agencies with around 21312 victims (24.5%). Concerning means of control, threats, psychological abuse, restriction of the victim's movement, taking the victim's earnings, and physical abuse were the most reported means. 42685 victims (49.1%) reported sexual exploitation as the purpose of their trafficking, followed by forced labor with 18176 victims (20.9%). Various means and methods can be used by traffickers to control the victims to be trafficked for many purposes, with sexual exploitation and forced labor being the most common ones. Global anti-trafficking efforts should be brought together in solidarity through utilizing the paradigm of protection of victims, prosecution of traffickers, prevention of trafficking, and inter-sectoral partnerships. Despite being a global concern with various reports that tried to capture the number of trafficked victims worldwide, human trafficking still has many unseen aspects that impose a significant challenge and adds to the global burden in combatting this threat.

Rethinking Childhood and War in the Twentieth Century

On 7 March 2022, Catherine Russell, UNICEF executive director, and Filippo Grandi, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, demanded that ‘unaccompanied and separated children fleeing escalating conflict in Ukraine must be protected’.1 They insisted that children should, once they crossed Ukraine's borders, be immediately registered, offered safe spaces, reunified with their families, and receive emergency care.2 Under no circumstances should children who came with their families be separated, and everything should be done to protect children from exploitation, trafficking and gender-based violence.3 However, since then, countless children from Ukraine who have crossed the borders unaccompanied have become victims of human trafficking and exploitation. Tens of thousands of children in Ukrainian state institutions or who had been orphaned prior to the war could not be protected. They were deported to Russia, many were interned in reeducation camps, and many were forcefully adopted by Russian families or moved into foster care.4 Since the war started, children have again become a means of warfare. The current war against Ukraine once more demonstrates how vulnerable children can become when they are separated from their families. Children have, once again, become targets of massive human rights violations and of crimes against humanity.