Victims Of Commercial Sexual Exploitation Research Articles

On the Overlap of Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Intimate Partner Violence: An Exploratory Examination of Trauma-Related Shame.

Every year, millions of people experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), with researchers increasingly discussing the overlap between these two forms of interpersonal violence. However, researchers have not yet used quantitative methods to examine the link between IPV and CSE or to explore potential mechanisms underlying the overlap, including child maltreatment risk factors and psychological mechanisms. One potential mechanism is trauma-related shame, a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder commonly experienced by both victims of CSE and IPV. The current study explores trauma-related shame, childhood maltreatment, and IPV and their associations with CSE using a sample of 174 primarily Black women. Binomial logistic regression is used to analyze the impact of IPV, child abuse and neglect, and trauma-related shame on CSE. Results indicate that IPV and trauma-related shame are both significant predictors of CSE. Implications for future research and the incorporation of shame in trauma-related treatment are discussed.

The Function of Child Protection Agencies in Upholding and Defending Children's Rights

The five pillars of parents, family, community, government, regional government, and the state are all strongly tied to child safety. The five of them are connected to one another as child protection organisers. All actions taken to ensure that children are treated fairly, have their rights upheld, are able to live, develop, and participate in society to the fullest extent possible, and are shielded from harm and discrimination, are collectively referred to as "child protection." The goal of child protection is to protect each child's rights. Child protection works in conjunction with other rights to ensure that kids have the things they need to live, grow, and thrive. However, in actuality, the situation of children in Indonesia is still quite worrying, particularly in regards to child labour, children living on the streets, and young people who have been sexually abused, exploited, or exploited for profit. In addition to being a violation of children's rights, the Child Protection Act also poses a significant threat to their survival and future development. However, the actual status of kids in Indonesia is still quite troubling, especially when it comes to child labour, kids living on the streets, kids who have been sexually abused, kids who have been sexually assaulted, and kids who have been the victims of commercial sexual exploitation. The Child Protection Act not only infringes on children's rights but also seriously jeopardises their survival and future growth.

Legal Protection for Children as Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation on Social Media

The government plays a role in protecting all forms of children's rights and providing education about the dangers of sexual exploitation on social media. This study uses the normative legal writing method which refers to the principles, norms, rules of law, court decisions, agreements and doctrines of the technique of collecting legal materials by using the method of literature, legislation related to the type of normative legal research by analyzing each book material. which is used to choose according to the topic of thesis research which will be analyzed systematically and relate it to other legal materials. This study aims to determine the legal protection arrangements for children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation on social media and punishment or deterrent action against perpetrators of commercial sexual exploitation of children on social media. The results of the study reveal that sexual exploitation of children on social media is stated as a violation of what is contained in dealing with the form of protection given to a child as a victim of commercial sexual exploitation behavior on social media. It is a crime for perpetrators of child exploitation by paying one hundred million rupiah with a five-year prison sentence.

Legal Protection of Children as Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is a crime committed against children which is currently happening a lot and is reported in print and electronic media, besides that this crime often occurs within the domestic sphere between villages and cities and even across national borders. Children are the nation's next generation and development successors who should be prepared as subjects for implementing sustainable development and controlling the future of a country. So to find out and examine more deeply about the legal protection of children as victims of sexual exploitation, researchers wish to conduct research on how is the legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation? This research is a legal research using statutory approach (statute approach) and concept approach (conceptual approach). The results of this study are that the protection of children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out on the legal basis of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection according to the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generali. The protection of children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out in three stages of legal protection, namely the legal protection stage before the criminal justice process, during the criminal justice process, and after the criminal justice process. accompanied by a Legal Counselor from the Social Service for Women and Children. Legal protection for children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out by referring to the accusator principle, namely by means of persuasion, not by means of violence and prioritizing the rights of the examinee.

Legal Protection of Children as Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Legal Protection of Children as Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Toward a Typology of Child Sex Traffickers: Using Crime Script Analysis to Inform Prevention

ABSTRACT Preventing child sex trafficking remains an urgent concern for public health and criminal justice professionals. Using crime script analysis, this study identified a typology of child sex traffickers (CSTs). Data for this study were drawn from 78 child sex trafficking cases involving 54 CSTs and 48 victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) investigated by the Child Protective Investigation Unit in a predominately rural and suburban county. Using a decision tree model, we identified subtypes of child sex traffickers (CSTs) and explored patterns and variation in the victim recruitment tactics used by these subtypes during three phases of the victim recruitment crime script – find, groom, and exploit. Seven types of CSTs emerged from the cases: Peer/Acquaintance, Organized Crime, Family Abuser, Romantic Coercive Conman, “Mate Crime” Predator, Opportunistic, and Cyber traffickers. Both shared and unique tactics were identified such as social media and peer recruitment to find victims, promises, and gifts to groom victims, and threats and violence to ensnare victims. Based upon the study findings, we recommend specific prevention strategies and education themes related to the various at-risk situational scenarios and documented tactics used by CSTs at each phase of victim recruitment.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation Outcomes in a Community Sample of Youth

PurposeResearchers have suggested that victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) have deleterious long-term outcomes; however, longitudinal trajectories of youth who experience CSE have not been explored. For the current study, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adults Health (Add Health) survey was used to compare trajectories of youth who had experienced CSE with their nonexploited peers. MethodsPropensity score matching was used to match youth at waves 1 and 2 who experienced CSE and who did not experience CSE but had similar risk profiles. Youth with low-risk profiles were also matched. Our sample included 430 youth who experienced CSE, a matched sample of 430 youth who did not experience CSE but had a similar risk profile, and a sample of youth who did not experience CSE and had low-risk profiles (n = 782). Outcomes of interest included psychological, behavioral, physical, and interpersonal well-being. ResultsYouth who had experienced CSE had higher levels of injection drug use, more police stops, more emergency room visits, and lower relationship satisfaction than their nonexploited peers. Well-being for individuals who experienced CSE as youth changed some over time, but those changes were comparable to the changes experienced by individuals of similar risk who did not experience CSE. Well-being measures for low-risk youth were universally higher compared to high-risk youth, regardless of CSE. DiscussionYouth receiving drug treatment, experiencing delinquency, or being seen in emergency medical settings may benefit from CSE screening, so that victims can be identified and provided immediate and comprehensive services.

The collaborative efforts of a multidisciplinary community-based team to address victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

This study explored the perceptions of members of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) when working with victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Sixteen members of a state-mandated MDT, representing various professions, were individually interviewed to gain their perspective on the functioning of the MDT, including challenges and strengths. Members of the MDT held basically positive perceptions of the process and reported a sense of teamwork. They emphasized ways in which multiple disciplines are needed to best provide for these victims. Results provide support for the role of MDTs in handling cases of commercial sexual exploitation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Medical First Responders and Child Sexual Exploitation: Needs, Efforts, and Next Steps

ABSTRACT Child victims of commercial sexual exploitation often have medical needs requiring emergency care. Medical first responders (MFRs), such as ambulatory care providers and firefighters, have enormous potential to both identify these victims and link them to a host of services. Unfortunately, little is known about the MFRs’ awareness of CSEC, or the range of strategies and procedures MFRs’ use with CSEC victims. The purpose of this study was to assess MFRs current needs and ongoing efforts to combat commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). To this end, a total of 210 MFRs completed a survey examining departmental awareness of CSEC, perceived scope, departmental preparedness, and comfort with both identifying and connecting CSEC victims to appropriate services. Approximately a third (37.1%) of respondents indicated their department had no awareness of CSEC. Most participants indicated that while CSEC was a “very large” issue in the United States (80.9%), it was not an issue in their community (51.2%). Participants noted a lack of community resources and feeling largely unprepared for the CSEC cases they had previously encountered. Overwhelmingly, results suggest that MFRs need training and support around CSEC identification and service needs. Next steps, including multidisciplinary teams inclusive of MRFs and screening protocols, are discussed.

Survivors of Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Experiences Working in Service Organizations

ABSTRACT Survivors of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) need multiple services to reintegrate into society including vocational assistance and career planning. Survivor mentors are being employed in agencies to connect with and assist victims of CSE. However, little is known about their work experiences in these agencies. Sixteen adult survivors of CSE who are presently working in agencies serving youth victims of CSE participated in this exploratory study. In an online survey, they reported on their experiences working in agencies, and on their satisfaction with their positions, salaries, and roles. Results revealed that generally, survivors were satisfied with their employment and benefits provided to them but not their salaries. They had concerns about the need to be a “model” survivor and at times being asked to share their story without permission. Over a third of survivors felt “used” as a survivor spokesperson for the agency in fundraising or other events without consent. Almost all survivors were engaged in their own counseling but support by their agencies for counseling varied. These results can be used to advise agencies that seek to be survivor-informed in how to provide a supportive and trauma-informed environment, to promote better outcomes for their employees who are survivors of human trafficking.

An Explorative Study of Coping Mechanisms Towards Vulnerability and Victimization Within Commercial Sexual Exploitation in India

Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation constitutes more than 59% of the entire trafficking industry. An efficient rehabilitation model reflects the utilization of the victim's coping mechanism to overcome the stress and trauma of past victimization. The main aim of the study is to explore various coping mechanisms utilized by both victims of commercial sexual exploitation and individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation at rehabilitation and protective homes in India. The research utilized the participatory action research with stress coping behavior scale to understand the various employed coping mechanism by the beneficiaries of rehabilitation and protective (R&P) homes. In total, 30 victims of commercial sexual exploitation and 30 individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation, aged 18-50 years, participated in the study. The statistical analysis identified pursual of specific coping by participants and measured risk ratio reflected the relative risk of alcohol and drug use over prior exposure to commercial sexual exploitation.

Vicarious Traumatization and Burnout among Service Providers for Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

ABSTRACT Victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) are in need of multiple community services to aid in their recovery. Service providers are critical to ensuring these victims receive needed treatment. Given the complex trauma of these victims and the necessity of long-term treatment, these service professionals may experience vicarious trauma (VT) and burnout. This qualitative study interviewed 12 professionals who have provided direct services to victims of CSE about their experiences. They had on average about 8 years of experience and three were survivors of CSE. Almost all reported instances of burnout and VT but also had strategies for the prevention of such experiences. Most participants reported experiences of VT and burnout are inevitable when working with this population, but self-care strategies and peer support are essential to combatting these negative experiences. These results can inform agencies that provide services to victims of CSE so as to ensure their staff stay healthy and avoid burnout.

Substance Use and Childhood Sexual Abuse among Girls Who Are Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Background: Girls who are victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSEC) have high rates of substance use and childhood sexual abuse. We compared girls who are victims of CSEC and matched controls on childhood sexual abuse and substance use, and examined if substance use is associated with increased CSEC odds. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from assessments completed by 80 girls who were referred by the Department of Child Services (Mage=15.38, SD=1.3, 51.9%White). Results: CSEC girls reported higher substance use (t=-2.76, p=.007), and were more likely report childhood sexual abuse (χ2=6.85, p=.009). The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and substance use outcomes did not differ across the groups (b’s 0.12-1.38, p’s .22-.85). Substance use disorder diagnosis was associated with greater odds of being in the CSEC group (ORs 2.95-6.72, p’s<.05). Conclusions: Substance use and childhood sexual abuse are important risk indicators for exploitation, but should not be used to reduce criminality of CSEC perpetrators.

Experiences of surviviors of commercial sexual explotation availing rehabilitation at R and P homes in India.

Sex trafficking constitutes the primary form of human trafficking and involves predominantly young girls and women. Rehabilitation of victims rescued from commercial sexual exploitation is critical for efficient reintegration into society. To explore the narratives of survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, analysing various factors associated with eventual rehabilitation in Rehabilitation and Protection (R and P) homes in India. The study involves mixed method qualitative study at R and P Homes in India. In total, 30 victims of commercial sexual exploitation, aged 29-50 years, participated in the study. Conversational interviews guided the data collection through a dedicated interview protocol. Thematic analysis explored factors promoting or inhibiting rehabilitation in R and P Homes. The results reflected positive change in respondents' individual and social behaviour and identified facilitators for rehabilitation through R and P Homes. The result highlighted various barriers to rehabilitation, including lack of dedicated focus on psychological assistance, financial stability, and sense of safety and security within society. The analysis also reflected various internal and external factors contributing to effective rehabilitation. The results provide insight into creating an inclusive model of rehabilitation for victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

Ending the Game ® : A New Psychoeducational Curriculum for Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) involves sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, leading to traumatization. Interventions show promise in preventing revictimization and facilitating the integration of victims into communities. This study describes the development and pilot implementation of Ending the Game® (ETG), a psychoeducational curriculum for victims of CSE. The program follows a peer-support model and is open to youth and adult victims. The study aimed to assess program engagement, curriculum acceptability, and potential for effectiveness. Findings indicated the rate of attrition comparable to other group curricula and low rate of non-response, particularly on Likert-scale and dichotomous items. Curriculum acceptability was high in terms of content, facilitators, and group environment. The t-test comparisons showed positive trends in improvement of regulatory capacity, relational capacity, sense of self, and future orientation. Taken together, findings demonstrate the utility of ETG in supporting youth and adult victims of CSE, pending modifications to align curriculum with evidence-based practices.

Rehabilitation of Minor CSE Victims at Alternate Care Protective Homes

Globally, child trafficking continues to be an organised crime violating the human rights of children, resulting in their psychological, physical, sexual and economic abuse. Once rescued from commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), minors are either restored to families or placed in protective homes, till they turn 18. These homes are ill-equipped to deal with the complex needs of minors who have undergone traumatic experiences, lost the security of a family and the chances that educational attainment or social capital can provide. This article will look at an intervention to rehabilitate minors living in a protective home in Mumbai, and presents lived experiences and perceptions of former residents, who have participated in this intervention and additionally discuss the effectiveness of the exercise. Numerous cases showed positive outcomes and suggest that alternative care for minor victims of CSE can be a noteworthy option, when supported adequately with trauma counselling and robust rehabilitation plans.

Stakeholder perspectives on the implementation of shared decision making to empower youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation

ObjectiveShared decision making (SDM) has been proposed as a method to improve treatment adherence, placement stability, and other youth-centric outcomes for children who have been victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSEC). This project seeks to characterize service providers’ perspectives on the adoption and implementation of SDM into treatment and placement planning decisions. MethodSixteen key stakeholders who provide services for youth who have experienced CSEC in a Southern city, as well as adults who survived exploitation as children, were individually interviewed. These interviews focused on stakeholders’ perspective on the appropriateness and contextual considerations regarding implementing this model to engage youth in decision-making conversations. Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed using group-based inductive content analysis. ResultWhile all participants acknowledged the philosophical importance of including youth in decision-making, perspectives varied on how this philosophy could be operationalized. Trauma-bonds to offenders, distrust in service systems, and policy and time constraints were discussed as potential barriers to implementation. Perceived benefits to applying this model included encouraging youth empowerment, helping youth develop decision-making skills, and strengthening relationships between youth and providers. Implementation considerations mirrored those seen in other medical and behavioral health settings, including extensive training, fidelity monitoring, enforcement through policy and legislation, and ultimately resetting the culture of services to be maximally youth inclusive. ConclusionParticipants supported the use of SDM to standardize the inclusion of youth in treatment and placement planning decisions. However, there exist challenges in defining exactly how to adopt this approach, and how to implement broad-scale cultural change within the service-providing community.

Risk Factors and Indicators for Commercial Sexual Exploitation/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking of Adolescent Girls in the United States in the Context of School Nursing: An Integrative Review of the Literature.

As trusted health care providers in the school setting, school nurses are positioned uniquely to identify children at risk for or victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Nevertheless, many victims go unrecognized and unaided due to inadequate provider education on victim identification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major risk factors for CSEC of girls aged 12-18, the largest group of CSEC victims in the United States. A search of four databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and PubMed) yielded 21 articles with domestic focus, published in English between January 2014 and May 2020. While childhood maltreatment trauma was found most relevant, a variety of other risk factors were identified. Future nursing research is called to address the numerous research gaps identified in this review that are crucial for the development of policies and procedures supporting school nurses in recognizing victims quickly and intervening appropriately.

Characters of Vulnerability of Girls to Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC): Case Studies in Lombok and Jakarta

&lt;div&gt;The victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) -especially girls- both in Jakarta - and Lombok area are having unique characteristic of vulnerability, therefore in order to optimize supporting the victims, an understanding of these characteristics of vulnerability in both areas are required. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the implementation of Down to Zero Project conducted by Plan International Indonesia (PII) in North Jakarta, East Jakarta, West Lombok, and Central Lombok. By conducting desk review of documents and results of previous studies during the implementation of this project, this study argues that; first, on the one side, the vulnerability of CSEC victims in Lombok areas tends to have a relation with poverty, furthermore the strict norms and value of custom could be challenging. On the other side, ineffective protection from family or caregiver makes a huge challenge for CSEC victims in the Jakarta area, in addition a heterogenous society and individualist characters create ineffective social protection for them. Secondly, these differences showed that the existing child protection system for girl victims of CSEC is not fully able to support them to reach the quality of life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

From villain to victim

Research SummarySafe harbor laws are designed to redirect young victims of commercial sexual exploitation away from justice system involvement by prohibiting their arrest and prosecution as criminals. A quasi‐experimental design was used to compare prostitution‐related crime and sex abuse maltreatment trends at the county level in states that have implemented safe harbor laws with a comparison group of counties in states that have not implemented safe harbor laws. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) were used to measure prostitution‐related crime trends, while National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) data were used to measure sex abuse maltreatment trends. We used a multilevel Poisson regression model to analyze the change in prostitution‐related crime and sex abuse maltreatment trends in treatment and comparison counties over an 11‐year observation period (2005–15).Policy ImplicationsOverall, the findings provide a striking perspective into the current U.S. landscape of dealing with the commercial sexual exploitation of juveniles. To that end, the decline in the number of overall and juvenile arrests across all prostitution‐related offenses suggests that safe harbor laws were effective in redirecting young victims away from system involvement. But the systematic provision of treatment services envisioned to go to these young victims has, to date, not become a reality. Nevertheless, these findings offer policymakers a foundation of evidence that can be used to engage intelligently and knowledgeably with regard to the current state of U.S. policy.