Victims Of Attacks Research Articles

Editorial

This issue consists of a book review and five articles that promote the practice of original research and policy discussions and provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns, and some of the most important migration-related issues in Africa. The review was made by Daniel Tevera on a book entitled “Citizen and Pariah”, by Vanya Gastrow. The reviewer made a critical and scholarly evaluation of the entire book. According to Tevera, the author informs the reader about the violent crime affecting Somali shopkeepers, their ability to access informal and formal justice mechanisms, and efforts to regulate their economic activities. The reviewer further indicates that, from the different chapters of the book it becomes clear that the author uses the term “pariah” as a social and geographical metaphor. The reviewer concludes that this book is an important contribution that is divided into three parts, consisting of twenty-one essays that delicately address the marginalization and victimization of immigrant entrepreneurs. The book clearly indicates that foreign shopkeepers with business interests in urban spaces have been victims of xenophobic attacks in most parts of South Africa.The first article by D e r e k Yu is entitled “The Impact of International Migration on Skills Supply and Demand in South Africa”. Using a quantitative method of research that involved the use and analysis of data from Census 2001 and 2011 as well as Community Surveys 2007 and 2016. This is the first study in South Africa that compares natives and immigrants with emigrants. The study analyzed the most recent census and survey data of the top five emigration destination countries and examined the well-being of South African emigrants in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the United States of America, Australia, and Canada. The results of this study enhance the understanding of the impact of international migration on skills supply and demand in South Africa, and identify the skills needs of the country. The study also provides stakeholders and policymakers with insights to better identify the priority critical skills needs of the country – critical skills that are lost, and skills that are in great demand but in short supply – so that these skills needs can be prioritized when issuing work and residence permits to immigrants. The second article by Emmanuel Quarshie, Imhotep Paul Alagidede, Albert Duodu, and Edwin Teye Sosi is entitled “Moonlighting Behavior among Migrants: Determinants and Implications for Well-Being in South Africa”. The study applied quantitative research methods to measure the key determinants of moonlighting, defined as a “situation where an individual maintains primary employment and engages in additional work for pay”. The study also examined the differences that

Why do terrorists target the energy industry? A review of kidnapping, violence and attacks against energy infrastructure

Recent cases show that energy facilities or workers have increasingly become victims of terrorist attacks. Why do terrorists target the energy industry? While the existing literature suggests that terrorists rarely target energy transmission infrastructure, this article argues that energy may induce terrorism in a broader way, and offers a detailed explanation of why energy is a significant terrorist target. This article also presents data on terrorist incidents to show that energy is the most important non-human terrorist target from 1970 to 2018, the economic impact of terrorist attacks on energy facilities is large, and oil producing countries are vulnerable to terrorist kidnappings.

Home / Archives / Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Tranformasi Global (JTG) / Articles Pandemi dan Pemenuhan Hak Anak: Studi Kasus Peran Unicef di Yaman pada Masa Covid-19

Covid-19 has become a pandemic that has rapidly spread throughout the world. Less than 3 months since it was discovered in China in December 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic has crippled the world economy and caused the delivery of humanitarian aid to Yemen to be hampered due to the Covid-19 outbreak. In addition, there are still wars that cause damage to health facilities. The war, the Covid-19 epidemic and Cholera disease are adding to the devastating effects on growing children in Yemen. UNICEF, as an IGO that focuses on children, reports that in 2020 there were around 34 incidents that made these children victims of child abuse and attacks on educational facilities. This research describes the role of UNICEF in Yemen from 2019 to 2020 in fulfilling children’s rights due to 3 disasters, namely Covid-19, conflict and cholera that occurred in Yemen. This research uses the theory of the role of international organizations as aid providers which is manifested in the form of Humanitarian Assistance. This type of research is a descriptive study that uses data collection techniques in the form of literature studies from 2019 to 2020 sourced from reports from The UNICEF, the WHO website, the UN website, and various verified mass media. UNICEF's role in the form of Humanitarian Assistance is manifested in 5 programs: education, child protection, nutrition, health and sanitation. Keywords: UNICEF, Yemen, Humanitarian Assistance, Covid-19 Pandemic, Children's Rights.

Memcached: An Experimental Study of DDoS Attacks for the Wellbeing of IoT Applications

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are significant threats to the cyber world because of their potential to quickly bring down victims. Memcached vulnerabilities have been targeted by attackers using DDoS amplification attacks. GitHub and Arbor Networks were the victims of Memcached DDoS attacks with 1.3 Tbps and 1.8 Tbps attack strengths, respectively. The bandwidth amplification factor of nearly 50,000 makes Memcached the deadliest DDoS attack vector to date. In recent times, fellow researchers have made specific efforts to analyze and evaluate Memcached vulnerabilities; however, the solutions provided for security are based on best practices by users and service providers. This study is the first attempt at modifying the architecture of Memcached servers in the context of improving security against DDoS attacks. This study discusses the Memcached protocol, the vulnerabilities associated with it, the future challenges for different IoT applications associated with caches, and the solutions for detecting Memcached DDoS attacks. The proposed solution is a novel identification-pattern mechanism using a threshold scheme for detecting volume-based DDoS attacks. In the undertaken study, the solution acts as a pre-emptive measure for detecting DDoS attacks while maintaining low latency and high throughput.

Interview with Lazare W. Zoungrana

Lazare W. Zoungrana has been doing humanitarian work for the Burkinabe Red Cross Society for more than twenty years and has been its secretary-general since 2010.Trained in sociology, with a research master's degree in information and communication science, Mr Zoungrana has brought his skills to a range of humanitarian activities, from development and emergency programmes to the organizational development and capacity-building of the Burkinabe Red Cross. He is specialized in project management, gender and education, international humanitarian law and training trainers in various aspects of humanitarian action.Mr Zoungrana has coordinated several operations led by the Burkinabe Red Cross, including: providing assistance to victims of the Ouagadougou floods in 2009, victims of terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou, Malian refugees and people affected by armed violence in the country; and carrying out activities in response to meningitis epidemics and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic.At the international level, Mr Zoungrana has sat as a committee chairman or a panellist on various round tables. He was a member of the multinational team charged with assessing and coordinating the humanitarian response to the earthquake in Haiti and has been a member of several multinational working groups, including one tasked with developing the restoring family links strategy for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Relationships between demographic and behavioural factors and spatial behaviour in missing persons’ cases

To date, limited systematic focus has been directed to examining factors that influence the spatial behaviour of missing people. Accordingly, this study examined whether demographic and behavioural factors were related to distance between missing and found locations in 16,454 archival cases of missing reports from two UK police forces. Findings from ordinal regressions showed that children were more likely to be found at further distances if they were deemed to be at high or medium risk of coming to harm but less likely to be located further away when victims of a violent attack. Adults were more likely to be found at further distances if planning behaviours were present (e.g. had taken their passport), but less likely to if they were above the age of 65 years or suffering from abuse. Findings indicate the role of age, planning and vulnerability on travel when missing. Implications for search strategies and directions for future research are considered.

Investigating the Experience of Social Engineering Victims: Exploratory and User Testing Study

The advent of mobile technologies and social network applications has led to an increase in malicious scams and social engineering (SE) attacks which are causing loss of money and breaches of personal information. Understanding how SE attacks spread can provide useful information in curbing them. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has demonstrated efficacy in detecting SE attacks, but the acceptability of such a detection approach is yet to be investigated across users with different levels of SE awareness. This paper conducted two studies: (1) exploratory study where qualitative data were collected from 20 victims of SE attacks to inform the development of an AI-based tool for detecting fraudulent messages; and (2) a user testing study with 48 participants with different occupations to determine the detection tool acceptability. Overall, six major themes emerged from the victims’ actions “experiences: reasons for falling for attacks; attack methods; advice on preventing attacks; detection methods; attack context and victims”. The user testing study showed that the AI-based tool was accepted by all users irrespective of their occupation. The categories of users’ occupations can be attributed to the level of SE awareness. Information security awareness should not be limited to organizational levels but extend to social media platforms as public information.

Hiding from danger, not from fear: Lockdown as a risk factor of probable PTSD among civilians after Strasbourg Christmas market terror attack

On December 11, 2018, five people were killed and 11 injured during a terrorist attack on Strasbourg's Christmas market. As the attacker was on the run during the night, part of the population was locked down for several hours. Our study aimed at assessing factors associated with the development of PTSD and health services use among the victims. Four hundred and twelve victims were followed up from 6 to 11 months after the attacks through phone calls by psychologists. The presence of probable PTSD was assessed with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire. In addition, we evaluated the type and level of exposure, and health services use after the attacks. Two hundred and twelve participants completed the phone interview. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 26.4%. Being locked down during the attack and the level of exposure were associated with probable PTSD (OR = 2.32 [1.17–4.59], p = 0.016 and OR = 1.49 [1.10–2.03], p = 0.010 respectively). Lockdown was especially associated with symptoms suggesting adrenergic hyperactivation (startle at surprise, dreams about the event). General and mental health services use was frequent among our sample (83% consulted either their GP or a mental health professional), but people living alone tend to use these health services more infrequently than these living with others. Though necessary, measures taken to protect victims, such as lockdown, may foster PTSD. Victims of terror attacks having been subjected to lockdown may have experienced powerlessness, fostering prolonged stress and fear. These victims may benefit from mental health support over the following months.

Ex Gratia Payments for Loss of Human Life Due to Wild Animal Attacks in Botswana: Implications for Practice and Policies

Ex gratia compensation is paid only to families of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) victims who are killed by wildlife, not to victims who are injured by wild animals, regardless of the severity of the injury, even if it results in permanent disability. This study was conducted to assess the relevance and effectiveness of ex gratia payments to victims of wild animal attacks. Participants included traditional leadership (chiefs), government officials, wildlife nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and victims and their caretakers. Local people exposed to life-threatening wildlife attacks express fear and animosity towards wild animals, and they also feel left out from and disappointed by a fragmented government service delivery system. In particular, delays in processing ex gratia compensation payment militate against the effectiveness of the ex gratia compensation scheme. Accordingly, the payment of ex gratia process should be re-engineered to improve its effectiveness so that it serves its novel objectives. This study recommends establishment of an Ex Gratia Scheme or Ex Gratia Tribunal where all HWC injuries or death incidents can be effectively dealt with. Most importantly, compensation should consider health care and rehabilitation, loss of reasonable income, and associated disability care as a result of being attacked by the wild animals.

GUARANTEES TO ENSURE THE RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND INTERESTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

This article provides a comparative analysis of the legislation of foreign countries, ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of the victim of criminal attacks.

Data Breaches - Staying safe online in 21st Century

A breach of data is a reported occurrence where private, sensitive, or covered records have been compromised and/or released unlawfully mostly due to cyber attacks or theft. Breach of data can include personal health records, personal information, travel information, trade secrets, intellectual property, or information you provided to or is stored on a platform. Data revealed to breaches pose a security and privacy risk to Users around the world. Despite these, guidelines on how organizations can react to breaches, or how to manage information securely once it has leaked, still haveto be established. More than 3 billion people suffered and became victims of data breaches and cyber attacks in the last two decades leading to loss of personal data as well as monetary loss. This research paper conducts real time research about awareness of data privacy, kind of data/information that needs to be protected, basic protocols for staying safe online, and some of the biggest corporate data breaches that happened in this century. We bring people from different cities of India in this study through a survey and use the data provided by these 150 participants to examine their understanding of data privacy, their concern regarding their online data and the practices they follow in their daily life to keep their online data safe in this age of computers and internet.

Nuclear Weapons and Sustainability: Can We Have Both?

Cenotaph at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, created on April 1, 1954, in memory of the victims of the nuclear attack on August 6, 1945. The Cenotaph stands at what was presumed to be ground zero of ...

Media Representation of the Victims of Terrorist Attacks. An Ethical and Legal Analysis of Articles Published in Le Monde

"The topic of this paper explores the online media representation of the victims of terrorist attacks in relation to the ethical and legal frameworks aimed at protecting the people. Despite the fact that freedom of expression should not be restricted under any circumstances, the news media outlets ought to take into consideration the legal acts, the moral behaviors and ethical principles when publishing and disseminating information about the terrorist attacks. Journalists should aim to pursue the purpose of this profession with the intent of remaining objective and upright while respecting the human rights. The research of this paper focuses on the interdependence between journalism, ethics and law by analyzing how Le Monde covered some of the terrorist attacks which happened in Europe. The importance of ethics in journalism had been acknowledged by analyzing the role of the regulatory organizations for the press, as well as the professional standards which were set in order to guide the journalists and protect the people. The in-depth analysis of the media representation of the victims of terrorist attacks highlighted the fact that the journalistic ethical codes might have the power to strengthen the protection of the people in the press, while assessing the noninfringement or the breach of the supranational and national legislation enacted by the European Union and France. Keywords: victims, terrorist attacks, media ethics, media law "

Growing Up With Terrorism: The Age at Which a Terrorist Attack Was Suffered and Emotional Disorders in Adulthood.

Abundant scientific literature shows that exposure to traumatic situations during childhood or adolescence has long-term psychopathological consequences, for example, in the form of a higher prevalence of emotional disorders in adulthood. However, an evolutionary perspective suggests that there may be differential vulnerabilities depending on the age at which the trauma was suffered. As there are no studies on the psychopathological impact in adulthood of attacks suffered during childhood or adolescence, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the age at which a terrorist attack was suffered in the presence of emotional disorders many years after the attack. A sample of 566 direct and indirect victims of terrorist attacks in Spain was recruited, of whom 50 people were between the age of 3 and 9 when they suffered the attack, 46 were between 10 and 17 years old, and 470 were adults. All of them underwent a structured diagnostic interview (SCID-I-VC) an average of 21 years after the attacks. No significant differences were found between the three age groups at which the attack occurred in terms of the current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, or anxiety disorders. The results of several multiple binary logistic regression analyses also indicated that, after controlling for the effect of sex, current age, the type of victims, and the time since the attack, the age at which the attack was suffered was not related to the current prevalence of those emotional disorders. The results are discussed concerning the differences between various types of trauma and in the context of the theories that propose that traumatic experiences are processed differently at different ages and can lead to differences in the likelihood of developing different emotional disorders.

Predicting a User’s Numeric Identity from the Search of Attribute Data

In common Internet environments, most of the websites or services constrain the user account creation. Since the Internet is accessible by all and offers more and more services, a user has several accounts on the web. The difficulty in controlling their accounts does not leave indifferent to the users of the web. Hence the use of easy or insecure passwords. This is why we are victims of attacks and forgetting our passwords. Large companies such as Facebook, Google, etc., offer authorization and authentication mechanisms using the Oauth and OpenID protocol, which requires the opening of an account. To be independent of a social network or a site, it would be important to develop a model to make a statistical analysis between the attributes of the profiles of the same user and to create an account. Using the same password for all its different accounts could be an approach but avoiding the proliferation of data by proposing a model of identity analysis would be even more interesting. That is why this article proposes a centralized account management model by making a comparative and statistical study of the identity attributes and proposing a single account to the user to manage all its different accounts. So, we have a horizontal analysis between the attributes of the identity categories and a vertical analysis between these categories. This study allowed us to find a threshold to conclude that an account belongs to a user.

Некоторые вопросы оптимизации управленческой деятельности при организации оказания медицинской помощи пострадавшим в результате террористических актов

The purpose of the study is to develop and to substantiate proposals for optimizing management activities for organizing the provision of medical care and medical evacuation of victims of terrorist attacks with the use of explosive devices and conventional weapons. Materials and research methods. Research materials: normative and methodological documents regulating the procedure for management activities in the medical provision of the population affected in emergency situations; data of expert assessment maps on the research topic; scientific works and publications devoted to topical issues of management activities in the framework of the issue under study. In the course of the study, the following scientific methods were used: methods of content analysis and expert assessment, statistical method, method of logical and information modeling, analytical method. Research results and their analysis. The results of the study showed that one of the organizational issues in the system of countering terrorism and of organizing the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks is the presence of a coordinating management body, on which it is advisable to assign the appropriate functions to coordinate the activities of medical forces and means. In the course of the study, the rank value of each medical brigade and medical unit participating in the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks was determined; quality of methodological support for predicting medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks and for planning the organization of medical assistance to victims of terrorist attacks has been studied; main methodological approaches that should be taken into account when planning the organization of medical care and medical evacuation of victims of terrorist attacks in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation were formulated; a list of most effective measures has been identified, which make it possible to increase the readiness of health authorities, medical units and organizations to work to save lives and to preserve the health of victims of terrorist attacks, etc.

Il vescovo Odelrico (1064-1080), la cattedrale e la chiesa di Santa Sofia di Padova

Odelrico, bishop of Padua from 1064 to 1080, a victim of poisonous attacks during his life and after his violent death, tried to secure leadership in a society torn by the struggle for investitures and local conflicts. In addition to the “inventio” of s. Daniele, in the suburban church of Santa Giustina, according to recent research he probably promoted the renewal of the cathedral and of the other Paduan churches. Among these churches, in terms of its size and architecture, stands out the church of Santa Sofia. This paper addresses the ongoing debate over its stratigraphic sequence, which has been the subject of conflicting opinions.

Security Awareness on Ransomware Threats Detection and their Protection Techniques

Computing and smart monitoring devices or machines are involved in every organization and sector in present era. These machines have any operating system (OS), software and applications installed based on the requirement. Due to available security vulnerabilities in OS or software and applications, these machines have more chances to become victims of Ransomware attacks. Attacker demands for ransom in any form of cryptocurrency like Bitcoin and other to normalize the files and services. Ransomwares are pandemic threats globally. Paper focuses on this part of the cybersecurity issues, the latest ransomware and their variants. In our research, we tried our best to explained ransomware and millions of dollar damage done by them in the past few years. Further, we have provided different ransomware spreading and detection mechanisms. At the end of the paper, if any machine infected through ransomware so some prevention, protection and recovery tools and techniques have been mentioned.

Pattern of Injury and Outcome of Victims in Ahvaz Terrorist Attack

Background: Responses for medical emergencies can be different during most terrorist attacks in which civilians and military personnel might be killed or wounded. Objectives: The present study aimed to reflect on injury patterns and the outcome of victims in terrorist attacks. Methods: A retrospective research design study was conducted on the data obtained from terrorist attacks in the city of Ahvaz, Iran, on September 22, 2018. In this deadly incident, 92 military and civilian victims had been transferred to hospitals within the first 24 hours. To this end, the data including age, gender, causes, site of injuries, outcomes, and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) values were analyzed. Data were acquired from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, the Iranian Emergency Department, as well as health care facilities. Results: The findings revealed that, out of 92 victims of Ahvaz terrorist attack, 85 cases (92.4%) were men. The mean age of these individuals was about 28.68±11.22 years and 41.3% of them were in need of urgent surgical interventions. There was no information regarding casualties in 22.3% of the cases. Moreover, 25% of the causalities had led to death. The mean of ISS was 8.19±13. Besides, there was a significant relationship between ISS values and patient outcomes (p <0.0001). A relationship was also observed between multiple injuries and mortality rates although it did not include main body parts. Conclusion: The results showed that the mortality rate of casualties in the Ahvaz terrorist attack was high. With respect to the findings, extensive actions are needed to maintain the readiness of the emergency medical care services and to manage such events.

Cyber security for smart cities: End-to-end cyber security strategy for IoT connected services

A smart city is an urban agglomeration which capitalises on information technologies (IT) and artificial intelligence (AI) facilities to offer special services to its community and visitors. These range from more complex services such as energy production, road traffic management, civil security and territorial administration, to simpler services such as household waste management or free Internet in parks, libraries, shopping centres and other public places. To achieve this integration of management, an important step is to install sensors that are essential for collecting data. The collection of information to manage sensitive infrastructure via IT services comes with security risks, however. The impact of cyber security breach risks linked to these data collection activities and storage can be dramatic, depending on the type of service: power plants, water management systems, automated or driverless trains, vehicle traffic management systems, etc. These types of service, due to IT and AI evolution, are increasingly the victim of attacks by cyber criminals, especially the industrial control system (ICS)/supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and smart grid networks. These networks are nowadays prime targets for professional hackers, cybercriminal organisations, or even competitors who want access to inside privileged information. To support interest in this type of attack for these networks, we can cite malicious programs such as Stuxnet, Dragonfly and BlackEnergy3, which damaged the Ukraine SCADA network with major consequences for energy production and distribution. Ukrainian energy private companies were victims of the attack, which resulted in total blackouts in at least eight regions of the country. Stuxnet has also been used to destroy a large part of the centrifuges fleet used by Iran for its uranium enrichment programme, etc. The rise of electric vehicle (EV) smart cities is based on smart grid infrastructure and IT — a combination that can lead to increased cyber security risks to the electricity network as well as for fast-charging stations. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most sensitive systems in smart cities, describe potential risks associated with these systems, and propose mitigation mechanisms to reduce associated cyber security risks.