Victim Gender Research Articles

The Gender Perspective on Parent-to-child Aggression: Gender and Gender-constellations.

Parent-to-child aggressive behavior is a common risk factor for children's health. Gender is correlated also to the odds of using aggression and the odds of being a victim of aggression. Yet, only few studies have considered the constellation of perpetrator's and victim's gender as a factor of parental aggression. The current study addresses parent-to-child aggressive behavior while focusing on the constellation of perpetrator's and victim's gender (i.e., mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, father-son). It utilizes a community sample of Israeli university students (N = 508), 78% of which are female, on average 25.67 years of age (SD = 8.29). The participants reported the incidence and frequency of verbal and physical aggressive behavior of their parents against them during the years of middle school. The results show gender and gender-constellation to be significantly correlated with parental aggression. Overall, sons were more likely to suffer both verbal and physical aggression from their parents than daughters were. Only paternal verbal and physical aggression was more common against daughters, and only maternal verbal and physical aggression was more common against sons. Parental verbal and physical aggression from both parents were more common against sons. For all types and forms of parental aggression, daughters reported higher frequencies. These results suggest that while parent's gender might predict their overall aggressive behavior, and child's gender might predict their overall odds to be victimized by parental aggression, gender-constellation might create gender-specific selective patterns of parental aggressive behavior. Thus, the theoretical contribution of this study is in emphasizing that gender-constellations have an explanatory value beyond gender alone. These findings might be valuable to assess the risk of daughters and sons to suffer parental aggression, and for practitioners to provide apt professional response.

Relational Violence in Emergency Conditions. A Methodological Proposal Based on Personal Network Analysis

The issue of gender-based violence, in addition to representing a theme with a strong emotional impact, offers a demonstration of how interpersonal relationships, far from being a merely private fact, are indicative of the cultural structures present in post-industrial societies. This article proposes – also making use of the possibilities offered by the specialized statistical software – the profitable inclusion of the Social Network Analysis in the confines of a sociological paradigm autonomous from a theoretical point of view, according to the line traced by Randall Collins in the 80s, but above all applied to social problems traditionally external to it, such as private violence and gender victimization processes. The pandemic condition, as reported by many commentators and daily reports, worsened borderline situations of domestic violence also due to the co-presence forced by the lockdown, suggesting specialists new ways of research and help strategies for both confirmed and potential victims. In this research note we want to present an investigation model based on the Personal Network Analysis technique in conditions of strong psychological deprivation and intersubjective pressure on women victims of abuse, also referring to a research-intervention carried out in 2019 at Sapienza University of Rome: an in-depth feasibility study conducted with the collaboration of ‘Centro Donna Lilith’ located in Latina (Lazio, Italy).

Does Perceived Injury Explain the Effects of Gender on Attributions of Blame for Intimate Partner Violence? A Factorial Vignette Analysis

Perpetrator and victim gender influence how blame is assigned in intimate partner violence (IPV) scenarios. Although men’s differential capacity to inflict and sustain harm is posited as the reason male perpetrators and victims receive more blame for IPV, it is possible that other aspects of the construct of gender, such as gender role beliefs, underscore these effects. Using a sample of 323 college students and a factorial vignette design that varied body sizes and genders of victims and perpetrators, we examined the extent to which perceptions of physical injury accounted for the effects of perpetrator and victim gender on blame attributions, and whether adherence to traditional gender roles moderated any influences of gender unassociated with perceived injury. For female perpetrators, participants estimated lower levels of perceived injury and greater victim blame, with the former effect predominantly accounting for the latter. Male victims were viewed as less injured and more blameworthy, but the latter finding was not predominantly driven by injury perceptions. Perceived physical injury also did not account for why females perpetrating against males were blamed least. Controlling for differences in perceived injury, those holding more traditional gender views blamed victims of female violence more than victims of male-perpetrated violence. Notably, variations in body physical size were not associated with injury perceptions or blame attributions. These findings overall suggest that gender does influence blame attributions by way of perceived physical injury, but other aspects of the construct of gender are also relevant to these evaluations.

Examining Stalking Assault by Victim Gender, Stalker Gender, and Victim-Stalker Relationship

The overall goals of this study were to explore factors associated with stalking assault and factors associated with stalking-related fear among those who were, and who were not, assaulted by victim gender. Men (n = 254) and women (n = 560) stalking victims were recruited through a crowdsourcing website and surveyed about their stalking experiences. Overall, one-third of stalking victims were assaulted. However, almost half of women were assaulted by (ex)partner stalkers compared to about one-quarter of women stalked by acquaintances or strangers. Additionally, about one-third of men were assaulted regardless of their relationship to the stalker. Three main findings are discussed including: (1) stalking assault rates and stalking-related fear levels differ by victim gender which may be, in part, because more women are stalked by males and by (ex)partners; (2) prior violence to the victim, threats, and frequency of confrontation were associated with stalking assault regardless of victim gender; and (3) among those not assaulted, threats and the stalker not caring about severe consequences was associated with stalking-related fear regardless of victim gender, but other factors associated with stalking-related fear differed by victim gender and assault experience. Arrest and increased concern for victim safety by professionals often hinges on physical violence and victim injury. However, educating professionals who work with stalking victims about the factors associated with assault, as well as the full range of harms and risks beyond assault, is crucial to supporting victims and holding stalkers accountable for the crime of stalking.

Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective.

A severe hemorrhage can result in death within minutes, before professional first responders have time to arrive. Thus, intervention by bystanders, who may lack medical training, may be necessary to save a victim’s life in situations with bleeding injuries. Proper intervention requires that bystanders accurately assess the severity of the injury and respond appropriately. As many bystanders lack tools and training, they are limited in terms of the information they can use in their evaluative process. In hemorrhage situations, visible blood loss may serve as a dominant cue to action. Therefore, understanding how medically untrained bystanders (i.e., laypeople) perceive hemorrhage is important. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of laypeople to visually assess blood loss and to examine factors that may impact accuracy and the classification of injury severity. A total of 125 laypeople watched 78 short videos each of individuals experiencing a hemorrhage. Victim gender, volume of blood lost, and camera perspective were systematically manipulated in the videos. The results revealed that laypeople overestimated small volumes of blood loss (from 50 to 200 ml), and underestimated larger volumes (from 400 to 1900 ml). Larger volumes of blood loss were associated with larger estimation errors. Further, blood loss was underestimated more for female victims than male victims and their hemorrhages were less likely to be classified as life-threatening. These results have implications for training and intervention design.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VERATRUM ACUTE POISONINGS DURING 2014-2018 IN MOSCOW, SAINT PETERSBURG, OMSK, CHITA, AND KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS OKRUG – UGRA

Acute hellebore poisoning is characteristic for the Russian Federation because of the use of this plant for the treatment of alcoholism at home. The varying severity of clinical symptoms, which sometimes become lifethreatening, the lack of anamnestic reliable information about the use of hellebore and the difficulties of chemical and toxicological confirmation of its use complicate the diagnosis of acute poisoning, and do not allow timely medical care. In addition, there is no classification of hellebore poisoning in ICD-10, block (T51-T65), which also affects the assessment of the actual frequency of this acute intoxication. The purpose of this work is to clarify the number of acute hellebore poisoning in the Russian Federation. The analysis of medical records of patients hospitalized with acute hellebore poisoning in toxicological departments of a number of subjects of the Russian Federation for 2014 - 2018 was carried out. The dynamics of such acute poisoning over the specified period, the gender and age composition of victims, and the circumstances of poisoning were revealed. The relevance of developing methods of chemical and toxicological analysis for the determination of hellebore alkaloids is confirmed, which will increase the reliability of diagnosis and detection of cases of hellebore poisoning.

The Impact of Defendant Gender and Attractiveness on Juror Decision-Making in a Sexual Offense Case

ABSTRACT In recent years, instances of educator sexual assault against students have flooded the media. In particular, female teachers who abused students have seized the public’s attention as they are often portrayed as attractive and a sexual fantasy. This portrayal can then impact the way society perceives these sexual assaults. Importantly, however, it is not known whether this perception influences the prosecution and sentencing of these cases. The current study examined the impact of gender and attractiveness of a teacher, as well as gender of the student victim, on juror decision-making in a teacher/student sexual assault case. Using a 2 (Teacher Gender) X 2 (Student Gender) X 3 (Attractiveness Level: Attractive/Unattractive/No Photo) experimental design, we examined jurors’ decisions regarding guilt, sentencing, and perceptions of the teacher and student. Results suggest that the gender of the teacher may impact juror decision-making; however, the level of attractiveness of the teacher and gender of the student had minimal effects. The study contributes to our understanding of how educators who commit sexual acts against students are perceived and treated in the court system.

Current challenges of suicide and future directions of management in Bangladesh: a systematic review

Objectives Bangladesh is a densely populated country in south-east Asia with paucity of research in suicide. This systematic review was aimed at critical appraising various aspects of suicide in Bangladesh based on available literature and systematic search. Methods Extensive literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, PubMed Central, Google, Google Scholar and BanglaJOL with searching key words without any date boundary and without any basis of types of studies, that is, all types of studies were scrutinised. The author focused on sources of suicide data along with epidemiological variables of suicides in Bangladesh such as suicide rate, gender of victims, methods of suicides, risk factors and prevention activities and role of media in suicide. Results After exclusion of repetitions, screening was performed, and finally, 35 articles were selected for review. Amongst the 35 articles, 16 articles were original contributions, 2 systematic reviews, 6 narrative reviews, 2 scoping reviews, 3 editorials, 3 case reports and rest correspondence article. The review revealed that the actual rate of suicide in Bangladesh is yet to come out and quality data is a real challenge. Women are dying more than the men, and early adulthood is the most vulnerable time of life. Discussion Suicide is a under attended problem in Bangladesh, as the country yet to reveal the actual rate of suicide along with the challenge of quality data. Prevention activities have been started but yet to be visualised. Decriminalisation of suicide in the legal criteria and establishment of suicide surveillance can be the top priorities in the country.

Constructing a typology of male-on-male child molestation: a qualitative analysis of victims’ narratives within the Boy Scouts of America

ABSTRACT This study examined details of behavioural sequences that constitute male-on-male child molestation within the Boy Scouts of America based on the narratives reported by child victims. Previous studies largely focused on convicted offenders when reconstructing the circumstances of child molestations. Also, sex crime literature did not consistently distinguish victim's gender and age when it comes to child victims and child molestation in an educational setting. Such loopholes have made the significances of the behavioural patterns in male-on-male child molestation unknown. This qualitative study analyses the verbal and behavioural patterns of male adult scoutmaster perpetrators against boy victims at the physical contact stage. Using a fishing metaphor, we identify unique behavioural sequences of scoutmaster perpetrators and explain the implications of such behaviours in male-on-male child molestation. Details of three unique behavioural patterns of scoutmaster perpetrators in male-on-male child molestation within the Boy Scouts of America are discussed.

Identifying femicide locally and globally: Understanding the utility and accessibility of sex/gender-related motives and indicators

Femicide, the gender-related killing of women and girls, has received an unprecedented rise in international attention in the past decade, prompting increased discussions about how to define and measure femicide. Following a review of definitions and indicators, this article examines the utility of numerous sex/gender-related motives and indicators (SGRMIs) for distinguishing femicide from other homicides as well as the accessibility of these indicators in data sources typically accessed by social science researchers. Specifically, using a comprehensive database whose primary focus is femicide, the presence of SGRMIs in male-perpetrator/female-victim homicide – those killings most closely aligned with the concept of femicide – is compared to other perpetrator–victim gender combinations. Results show that multiple SGRMIs are more common in male-perpetrator/female-victim killings than other homicides, meaning they are useful for distinguishing femicide as a distinct type of violence. However, accessibility to information is weak with high proportions of missing data. Implications of these findings for prevention are discussed, including how data biases may be putting the lives of women and girls at risk and the need to emphasize prevention as the priority for data collection rather than administrative needs of governments.

Adversary effects and the tactics of violent offenders.

We examine the implication of adversary effects for target choice, lethal intent, and the use of weapons and allies in violent incidents. Adversary effects refer to the tendency of offenders to make tactical decisions based on the coercive power of victims and potential victims. Using the victim's gender as a proxy for coercive power, we analyzed violent incidents from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (2005-2014). The sample included over six million assaults, robberies, and homicides. Consistent with adversary effects, offenders who attack males (vs. females) are more likely to (a) kill victims; (b) use guns, knives, blunt objects, poison, and automobiles; (c) use male (but not female) allies; and (d) use multiple allies. The evidence for target choice is mixed: unarmed female offenders, but not unarmed male offenders, are more likely to target females than males. The evidence shows how a simple theoretical principle can parsimoniously account for basic patterns of violence in society related to gender, weapons, and group violence.

Overview Of Gender Victims Of Family In The Household In Garut District

Data from the West Java Women's and Child Empowerment (P2TP2A) Integrated Service Center counselor, shows that the number of domestic violence (KDRT) in West Java is still high. In one year P2TP2A can handle more than 100 cases. that number could be more because until now there are still many victims of domestic violence who do not dare to report. This is a concern of the community and the regional government of West Java, so the problem is how to protect victims of domestic violence in Garut. This writing study uses literature studies that emphasize data collection through searching / reviewing books related to research. The data analysis method used is a descriptive-analytical method by collecting and compiling data, then analysis and interpretation of the data are sought. Violence against women and children victims of domestic violence in Garut Regency over the past five years as many as 430 cases including 2014 violence against women, 46 cases, in 2015 there were 31 cases, in 2016 there were 37 cases, in 2017 there were 30 cases and in 2018 as many as 17 cases. This shows that the amount of violence against women has decreased from year to year. Garut Regency protects women and children who are victims of violence by fulfilling the rights of women and children victims of violence and discrimination starting from prevention efforts, social services, and rehabilitation. All protection aims to protect women and provide security in the fulfillment of their rights by providing consistent and systematic attention aimed at achieving gender equality.

Profiling the public health risk of canine rabies transmission in Kogi state, Nigeria

Recently reports have emerged of rabies outbreaks in townships close to the city of Lokoja, the capital city of Kogi State in Nigeria. Areas in Lokoja are known to have high rates of dog bites and dogs are frequently butchered for human consumption, both of which may constitute risk factors for rabies transmission. However, data on the relative importance of these factors on canine rabies exposure in the densely populated capital of Kogi State is scarce.To understand the risk for public health two separate observational cross-sectional studies were conducted in Lokoja. Firstly, a retrospective study was performed to investigate the human profile of dog bite injuries and quantify the vaccination coverage of offending dogs. Information on dog bite cases and vaccination records covering of 11 years (2003−2013) were obtained from the largest public veterinary clinic (i.e. State Veterinary Clinic) and a private veterinary clinic in Lokoja. Then, an investigation of the presence of rabies antigen in the brain tissues of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Lokoja was performed. A total of 208 canine brain samples from five slaughter points within the army barracks (the main venue in Lokoja where dogs are slaughtered for human consumption) were examined by fluorescent antibody technique.Out of 95 human dog bite cases, 46 (48.4%) were in persons between 10 and 19 years of age and 57 (60%) were males. There was a statistically significant association between gender of victims and their age, with a greater proportion of bites in males <10 years of age compared to other age groups (P < .001). Our results indicated a higher frequency of dog bites on the legs (51%) than other parts of the body; vaccination rates of offending dogs were lower compared to the general population of dogs presenting to clinics in Lokoja (25% vs 31%, respectively). Rabies antigen was detected in 11/203 (5.3%) brain samples from dogs slaughtered for human consumption.Paediatric dog bites and dog slaughtering practices represent a significant public health risk to residents of Lokoja in the context of rabies exposure. In order to minimize the risk of rabies outbreaks in children and people butchering, handling and consuming dog meat, dog vaccination and health promotion and education should be prioritized to these high risk groups.

Autoestima, Musicoterapia y Violencia de Género. Un encuentro grupal desde el abordaje plurimodal

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la intervención musicoterapéutica, llevada a cabo con 24 mujeres, víctimas de violencia de género.Objetivos: Demostrar que la musicoterapia contribuye a: a) aumentar la autoestima de estas mujeres; b) mejorar las relaciones interpersonales; c) fomentar la iniciativa.Método: Para las sesiones se utilizó el método de Abordaje Plurimodal de Musicoterapia. Para valorar los resultados, se aplicó antes y después, la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y los IAPS de Bruscia (Los perfiles de evaluación de improvisaciones), para valorar la iniciativa y las relaciones interpersonales. Resultados: Se observó un aumento de la autoestima en todas las mujeres, siendo más elevado en aquellas que llevaban menos tiempo, separadas de su maltratador. Asimismo, a través de los IAPS, se observó que mejoraron las relaciones interpersonales y que aumentó más la iniciativa, en las mujeres, que llevaban más tiempo separadas de su maltratador.

Prevalence and Factors Related to Delayed Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse in Benha region, Egypt during the Period 2016-2018

Introduction: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious breach of a child’s basic human rights. A variety of distressing short-term and long-term consequences might occur. Lack of reporting by the victims makes determination of actual prevalence rates for CSA difficult. Aim: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of child sexual assault and to identify factors related to its delay reporting by the victims. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Benha Medico-legal Department, Ministry of Justice, from the start of 2016 to the end of 2018. Detailed medicolegal report of every case was obtained to fulfill personal data, assault data and data of general and local examination of the victims. Results: The total number of cases in the study was 155. Most of them were females aged between 12-18 years. Anal sex was more frequent among males (91.2%) while, rape, attempted rape, and mixed assault occurred only in females with statistically significant association between gender of victim and the type of sexual assault. It was found that gender of victim was significantly related to delayed disclosure. Additionally, there was a statistically significant association between both the victim’s and the assailant’s ages and delayed disclosure (p<0.00). Conclusion: Sexual child abuse is a problem in our society and its reporting by the victims was often delayed. Recommendations: Female children should be encouraged by their families to report any attempt of sexual abuse early for proper documentation and protection of their rights. Furthermore, consistent methods and checklist for defining and reporting cases of CSA are required both in general hospitals and medicolegal institutions. There by proper preservation and collection of medical evidence could be achieved; to avoid the problem of lost data and the victim’s rights.

Risk Factor Analysis for Dog Bite Victims in Davao City, Southern Philippines

Rabies, as one of the most serious bite-associated infectious diseases, kills 59,000 humans annually worldwide through the inoculation of rabid animal’s saliva into bite wounds or scratches. In the Philippines’ Davao Region, over 200 human rabies deaths are recorded annually and the majority of the cases are associated with dog bites. This paper aims to identify the risk factors affecting the severity of rabies exposure of dog bites in humans in Davao City. Probit and logistic regression models are used to determine the association of rabies exposure with age and gender of the dog bite victim, location of the biting incident, ownership of the biting dog, and bitten location in the victim’s body. A total of 1,658 dog bite cases collected from the Davao City Health Office (CHO) are used in this study. The age of the dog bite victim and the bitten location in the victim’s body have significant effects on the severity of rabies exposure in both models. Results showed that the probability of getting exposed severely to rabies gets lower as the dog bite victim gets older. This finding can be observed in the data where the percentage of severe rabies exposure is highest at 0–4 yr old and dog bite incidence is highest at 5–14 yr old, both decreases as the person gets older. Moreover, dog bite victims bitten on the arm and/or hand, leg and/or thigh, and foot are less likely to be severely exposed to rabies than those who are bitten in other parts of the body. These results suggest that the involved authorities should strengthen information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns targeting parents with toddlers and in pre-schools and elementary schools. Furthermore, prompt medication – including first aid treatment – is advised when bitten by a dog.

Expuestas:Laborious Expectations and the Plight of Feminist Art in Contemporary Mexico

In 2015, the Modern Art Museum (MAM) in Mexico City put on a much-anticipated exhibit of the works of Lorena Wolffer, a feminist artist and political activist known for tackling issues of gender-based violence in her work. However, the exhibit soon became a flash point for a debate about sexual violence in art institutions and the personal responsibilities of artist activists when a MAM worker was harassed and fired. Many members of the Mexican artistic community loudly condemned Wolffer for denouncing sexual violence in her work while not doing enough to help the victim and even going ahead with her show. This article analyzes Wolffer’s oeuvre—situating it within both Mexico’s contemporary political climate and existing debates on feminist activist art—and the scandal at the museum. It argues that the personal and professional expectations and critiques placed on many feminist artists arise not simply from the subject matter of their work but also from the form that their artistic practice takes and the types of labor it entails, which often include decentering the authorial element of creation, giving voice and presence to ordinary citizens, helping victims of gender- and sexual-based violence heal, and educating the broader public about these issues. This often entails privileging the artistic process over the production of objects that are sold in the art market. To bear out this argument, this article contrasts Wolffer’s work with that of Santiago Sierra, an artist who engages in politically critical art but eschews normative political commitments and activism. The article concludes that while the artistic field in Mexico is ostensibly becoming more open to feminist art and nontraditional artistic practices, its organizational, curatorial, and critical facets remain staunchly antithetical to a feminist project.

Severity of Victimization and Formal Help Seeking Among Men Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence in Their Ongoing Relationships.

This study examined the severity of intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by men in their ongoing relationships and their help-seeking behavior with the criminal justice system and other professional agencies. This study also examined the extent to which socio-demographic variables predicted formal help seeking among male victims of IPV. Data were drawn from 2009 and 2014 cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey on Victimization with a nationally representative sample of 52,400 respondents. It is estimated that about 655,400 men in Canada reported having experienced physical and/or sexual victimization due to IPV in married/common-law relationships at the time of the surveys between 2004 and 2014. The latent class analysis generated four types of IPV victimization among men. Among male victims of physical and/or sexual IPV, about 64,000 men experienced the most severe type of IPV characterized by chronic and severe physical and psychological violence with a high probability of injuries and negative emotional effects of IPV. Although most of the male victims of IPV did not seek formal help (e.g., did not contact the police and IPV services), the severity of experienced violence was associated with the increased use of formal services. Some structural factors, such as being unemployed and residing with young children, were found to be substantial barriers to contacting formal agencies for help. Our findings highlight the need for the development of gender-inclusive and gender-sensitive public policy and intervention programs that help all victims of IPV regardless of victim gender.

Spousal Disagreement in Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya

We investigate differences in spousal reports of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and men using a sample of 800 couples in rural Kenya. We find that up to one-third of couples disagree but that disagreement varies by violence type and victim's gender. We study the role of gender attitudes in explaining this heterogeneity. We find that couples with more gender-unequal attitudes are more likely to agree on violence against women and less likely to agree on violence against men. This suggests that gender norms govern reporting by the victim. Thus, discrepancies may result even if perpetrators report accurately.

Perceptions of Sexual Assault: Effects of Victim Physiological Arousal and Victim Gender on Jurors’ Decisions

Limited research has assessed juror decision making in cases of female perpetrated sexual assault and the role played by factors such as the victim’s gender, physiological arousal, and participant’s gender in the decision making process. Participants (n = 215) were presented with one of four trial vignettes that varied the perpetrator and victim’s gender and victim’s physiological arousal. The impact of these variables was examined on guilty verdicts rendered, credibility, and blameworthiness of the victim and accused. Results demonstrate that the male victim was blamed more than the female victim. Further, male participants viewed the male victim to be less credible than the female victim. Lastly, male participants viewed the accused to be more credible when the victim was depicted as a male with signs of physiological arousal. The results reveal the disadvantages a male victim of female perpetrated sexual assault may face if he pursues his sexual assault at trial. Keywords: sexual assault, rape myths, juror bias, gender, physiological arousal