Victimization Behaviors Research Articles

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT VICTIMOLOGY

The article is devoted to victimology as a subfield of criminology, focusing on the characteristics of a crime victim's behavior. It provides an overview of the historical facts that preceded the establishment of victim theory. The article details L. Frank’s contributions to this topic, highlighting his significant impact not only on Soviet criminology but also on the broader field of science. Frank systematized the views on victimology and the victim of crime at that time, developed new concepts, and formulated the subject of criminology. His elements of criminology are now considered classical and are included in all standard criminology textbooks. The author discusses concepts such as "bullying," "cyberbullying," and "mobbing," while analyzing the victim's inability to resist, a phenomenon referred to as victim blaming. Additionally, the article addresses the modern issue of repeated victimization, which occurs when a victim of a criminal assault continues to experience the consequences of the harm inflicted upon them indirectly. As a logical conclusion to the theoretical framework of Russian victimology, the author proposes recognizing not only the victim of criminal assault but also those who suffer physical, moral, and mental harm, including family members of the victim, colleagues from the victim’s workplace, and society as a whole. This approach aligns with the interests of both the state and society and reinforces the perspective that any crime, even those committed against an individual, is ultimately directed against the entire society and inflicts physical, moral, and mental harm on everyone involved.

Sharing the Responsibility: Victim Blaming as a Function of Crime Type and Victim Behavior

Sharing the Responsibility: Victim Blaming as a Function of Crime Type and Victim Behavior

All the Roles of School Bullying and Empathy in an Experimental Intervention Approach

The writing presents an experiential intervention approach, focusing on all the roles of school bullying, and empathy”. In an incident of school bullying, the attitude of all those present towards the protagonists determines the development and outcome of the incident. Cognitive and emotional empathy is the mediating factor in bullying and victimization behaviors. Through the experiential approach, it is sought to educate the public, students, pupils, teachers, and parents to understand with empathy all the roles of those present in school bullying and to actively transform their attitude. The method applied is Forum Theater and Storytelling techniques, role play and frozen image and Transformation of History in Forum Theater. Dramatized scenes and frozen images facilitate the Recognition, Understanding, Labeling, Expression, and Resilience (RULER) of thoughts, and feelings, through these develops empathy and resilience. The facilitator prompts the participants to talk in a supportive and complementary way to the victimized student and the bully. It is expected the development of psychosocial skills and conflict coping strategies.

Victim behavior of women victims of domestic violence

Victim behavior of women victims of domestic violence

Индивидуальная виктимологическая профилактика киберпреступности

The article is devoted to the analysis of individual measures of victimological prevention of cybercrime. The paper defines the concept under consideration and describes its key properties. During the analysis of special literature, domestic and foreign sources, three levels of individual victimological prevention are identified: 1. Pre-incident (development of models for countering cybercriminals); 2. Incidental (development of victim behavior accounting standards); 3. Post-incident (development of standards for responding to cyber-victimization). Each of these levels is described in detail (including the rules of personal security in the pre-incident perspective; as well as scripts for responding to a virtual victim - at the post–incident stage). Each of these levels is a basic functional part of an individual psychological prevention in the information and telecommunications space.

СТРУКТУРА ОСОБИСТОСТІ НЕПОВНОЛІТНЬОЇ ЖЕРТВИ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ

The article examines the peculiarities of the structure of a minor victim of a criminal offense. It is indicated that the personality structure of a minor victim of a criminal offense should be understood as a set of objective and subjective factors and factors that affect the index of the probability of a teenager falling into a criminally illegal situation, which is caused by the presence of enabling conditions. It is noted that any victim is a hostage of his own behavior and ability to react to non-standard situations. The determination of victim behavior does not depend on the severity of the criminal offense, it is primarily related to the degree of the actual role of the victim in the mechanism of criminal illegal behavior and its interaction with the subject of the offense. It is summarized that the structure of the personality of a minor victim of a criminal offense should include: 1) demographic characteristics - human characteristics that characterize him as a biological, intelligent being endowed with certain elementary role functions (gender, age, family status, etc.); 2) social and domestic – human characteristics acquired as a result of growing up, which determine the quality of upbringing in the family, educational institutions, etc. Social and household characteristics determine the general idea of a minor about basic things; 3) civic-role – features of a person that shape him as a citizen of the country (observance of constitutional duties); 4) moral and value – a minor's idea of spirituality, self-reflection, understanding of the highest value of human existence and all related matters; 5) psychological and medical - features that are caused by deviations in the child's health, which contributes to victimization; 6) criminological - interaction with a criminal offender and all related objective and subjective factors of victimization. The proposed structure determines the appropriate typology of minor victims of criminal offenses.

Pendekatan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Untuk Mereduksi Trauma Korban Bencana Alam

Indonesia is geographically, geologically, and demographically prone to natural disasters. This results in a frightening and psychologically shaking life for victims of natural disasters in the form of stress and trauma experienced. If not handled properly, this condition becomes a serious threat to life after natural disasters. they need counseling services to reduce trauma and stabilize their emotions. This research aims to help reduce the trauma of victims of natural disasters and return to a healthy psychological condition. The research method used is literature study, collecting data by constructing various sources such as books, journals, and research. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is provided in the form of counseling service assistance, chosen to change the cognitive and behavior of victims that cause traumatic conditions.

Психолого- криминологические особенности посягательств на половую неприкосновенность несовершеннолетних в сети Интернет

In the article, based on the analysis of criminal cases, the characteristics of the personality of subjects who commit crimes against sexual freedom and inviolability of minors on the Internet are given, the motives and methods of committing criminal attacks are presented. The author’s typology of criminals is proposed, the psychological and criminological aspects of criminal and victim behavior are analyzed.

Post-Traumatic Play in Child Victims of Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Pilot Study with the MCAST-Manchester Child Attachment Story Task and the Coding of PTCP Markers.

Background: Play is among the most frequently observed distorted behaviors in victims of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Terr's (1981) studies helped to describe this behavioral distortion as post-traumatic child's play (PTCP). This study aimed to evaluate whether child victims of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) engaging in semi-structured play present the markers of post-traumatic child's play (PTCP) during the administration of the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST), whose playful stories activate the attachment system. Methods: The sample comprised 17 child victims of ACEs (mean age = 6.76). Children were evaluated using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task. Results: The analysis of the play clearly revealed the presence of markers associated with the characteristics of the post-traumatic play described by Terr (1981), namely, repetition, revisiting, hyperarousal, and danger. In particular, the intrusiveness dimension was observed, which can be identified in the post-traumatic play by the presence of recurrent memories, dreams, and dissociative symptoms. Conclusions: Post-traumatic play is characterized by repetition, containing aspects, scenes, or sequences of the traumatic event, expressed explicitly or symbolically.

Assertive Student Victims of Domestic Violence: Basic Qualitative Analysis From Guidance and Counseling Perspective

Abstract. Domestic Violence is mostly experienced by women and children. Victims of domestic violence will be moody, quiet, aggressive, and tend to have less assertive behavior. Assertive behavior is the ability to convey what you want, feel, and think to others openly and honestly without intending to offend. This study aims to determine the description of assertive behavior in child victims of domestic violence. The study was conducted on 4 student victims of domestic violence (4 girls; aged 17-19 years; student status, students, and private employees) through observation and interviews with data reduction analysis, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the assertive behavior of children, as the victims of domestic violence, was equally low indicated by the request to convey rights, rejection of invitations, self-expression, giving praise to people, and taking part in the conversation. The difference, however, is found in the aspect of rejection, subjects DFS, IR, P are better than subject C. To increase assertive behavior in children who are victims of domestic violence, an exercise to communicate assertively at home for children and parents is needed so that children and parents can improve their ability to control emotions, hence minimizing the mistreatment of children. Therefore, the role of Guidance and Counseling is very much needed through information services and content mastery. The material that can be given is the application of assertiveness on daily basis to children as victims of domestic violence.Keywords: assertive; children victims of domestic violence; perspective of guidance and counseling.

CHILD-VICTIM OF BULLYING AS AN OBJECT OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASSISTANCE

The article considers the problem of social and pedagogical assistance to children who are victims of bullying. Its purpose is to analyze the content of social and pedagogical assistance to children who are victims of bullying in an educational institution. Different positions on the phenomenon of bullying and bullying structure are presented. Features and characteristics of bullying victims are analyzed. A portrait of a potential victim of bullying is presented through the definition of typical signs of a victim of bullying, emotional background and behavior of victims of bullying. The characteristics of the types of victims of bullying (passive, provocative, chronic), symptoms of bullying, signs of impact on the health of students, the consequences in future adult life. It is determined that assistance to children victims of bullying is an important area of social and pedagogical work, should be comprehensive and multilevel, not limited to work with a child who has become a victim of school bullying. The stages of social and pedagogical assistance are analyzed: diagnostic; individual assistance to students who are victims of bullying; group work, which is based on the system of interaction of students, class teacher, teachers and class, parents of bullies. It was found that social and pedagogical work with victims of bullying should be carried out using both traditional and innovative methods of work: conversations, individual consultations, correctional and developmental classes, group classes with elements of training, communication hours, etc. Because bullying is a deliberate, group, conscious, and organized process, it cannot be stopped without the intervention of professionals (educators, psychologists, social educators) and parents. This involves purposeful anti-bullying work, which requires the involvement of all available resources of the educational institution and the child’s environment.

Unnesting the Matryoshka Doll: An Ecological Model of Probation and Parole Decision-Making in Ireland

Understanding penal decision-making has become a central concern of criminologists over recent decades. Although scholars acknowledge the complex, multi-faceted, and contextual nature of penal decision-making, many rely on a single level of analysis to study the process. There is a rich literature on the socio-political, organizational, and individual context of decision-making, but few studies consider the impact of multiple influences simultaneously. To address this gap, this article uses a multi-level framework to shed light on the systems, processes, and actors that shape penal decision-making in Ireland. It draws on two case studies, namely probation and parole, to demonstrate that macro-, meso-, micro-, and individual-level influences must be considered to achieve a comprehensive understanding. Our analysis shows that macro-level systems such as legal and political processes play an important role in shaping probation and parole decisions. At the meso-level, institutional policies, values, and culture come into play while practitioner agency operates at the micro-level to support, alter, or subvert macro- and meso-level developments. Finally, the characteristics and behavior of victims and offenders can shape decision-making at the individual level. The article concludes with a reflection on the implications of this analysis for criminological knowledge.

The role of basic psychological needs in bullying victimisation in the family and at school

Bullying continuously attracts the interest of school communities, government policy makers and researchers. The present study enquires into the role of basic psychological needs in perpetrating and victimisation behaviour of children and youth in the social contexts of school and family in a cross-sectional research design. Specifically, this study focuses on the direct effects that basic psychological needs might have on bullying behaviour and bullying victimisation. It was found that basic psychological needs, forged in the relationships with family and school members, could predict bullying victimisation in each social context. Bullying perpetrations could be predicted only by bullying victimisation stemming from each social context, whereas bullying behaviours in school could also be directly predicted by the basic psychological needs developed in the family. Furthermore, path models verified the multiple influences of family functioning on school relationships. Findings of the present study may contribute to designing effective school interventions and to reforming antibullying guidelines for teachers and parents with respect to the basic psychological needs of the children or adolescents who have been victimised.

The Influence of Female University Students’ Perception of Dating Violence on Dating Violence Victim Behavior : Mediating effect of Violence Tolerance

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating effect of female university students' perception of dating violence on the dating violence victims behavior. A questionnaire was distributed and collected to a total of 161 female students enrolled in four departments of U University. Frequency and percentage, correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were performed, and the Sobel test was performed to verify the significance of the indirect effects. Findings First, it was found that female university students' perception of dating violence had a negative effect on the behavior of victims of dating violence, and the explanation power was 5%. Second, violence tolerance was found to have a positive effect on the behavior of all dating violence victims, and the explanatory power was 12%. Third, in the first stage, female university students' perception of dating violence significantly explained the tolerance of violence. In step 2, perception of dating violence significantly explained the behavior of dating violence victims, and in step 3, the tolerance of violence explained the behavior of victims of dating violence. When violence tolerance was introduced in step 4, the influence of dating violence perception on the victimization behavior of dating violence decreased, but it was not significant. That is, violence tolerance showed a partial mediating effect in the effect of dating violence perception on dating violence victim behavior. It is necessary to develop and implement practical programs that can raise perception of violence and lower the tolerance for violence to prevent victims of dating violence.

The Effect of Cyberbullying Face Treatening Acts and Face Management on the Development of Relationships Between Perpetrators and Victims of Cyberbullying Class I Students

The development of information technology and social media has an impact on changes in human behavior in communicating. Unsupervised communication in a social environment can have a variety of deviant effects, for example, what we often hear lately with the term cyberbullying. Many students or young generations currently use social media to communicate with each other with their friends. Not a few cases that have happened to the younger generations about cyber bullying. The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the face treatment act and face management as well as the development of inter-group and cyberbullying victims on social media. The method used is descriptive method, using a quantitative approach. The types and sources of data obtained are primary and secondary data sources. While the data collection technique used is a questionnaire to test the validity of the data using validity, reliability, and hypotheses. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the behavior of cyberbullying perpetrators and the behavior of victims of cyber bullying with a significant value which is the more reactive the behavior of cyberbullying perpetrators is, the more reactive the behavior of cyberbullying victims will be. Therefore, the government needs to hold seminar programs for parents and so that they know how to deal with cyberbullying problems faced by their children.

Breaking the Silence: An Islamic Legal Approach to Facilitating Reporting and Testimony by Muslim Victims and Witnesses of Sexual Crimes

Many Muslims hold the doctrine of the legal schools (madhāhib) in high esteem. As such, the schools’ approaches to rape and sexual assault may impact the behaviour of Muslim victims and witnesses. Through an examination of the legal rules that regulate rape and sexual assault in fiqh and fatwā works associated with the four Sunni schools and Ibn Ḥazm, I aim to determine whether the relevant rules may interfere with the willingness of Muslim victims and witnesses to report or testify to sexual crimes. I argue that although the jurists’ prosecution of sexual assault as a discretionary offence (taʿzīr) is compatible with reporting and testimony, their prosecution of rape as coerced illicit intercourse (zinā), usurpation (ghaṣb), or banditry (ḥirāba) silences victims and witnesses. Further, rules related to financial compensation do not encourage victims to come forward. Reclassifying rape as a discretionary offence would better promote reporting and testimony by victims and witnesses. The central role of ijtihād in creating the historical rules on rape, the jurists’ intent behind those rules, and modern knowledge regarding the reality of rape support this reclassification. Fully resolving issues related to civil compensation is difficult without broader reforms of Islamic tort law.

Bullying victimization among middle school students in el kef governorate (Tunisia)

Abstract Background and aim Bullying is a complex and widespread public health issue that one can be exposed to at any age and at any field, but it is considered particularly frequent during times of transition in children’s and adolescents’ lives. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and various forms of bullying victimization and explore culture of bullying victimization among students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted during the Academic year 2018/2019 among middle school students in the governorate of El Kef, Tunisia. The sampling method adopted for this research was a cluster sampling technique. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The Students’ involvement in bullying victimization was assessed using a validated Arabic version of the revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Results A total of 1111 middle school students were enrolled. The prevalence of bullying victimization behavior in this study was 45.8 % [95% CI: 45.5- 46]. Looking at the forms of bullying experienced by students: “Being called mean names” was the most prevalent form of being bullied with 26.9% (n = 299), followed by 16.9% reported “being kicked in some place”, 16.3% reported “being bullied through false rumors” and 14.3% experienced bullying through messages, calls or images by means of mobile phones or Internet and 8.1% of the students reported being bullied with sexual gestures or comments. Verbal bullying (29.5%) was the most common type of victimization, followed by physical victimization, relational victimization and cyber victimization with 22.5%, 22.2% and 14.3% respectively. More than half of the students (58.5%) were more likely to inform others about incidents of bullying in their schools, mainly their parents (36.6%) or a friend (32.6%). Conclusions Bullying is serious and major public health issue that have a negative impact on adolescents’ well-being, and require special attention at the family, school, and community level Key messages • High prevalence of bullying victimization with predominace of verbal type. • Culture of bullying victimization and taking care of victims is still weak.

Bullying in Adolescents Practising Sport: A Structural Model Approach.

This article aims to analyse the relationship between the bullying aggressor and bullying victim profile related to practising or not practising sport in adolescents living in southern Spain. The research includes male and female participants aged between 12 and 16 years in different secondary schools in the provinces of Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla in the period between February 2022 and June 2022. The study aims to extend the existing scientific, theoretical and empirical knowledge on the influence of playing sport or not on disruptive bullying attitudes in adolescents. To this end, two initial hypotheses were designed; the first hypothesises that bullying victim behaviours are associated with future bullying aggressor behaviours when practising sport; and the second states that victim behaviours are associated with future bullying aggressor behaviours when not practising sport. To verify them, SPSS software was used for the preliminary analysis of the scale and sociodemographic profile. Additionally, the study is based on structural equation modelling methodology and variance-based methods employing SmartPLS v3.3 software. The results show the importance of sport or physical activity to reduce the chances of carrying out bullying actions on other peers and/or classmates. Therefore, it is considered necessary to prevent bullying in the classroom by implementing sports intervention programmes in educational centres.

Victimization in Young Migrants from Central Asia and Transcaucasia

The present research featured the psychological characteristics of the young people who migrated from Transcaucasia and Central Asia. These two groups proved to share such aspects as nepotism and patriarchy, but the specifics of victim behavior were different. The psychodiagnostics tools included O. O. Andronnikova’s methodology for victim behavior propensity and M. A. Odintsova’s questionnaire of role victimization. The study sample consisted of 122 teenagers from families that came to Russia from Transcaucasia (60 people) and Central Asia (62 people). All the respondents studied in schools of the KhantyMansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra). Teenagers from Transcaucasia were more prone to aggressive, self-destructive, and selfharming behavior, while those from Central Asia were more prone to uncritical and realized type of victim behavior. Teenagers from Transcaucasia assumed the play role of a victim, while students from Central Asia assumed the social role of the victim. The victim profile of teenage migrants from Transcaucasia was characterized by a direct relationship between the propensity to realize the victim play role and active victim behavior; a direct relationship between the propensity to realize the victim play role and aggressive type of victimization the inverse relationship between social victimization role and passive type of victim behavior. Teenagers from Central Asia demonstrated the statistical significance of the relationship between the social role of the victim and the passive type of victimization. In addition, the study revealed an inverse relationship between the social role of the victim and the propensity for an active type of victim behavior.

Consequences of Reproductive and Sexual health in Victims of Child-adolescent Sexual Deviations and Preventive Strategies: A Review Study

Background and Objective Paraphilia is one of the disorders without precise statistics in Iran. One of the most important sexual injuries is the lack of abilities and skills required in the sexual management of children and adolescents. Paraphilic behavior, especially child sexual abuse, produces dire consequences in children and adolescents. Materials & Method The research was done by searching in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Magiran, and SID using the keywords of “sexual deviance,” “consequence,” “victim,” “sexual education,” “child,” “adolescent,” “COVID-19,” and “reproductive and sexual health.” Results The consequences of deviant behaviors of paraphilia in child and adolescent victims include various sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy, obstetric complications, reluctance to marry and have children, posttraumatic stress syndrome, and sexual dysfunction. Preventive solutions include school-based sex education with the family-school-peer triangle, teaching parenting skills to parents, using family-centered sex education models, promoting sexual restraint in adolescents, monitoring the impact of the media on child sex education, paying attention to the early diagnosis of disorders, such as depression or anxiety in children and parents, avoiding destructive parenting styles, such as controlling or banning extreme freedom and teaching life skills to children and adolescents. Conclusion Considering the dreadful consequences of paraphilic behaviors in children and adolescent victims, there is a need for sexual education by taking preventive measures at the level of macro-policies in families, kindergartens, and schools through relevant experts, training child sex educators.