Victim Responsibility Research Articles

The Reality of The State's Responsibility for Victims of Natural Disasters in The Perspective of Human Rights

This study critically examines the state's role in fulfilling its responsibilities towards victims of natural disasters from a human rights perspective. It aims to analyze the nature of these responsibilities, their conceptual framework, and the factors influencing their effective implementation. Using a philosophical approach alongside qualitative research methods like interviews and direct observations, the study seeks to deepen understanding of how state actions intersect with humanitarian principles. Key findings emphasize the importance of grounding state responsibilities in humanitarian values to uphold human rights and preserve the dignity of affected individuals. This perspective is particularly relevant in Indonesia, where Pancasila principles underscore the state's role in disaster response and recovery. Despite these principles, the study identifies persistent challenges such as inadequate disaster mitigation policies, insufficient community protection measures, and complexities in inter-governmental coordination. To enhance the implementation of state responsibilities in disaster management, several recommendations are proposed. Firstly, integrating humanitarian considerations into criteria for determining national disaster status is essential to prioritize human rights in decision-making. Secondly, regional governments should allocate resources in their budget planning for both proactive disaster prevention and effective post-disaster response tailored to local vulnerabilities. Additionally, the study advocates for improved disaster mitigation policies, including comprehensive public education on disaster impacts, strict building regulations, and robust disaster risk zoning frameworks. Addressing these recommendations can align state actions with humanitarian principles, thereby improving the protection and well-being of communities affected by natural disasters.

Peculiarities of the speech ways of responding to victims of sexual violence, taking into account internet communication

This article displays the results of a review of scientific research on the speech methods of responding to victims of sexual violence, taking into account Internet communication. When conducting the review, the results of scientific research from different countries of the world community were used to more fully describe the topic under study, taking into account the cultural and intercultural characteristics of different regions and countries. Emphasis was also placed on other factors influencing the way a victim of violence responds in speech format, such as individual and psychological characteristics, the factor of the context of the situation, and social factors. The consequences of the response of victims of sexual violence, such as the psychological state of the victim, and the consequences for subsequent social interaction are described in detail. After a review of the literature, conclusions and conclusions were drawn that characterize the importance of the research work carried out for use by professionals providing assistance to survivors of sexual violence.

Victimisation in the life of persons with severe mental illness in Uganda: a pluralistic qualitative study.

Victimisation of persons with severe mental illness is recognised as an urgent global concern, with literature pointing to higher rates of violent victimisation of persons with severe mental illness than those of the general population. Yet, for low income countries, there is a huge gap in the literature on the risk, character and victims' in-depth experiences of victimisation of persons with severe mental illness. We explore the lived experiences and meanings of victimisation of persons with severe mental illness in Uganda, and discuss their implications for care of the mentally ill. A pluralistic qualitative study was undertaken to explore victimisation among patients with severe mental illness. Patients who had suffered victimisation were purposively sampled from Butabika National Referral Mental Clinic and Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, following confirmation of symptom remission. In-depth interviews were held with 18 participants, comprising 13 females and 5 males from low to moderate socioeconomic status. Interpretative phenomenological analysis and thematic content analysis were conducted. Victimisation was exhibited in three main forms: (a) psychological, expressed in attitudes towards mentally ill family members as valueless and dispensable, and stigmatisation, (b) physical, as manifested in beatings, indoor confinement and tethering mostly by family members and (c) sexual victimisation, particularly rape. Also observed were victim's various responses that pointed to the negative impact of victimisation, including a heightened risk of suicide, social withdrawal, a sense of hatefulness and a predisposition to more victimisation. The family environment plays a predominant role in perpetrating victimisation of the mentally ill in some sub-Saharan African contexts such as Uganda. We propose a holistic framework for mental health interventions, incorporating biomedical but notably also social determinants of mental health, and targeted at improving familial relationships, social support and a sense of belongingness both within the family and the broader community.

Voices of rape: Cognitive networks link passive voice usage to psychological distress in online narratives

Past studies of sexual assault have found that passive voice descriptions of rape elicit an increased perception of victim responsibility compared to active voice narratives (Bohner, 2001), contributing to victim blaming and the perpetuation of rape myths. Building on this, we investigate the relationship between passive/active voice usage and perception, but from the perspective of rape survivors as disclosed in their online rape narratives. We collect rape narratives from Reddit's r/sexualassault board and group them into a passive voice group and an active voice group. We detect differences between the two groups of text using a cognitive network science approach that creates network representations from text such that nodes represent words/concepts while links represent syntactic and semantic relationships between them. We systematically identify nodes that are significantly more central to one network compared to the other, thus identifying characteristic concepts that semantically differentiate the two groups of narratives. We then investigate the contexts of these concepts applying semantic frame analysis. We find that concepts related to psychological distress (e.g. PTSD, flashback) are significantly more central to passive voice narratives, providing quantitative evidence of a link between passive voice usage and an increased focus on psychological distress. We also find that family members (e.g. parent, brother) are more central to active voice narratives, suggesting a connection between active voice usage and an increased focus on others' roles in rape survivors' experiences. Our quantitative results reveal an important link between language and mental health that has valuable implications for therapeutic interventions.

Perceptions of the freezing response of male and female rape victims, and the moderating role of rape myth beliefs

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether indicating victims of sexual attacks actively resisted their attacker or froze during their assault affected perceptions of victim blame, perpetrator blame and seriousness of the crime. We also tested whether victim and perpetrator gender or participants’ rape myth endorsement moderated the outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis study was a cross-sectional, vignette survey study with a 2 × 2 between-participants experimental design. Participants read a mock police report describing an alleged rape with a female or male victim who either resisted or froze, while perpetrator gender was adjusted heteronormatively.FindingsFreezing and male victims were blamed more than resisting and female victims. Perpetrators were blamed more when the victim resisted, but male and female perpetrators were blamed equally. Seriousness of the crime was higher for male perpetrators and when the victim resisted. Female, but not male, rape myth acceptance moderated the relationship between victim behaviour and outcome variables.Originality/valueThis study highlights the influence of expectations about victim behaviour on perceptions of rape victims and the pervasive influence of rape myths when evaluating female rape victims. The data is drawn from the German border region of the Netherlands, which is an especially valuable population given the evolving legal definitions of rape in both countries.

He's to blame, she is lying: Judgments of child sex trafficking survivors

AbstractUS Federal legislation mandates the treatment of underaged youth induced to sell themselves for commercial sex as victims and not criminal offenders of prostitution laws. Nonetheless, state prosecutors often take action in juvenile court against these youth. This study explored the impact of negative moral emotions, victim blame, and victim believability on public judgments of child sex trafficking victims under varying case facts. We presented an online scenario involving a trafficking case to 682 participants and manipulated youth sex, trafficker sex, vulnerability background, and prior arrest history to determine how emotions, victim blame, and believability mediate child sex trafficking decisions. Two different paths emerged depending on the youth's sex. Participants reported greater victim responsibility and greater negative moral emotions towards a male youth trafficked by a female when he had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. With the same facts, participants reported lower believability for a female youth when she had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for practice and theory.

Public perception of bidirectional intimate partner violence

Bidirectional violence is the most common form of intimate partner violence (IPV) and may influence public reactions to it. Laypeople recruited from Amazon's MTurk (n = 2248) were randomly assigned a fictional IPV vignette manipulating relationship gender dyad, direction of violence, and severity of injury. Participants generally perceived lower offender risk, lower physical and psychological harm to victim, and higher victim responsibility when violence was bidirectional, often incrementally to other case factors. Increasing our understanding of how bidirectionality influences perceptions of IPV may help combat stereotypes about IPV, improve support-seeking behaviors from “non-typical” victims, and increase accuracy of case management decisions.

Indicators for evaluating the quality of life of men injured by the consequences of combat actions

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the responses of war victims to questions of the non-specific "ShortForm-36 Health Status Survey" (SF-36) questionnaire to determine the quality of physical and mental life at the time of filling out the questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire is one of the most common methods of measuring health-related quality of life and shows general well-being and the degree of satisfaction with aspects of a person's life that are affected by health. The vast majority of examined men injured as a result of hostilities were aged 30–49. It was found that against the background of a decrease in all indicators on the scales of the physical components of health, the most pronounced changes were recorded in the indicators of general health and role functioning caused by physical condition. In the psychological domain, the most pronounced changes were recorded in such components as mental health, vital activity and social functioning. A number of correlations were established between quality of life indicators in victims of hostilities. The closest probable positive correlation in men injured as a result of hostilities was established between physical functioning and role functioning caused by emotional state (r=+0.64; p<0.05). A positive correlation was also found between general health and physical functioning (r=+0.43; p<0.05), between general health and role functioning caused by emotional state (r=+0.34; p<0.05), a probable positive relationship between mental health and life activity (r=+0.34; p<0.05) and pain intensity (r=+0.42; p<0.05). The correlation between role functioning caused by emotional state and role functioning caused by physical state was negative and amounted to -0.37 (p<0.05). Keywords: SF-36, physical health, mental health.

DFT-Spectroscopy Integrated Identification Method on Unknown Terrorist Chemical Mixtures by Incorporating Experimental and Theoretical GC-MS, NMR, IR, and DFT-NMR/IR Data.

In the event of a chemical attack, the rapid identification of unknown chemical agents is critical for an effective emergency response and treatment of victims. However, identifying unknown compounds is difficult, particularly when relying on traditional methods such as gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS). In this study, we developed a density functional theory and spectroscopy integrated identification method (D-SIIM) for the possible detection of unknown or unidentified terrorist materials, specifically chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The D-SIIM uses a combination of GC-MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculation-based NMR/IR predictions to identify potential CWA candidates based on their chemical signatures. Using D-SIIM, we successfully verified the presence of blister and nerve agent simulants in samples by excluding other compounds (ethyl propyl sulfide and methylphosphonic acid), which were predicted to be candidates with high probability by GC-MS. The findings of this study demonstrate that the D-SIIM can detect substances that are likely present in CWA mixtures and can be used to identify unknown terrorist chemicals.

Criminal Responsibility Of Suspects And Victims Of Corruption In The Private Bribery Sector In Indonesia

Suspects and Victims of the Arbitrariness of Authorities in the Criminal Justice System Examining whether the Criminal Enforcement Process in the case of Corruption Crimes has been carried out correctly both in the order of Making Legal Norms and in terms of Law Enforcement. Correct and fair resolution of criminal cases is not only seen from the results of the verdict handed down by the judge. Rather, it is seen from the victim who is asked to be held accountable based on the principle of business judgments and is made a suspect for the business decisions he takes in the criminal justice system.. To realize the objectives of criminal justice within the framework of the criminal justice system, the criminal justice model that is guided is actually based on the due process of law. Whether the criminal justice is enforced from the start in accordance with the provisions of procedural law (due process of law) or not (undue process), if it has been implemented in accordance with the provisions of procedural law then the justice has implemented and upheld the ideology envisioned by the rule of law (Rechtstaat). and a democratic society. In order to uphold an honest criminal justice system from start to finish as a form of ideological commitment and justice for people who are dealing with criminal trials, whether suspects, witnesses or victims, this is the main or absolute goal. The aim of this research is to determine the responsibility of a suspect and victim as a manifestation of law enforcement ideology. The method used in writing this research is normative juridical using statutory and conceptual approaches.

Ketika Krisis Siapa Bertanggung Jawab? Analisis framing Pertanggungjawaban Pertamina Terhadap Korban Kebakaran Depo Plumpang

In every crisis, questions almost always arise regarding the company's responsibility for victims resulting from the crisis. It also depends on how the media frames it. This research was conducted to determine the form of framing of news articles regarding Pertamina's responsibility for the victims of the Plumpang Depot fire. Analysis was carried out for news broadcasts by CNN Indonesia and Kompas.com. The framing analysis model used is Robert Entman. The news analyzed consisted of nine news stories from CNN Indonesia and ten news stories from Kompas.com. The research results found that these two media tend to present news from a point of view that is in line with the government, an aspect that is manifested through the prevalence of reporting that emphasizes clarification from accurate and trustworthy parties, especially from Pertamina's internal sources. The difference in reporting on CNN and Kompas lies in the focus of the reporting delivered. CNN focuses on Pertamina's accountability, while Kompas focuses on Pertamina's handling of victims affected by the Plumpang Depot fire.

An explorative qualitative study of cyberbullying and cyberstalking in a higher education community

The literature suggests an increased risk of cybervictimisation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper explores student and staff experiences in a higher education community as victims of cyberbullying and cyberstalking during the COVID-19 lockdowns. An online semi-structured questionnaire was administered to self-identified students and staff victims within a higher education context. By analysing victim responses, within a qualitative framework, this research identifies perceptions, impacts and support mechanisms. The findings offer insights for the development of effective practices and policies to mitigate risk factors and foster resilience. This research addresses the need for comprehensive understanding in the face of emerging digital challenges and future traumatic events.

Prevalence, Causes and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Studies have shown that 1 in every 10 women in Saudi Arabia is a victim of IPV. This is slightly lower than the prevalence of IPV in the WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia Regions, where approximately 37% of women in long-term partnerships report having experienced physical and sexual IPV during their lifetime. This review identified and analyzed the available empirical studies that explore IPV in Saudi Arabia. Nineteen ( n = 19) studies were retrieved from three databases, including Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, as well as Google and Google Scholar. Only empirical studies published in the English language and involving Saudi Arabian citizens were examined. We identified 13 studies that explored the prevalence of IPV and 11 studies that discussed factors associated with IPV. Eight studies examined the effects and consequences of IPV, six studies reported attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge related to IPV, and only three studies investigated victim response to IPV. Nineteen studies included women and only one study involved men as research participants. The findings suggest that previous studies undertaken in Saudi Arabia used quantitative approaches and gathered data via questionnaires, and therefore participants were not given the chance to describe how they defined different forms of IPV. More specifically, previous studies failed to explore the problem of IPV through the lens of Saudi men, creating a research gap related to defining their attitudes and perceptions of this phenomenon.

Political orientation and moral judgment of sexual misconduct

In a series of studies in the U.S. (total N participants = 4,828) using both news articles (Studies 1-2) and constructed scenarios (Studies 3-4), we investigated how judgments of responsibility, blame, causal contribution, and punishment for alleged perpetrators and victims of sexual misconduct are influenced by (1) the political orientation of media outlets, (2) participants’ political orientation, and (3) the alleged perpetrators’ political orientation. Results indicated that participants’ political orientation, and the interaction between participants’ and alleged perpetrators’ political orientation, predicted moral judgments. Conservative participants were generally more likely inculpate and punish alleged victims in all four studies. Both conservative and liberal participants judged politically-aligned alleged perpetrators more leniently than politically-opposed alleged perpetrators. This political ingroup effect was ubiquitous across all tests of the dependent measures for conservative participants; whereas it was muted and unreliable for liberal participants. The findings collectively demonstrate that moral judgments about sexual misconduct are politicized at multiple psychological levels, and in ways that asymmetrically affect victims.

Capturing The Bride Culture In Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara: A Victimological Analysis

The Sumba people has a culture called ‘capturing the bride’ (kawin tangkap), where a man captures the woman he will marry. But its practice has deviated and it became full of intimidation. This paper aims to analyze the ‘capturing the bride’ practice of Sumba people from the victimological perspective. This was descriptive qualitative research. Results show that the current form of ‘capturing the bride’ is a form of violence against women. The violence experienced by ‘capturing the bride’ victims is motivated by a created opportunity and a man’s idealized need to marry a woman. From the victimological perspective, based on Mendelshon’s theory on the degree of victims’ fault, the above victims are completely innocent victims. Based on Schafer’s concept on victim responsibility, they are categorized as biologically and socially weak victims. Then, if related to Fattah’s theory on victim involvement, they are categorized as non-participating victims.

In between the lines of the narrative map: Phenomenological analysis of war rape victims in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia.

Research conducted in the last four decades on rape and other forms of sexual violence shows that they are not only the result of transgression behaviors of some people but have been used as strategic, systemic, and calculated tools of war, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. Examining the nature and effect of wartime rape and sexual violence based on their distinctive features, context, and historical background is essential for research and service providers. This paper explores the lived experiences of sexual violence and gang rape victims during the North Ethiopian war in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected from three girls and women survivors using a trauma and socio-culturally informed phenomenological approach. The finding shows that participants experienced a broad and complex range of psychological, physiological, emotional, and relational suffering after the rape. The result also shed light on some risk factors such as lack of awareness of the effect of traumatic events, stigma related to rape, and lacks victim protective legislation risk their journey to healing. The paper further discussed individual and community mental health responses for victims of war rape in culturally responsive and resource-poor settings.

CYBERBULLYING DI MEDIA SOSIAL TIKTOK TERHADAP REMAJA SMP

Abstract
 Internet use among adolescents, especially junior high school is very risky. Children of this age often assume that the virtual world they use is the same as the real world. The act of insulting or ridiculing on social media is an act that is often known as cyberbullying. The research approach used in this study was a qualitative approach, in which researchers conducted interviews with informants from junior high school youth. This research method uses the spiral silence theory which aims to find out information about the occurrence of cyberbullying on TikTok, the responses of victims of bullying, and analyzing existing data. Cyberbullying is a form of behavior that is carried out by a person when he feels that he is superior in several ways so that he dares to take hurtful actions both physically and mentally, where the application is usually carried out on TikTok. This action comes from the aggressive attitude or apathy of individuals who feel superior so they consider other individuals weak or inferior. The psychological and emotional impact of cyberbullying can trigger the victim's mental shock. However, cyberbullying has the potential to cause more depressive disorders because this bullying material or information will be stored and spread quickly on the internet and can leave digital footprints, anytime and anywhere. As a good internet user and wise in using social media, you should be able to control yourself to not take actions that harm other people. Comments especially on someone whether intentionally or not because all of that can have fatal consequences in the future. With this, junior high school teenagers still need supervision from parents, in which the role of parents is to keep an eye on all their actions, especially those who are moving into junior high school teenagers.
 Kata Kunci: Cyberbullying, social media, Junior High School Teenagers, TikTok

Tonic Immobility as a Defensive Trauma Response to Rape: Bridging Public Health and Law.

There is widespread scientific evidence that validates tonic immobility (TI) as part of the trauma response in victims of rape, and criminal justice practitioners are increasingly trained in trauma-informed approaches. Yet, legal and policy definitions of consent do not fully recognize TI during the incident as evidence of nonconsent. Using a systematic review of U.S. law and policy regarding sexual violence and consent, this paper analyzes the substantial legal reform of rape law and definitions of consent, suggesting ways to further integrate TI into existing law and legal practices to improve public health approaches and justice responses for victims.

Catch Me if You Can : "Delaying" as a Social Engineering Technique in the Post-Attack Phase

Much is known about social engineering strategies (SE) during the attack phase, but little is known about the post-attack period. To address this gap, we conducted 17 narrative interviews with victims of cyber fraud. We found that while it was seen to be important for victims to act immediately and to take countermeasures against attack, they often did not do so. In this paper, we describe this "delay" in victims' responses as entailing a period of doubt and trust in good faith. The delay in victim response is a direct consequence of various SE techniques, such as exploiting prosocial behavior with subsequent negative effects on emotional state and interpersonal relationships. Our findings contribute to shaping digital resistance by helping people identify and overcome delay techniques to combat their inaction and paralysis.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TRAINING FOR BASIC LIFE SUPPORT AT BAKTI 2 PRIVATE SCOOL MEDAN

The condition of cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest results in blood circulation and oxygen transport being stopped. The brain is a vital organ that if within 10 minutes lack of oxygen and glucose intake will cause damage. The purpose of active BHD training for adolescent doctor in junior high school is to increase knowledge so that later they can apply in case of emergencies. BHD measures include: Ensuring a safe position, checking the victim's response, asking for help, checking for help, performing CPR, opening the airway, providing assistance , and evaluation . This activity will be carried out on December 3, 2023 with 23 participants from the Bakti 2 Medan Private Junior High School. Results of the Activity All participants can understand aboutknowledge of Basic Life Support, and are able to carry out practical actions according to the steps in the material previously given. To assess the knowledge of trainees before and after training, a questionnaire about BHD was given. This activity requires periodic monitoring, so as to reduce mortality due to respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest.