Victims Of Sexual Exploitation Research Articles

A psychodynamic study of the sexual exploitation of adolescent girls

The literature on the risk of child (commercial) sexual exploitation (C(C)SE) contains limited reference to victim-related factors in the victimisation process. Similarly, the possible links between these factors and adolescence have rarely been considered. However, there is agreement that the age at which most victimisation occurs is between 11 and 14 years. This study seeks to demonstrate how a psychoanalytical approach to adolescence can clarify sexual victimisation behaviours (including sexual exploitation) observed in young girls and enable social workers to deal effectively with these paradoxical behaviours, which appear incomprehensible and discouraging. After presenting the epistemological assumptions of psychoanalytical theories, this study illustrates how early phases of adolescence are considered vulnerable. This study refers to the resurgence of Oedipal fantasies, which, actualised by adolescents’ sexual maturity, threaten family homoeostasis and can lead adolescents to act out. These include risky sexual behaviours leading to multiple victimisations (including sex trafficking), often with irreversible consequences. Based on two situations, including that of a young female victim of sexual exploitation, this study attempts to highlight sexual trajectories with multiple victimisations.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Eksploitasi Seksual pada Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang di Yogyakarta

Legal protection for victims should be considered in the running of justice in Indonesia. Protection of victims talks about fulfilling a victim's rights, both in and after the judicial process. One form of legal protection that is quite interesting to discuss is related to legal protection for victims of sexual exploitation. This research seeks to answer the forms of protection for victims of sexual exploitation of criminal acts of human trafficking in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and the obstacles in implementing legal protection for victims of sexual exploitation of criminal acts of human trafficking in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This type of research is field research using an empirical juridical approach. The results of this research show that legal protection for victims of sexual exploitation (sex trafficking) of criminal acts of human trafficking in the Special Region of Yogyakarta has not been fulfilled, because there are still victims who are neglected due to several factors, including, legal officials who lack competence in handling victims of sexual exploitation. Victims who are not cooperative in the protection process or law enforcement process, inadequate protection facilities, including shelters as rehabilitation places whose needs have not been met, as well as a team of psychologists and legal counselors who are not proportional to the number of victims. The obstacles to implementing forms of legal protection for victims are that the mechanism for blocking the assets of perpetrators or convicts has not been regulated, causing the right to restitution not to be fulfilled optimally. Low public knowledge and awareness of exploitation and its impacts, causes victims not to feel like they are victims of sexual exploitation.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Korban Eksploitasi Secara Seksual dalam Perspektif Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia

The problem of sexual exploitation of children is not just a medical issue, but also involves many aspects, including religion, psychology and law. For this reason, this research was carried out with the aim of knowing and analyzing the regulations for legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation and policy formulation for legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, conceptual approach and case approach. Analysis of legal materials is carried out by interpreting, evaluating and assessing all statutory regulations and relevant legal materials. The results show that the regulation of legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation is not clearly regulated either in Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection and Law Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and policies for formulating legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation in the future, namely the need to reform the criminal law regarding provisions that prohibit these acts, both in the draft Criminal Code in the future and the revision of Law Number 13 of 2006, Law Number 23 of 2002 and Law Number 11 of 2012.

Medicolegal assessment of human trafficking victims. Descriptive study of a series of forensic cases in Catalonia (Spain)

Medicolegal assessment of human trafficking victims. Descriptive study of a series of forensic cases in Catalonia (Spain)

A Look at Human Trafficking and the Anti-Trafficking Apparatus in Mexico through the Experience of Victoria, a Trans Woman

In this article, we discuss the experience of Victoria, a trans woman who was trafficked in the context of the criminal war in Mexico. Drawing on anthropological and feminist perspectives that privilege the dialogue of knowledge, Victoria’s experience allows us to problematise two central elements of the phenomenon of human trafficking in Mexico: first, the relationship between organised crime groups and human trafficking, and its effects on daily life in local contexts in Mexico, specifically in the experience of a trans woman. And second, the functioning of the Mexican anti-trafficking apparatus which, by focusing on the rescue of victims of sexual exploitation in places where independent sex work occurs, overlooks the identification of other forms of trafficking, such as trafficking for labour exploitation and servitude, both experienced by Victoria at the hands of organised crime groups.

Sexual exploitation of male youth: background characteristics and needs from a life-course perspective

IntroductionSexual exploitation is a human rights violation that has a detrimental impact on the psychological-, physical- and social well-being of victims. Sexually exploited male youth are prevalent, yet underrepresented in clinical practice, policy and research. There are multiple barriers that often prevent male youth to disclose and to seek or receive support, such as gender norms, limited awareness of victimization and feelings of guilt and shame.ObjectivesBy gaining more insight into the background and clinical characteristics of male victims and their care and support needs, this study aims to raise awareness and to better inform policymakers, care- and educational professionals on adequate prevention and intervention efforts.MethodsTwenty-six male youth at high-risk or victims of sexual exploitation participated in this qualitative study. By means of semi-structured interviews and case-file analyses, data was collected by to identify risk and protective factors in their life-course and care and support needs.ResultsResults indicate that several vulnerabilities (e.g. previous experiences of abuse and neglect, mental health problems, household dysfunction, social rejection, running away, substance use) and a lack of positive and supportive relationships led male youth into high-risk situations. Among these were involvement in pay dates, survival sex and criminality, which contributed to victimization. Experiences of stigmatization were often a barrier to express vulnerabilities and to disclose victimization. There was a wide variety in care and support needs, including peer-to-peer support, therapy, support with day-to-day practices and anonymous support.ConclusionsThese results will contribute to adequate prevention and intervention strategies and meet the unique needs of male youth at risk for, or victim of sexual exploitation.Disclosure of InterestG. Mercera Grant / Research support from: This research was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports (grant number: 328604)., S. Leijdesdorff: None Declared, E. Heynen: None Declared, T. van Amelsvoort: None Declared

Legal Protection of Children as Victims of Sexual Exploitation

The government has accommodated children's rights in Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights which is an umbrella act for all forms of human rights protection in Indonesia, including children's rights. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in girls where girls are easily persuaded, is sold at a high selling value. Consumers assume that girls are cleaner from venereal diseases and not too many suffer from them. Children who are victims of CSEC are entitled to legal protection from law enforcement, the government and the state to ensure that children's rights remain unfulfilled. Normatively, the rights of CSEC victims are adequately protected by Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection (Articles 4-20). In this case, the protection of children's rights has acquired a stronger legal basis, because in more detail the rights and obligations of the child's executors have been regulated in such a way, including their criminal provisions. Children of CSEC victims receive special protection through Article 59 and Article 64 paragraph (3) of Law No. 23/2002. In addition to Article 5 of Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning the Protection of Witnesses and Victims

Intersectionality of Slavery and Gender Analyzing the Experiences of Black Women in Selected Writings

Intersectionality has created a new caste system which strictly adheres to the problem of colour, segregation, injustice, violence, and categorization on the basis of social class, race, and gender. The interconnected nature of social categorization combines multiple identities including racial identity, sexuality, disability, nationality, and gender; intersects each other, and results into discrimination and oppression. All forms of racial and gender inequalities reinforce each other, fortify identity politics, and ostracize on the basis of gender, caste and colour of skin. Slavery as an institution has also colossally impacted the question of gender inequality in American society. In the epoch of slavery, the women of different colour were the major victims of two-fold exploitation as being a woman and being a black racially. They were prime targets of sexual exploitation, physical violence, and free labor. In African American Literature, Toni Morrison’s Beloved and Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl are the two most prominent writings which depict the adverse effects of slavery, which has ruined several generations of the Blacks. The experiences of black women as enslaved workers, and victims of sexual exploitation are not less than a nightmare. The selected writings explicitly expose the ugly face of slavery that kept the black people particularly women in iron-made baskets for centuries. The study focuses on the discourse of two selected texts that how were black women maltreated, marginalized, sexually exploited and dehumanized.

Zakat Distribution for Women the Prostitution Victim as the Concept of Riqab

There are eight groups of zakat recipients and one of them is the riqab which is interpreted as a slave. The textual meaning of the riqab is no longer relevant today considering that slavery no longer exists. So that is the reason that the asnaf riqab is indirectly removed. This needs to be considered again so that the distribution of zakat can be evenly distributed to the eight asnaf. The current interpretation of the meaning of the riqab can be interpreted as human trafficking which is related to this, namely victims of sexual exploitation or prostitution. So the question is how to interpret the riqab for women who are victims of prostitution. This research is qualitative research in the form of a library research with data collection techniques, collecting and reading literature related to this research. The results of the research show that in this context the riqab is interpreted as a person who is shackled by social and religious beliefs, so that this problem includes women who are victims of prostitution. As the distribution of zakat for asnaf riqab does not give him the right to tamlik zakat assets, but rather to redeem the money for his automatic release to his master. Likewise, it is applied to the meaning of the riqab of prostitution victims, that zakat funds are used for rehabilitation with the aim of providing guidance so that the mustahik can get out of their shackled status.

Boredom, Hope, and Intimate Labor in Transit: Young Male Refugees and Their Intimate Relationships with Older, Local Women in Indonesia

Thousands of refugees transit through Indonesia, often for prolonged periods of time. With limited access to basic rights, including the right to work, some young or underage male refugees forge intimate relationships with older Indonesians. Public perception of these relationships is, for the most part, dichotomous: the refugees are seen either as moral transgressors or victims of sexual exploitation. This research explores how these intimate, age-dissimilar relationships are formed, and the consequences of the public condemnation and criminal sanctions that can follow. We show that these relationships are often more complex than a mere exchange of money for sex, and argue that they can be best understood as intimate labor. When these relationships are extended ones, they can help refugees alleviate their economic precariousness and afford a more consumerist lifestyle, and to overcome the loneliness, boredom, and hopelessness that characterize their prolonged waiting times in transit.

Cashless Policy as Determinant of Sexual Exploitation among Women in South-South Nigeria

Economic and financial sector play a vital role in the determination of population size in any country across the globe. When these sector are not properly handle resulting in scarce resources, thereby luring people to engage in activity that are not of interest, particularly sex without consent. The aim of this study is to evaluate Cashless Policy as Determinant of Sexual Exploitation among Reproductive Age Women in South-South Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study involving 260 females who are within the age of 18 to 42 years. Consent was sorted from the participants before giving them the questionnaires. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the researchers. The study lasted for a period of 3 months. The study revealed that 20(7.70%%) of the respondents were within 18-22 years, 152(58.50%) 23-27years, 6(2.30%) 28-32 years while 82(31.50%) were within 33-37 years. Again, the study revealed that 44(16.90%) had primary education, 88(33.80%) had secondary education, and 128(49.20%) had tertiary education respectively. 214(82.30%) participants were single while 46(17.70%) were married. 40(15.40%) of the respondents were doing farming, 64(24.60%) trading and 156(60.00%) were unemployed. 82.3% of the respondents did not have access to money and 81.5% were exploited sexually. 80.8% were forced to have sex while 81.5% yield to the sexual exploitation.78.5% were Victims of sexual exploitation. The findings also shows that 92(35.40%) of the respondents had complication of unwanted pregnancy, 84(32.30%) had sexually transmitted disease, 40(15.40%) had psychological trauma, and 44(16.90%) did not have any complications from sexual exploitation. Data were obtained and analyzed using SPSS version 23 and P value < 0.05 was said to be significant.

‘Holding onto trauma?’ The prevalence and predictors of PTSD, anxiety and depression in police officers working with child abuse, rape and sexual exploitation victims

Research into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in police officers is limited, with the majority of research predominately conducted outside the UK, and no study quantitatively examining the role of social support in relation to the mental health of UK police officers working with victims of trauma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of PTSD and CMD in UK police officers who investigate rape, sexual exploitation and child abuse, along with the potential protective role of social support. Participants were police officers ( n = 353) within one police area, who completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and social support. Results showed that 23% of officers had potentially clinical levels of PTSD, 26% had moderate to severe levels of anxiety and 35% had moderate to severe levels of depression. Female officers, those of constable rank, those working with victims of child abuse, and those with lowest levels of social support had poorer mental health. There was tentative evidence that social support statistically moderated the relationship between tenure and depression. These findings suggest the need for bespoke help for the sub-group of officers experiencing mental health problems and for further research into the potential protective role of social support.

Legal Protection of Children as Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is a crime committed against children which is currently happening a lot and is reported in print and electronic media, besides that this crime often occurs within the domestic sphere between villages and cities and even across national borders. Children are the nation's next generation and development successors who should be prepared as subjects for implementing sustainable development and controlling the future of a country. So to find out and examine more deeply about the legal protection of children as victims of sexual exploitation, researchers wish to conduct research on how is the legal protection for child victims of sexual exploitation? This research is a legal research using statutory approach (statute approach) and concept approach (conceptual approach). The results of this study are that the protection of children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out on the legal basis of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection according to the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generali. The protection of children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out in three stages of legal protection, namely the legal protection stage before the criminal justice process, during the criminal justice process, and after the criminal justice process. accompanied by a Legal Counselor from the Social Service for Women and Children. Legal protection for children as victims of commercial sexual exploitation is carried out by referring to the accusator principle, namely by means of persuasion, not by means of violence and prioritizing the rights of the examinee.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation Victims Treated as Offenders: Examining the Gendered Risk Factors of Incarcerated Youth Charged with Prostitution

ABSTRACT Minors under the age of 18 involved in prostitution, or commercial sex acts, are defined as victims by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. However, state and local justice systems continued to arrest and incarcerate minors for prostitution after the passage of the TVPA despite widespread agreement that youth involved in commercial sexual exploitation are victims, not offenders. Most youth charged with prostitution have an extensive history of victimization experiences and detaining them often exacerbates their problems, delays appropriate therapeutic responses, interrupts their education, exposes them to youth who commit more serious offenses, and increases justice system costs. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics and risk factors (e.g., victimization histories, drug/alcohol use, gang involvement, home type) of justice-involved youth charged with prostitution in the United States. Given that males and females have different pathways to crime/arrest, this study will also test for gender differences in these risk factors using a nationally representative sample of incarcerated youth (Survey of Youth in Residential Placement; Sedlak, 2003). Results indicate this population of incarcerated youth have several risk factors, including extensive victimization experiences during childhood, and that these experiences vary by gender. I conclude with the implications of this research and give several policy and future research recommendation.

Sexual Assault and Indirect Perpetration. Pimps, Clients and Rape of Prostituted Persons

The European Parliament Resolution of 10 February 2021 on the implementation of Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims (2020/2029(INI)), on the one hand, recalls that Member States have a legal obligation to discourage and reduce the demand for all forms of exploitation, and, on the other hand, calls on the Member States to include the knowing use of the services of victims of trafficking as a criminal offence in their national statutes, as recommended by Article 18 of the Anti-Trafficking Directive, and reiterated by the Commission in 2018, and to provide for effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties. The paper addresses the response of one of the Member States, Spain, which does not expressly punish clients who have sexual relations with victims of sexual exploitation but does punish both the crime of forced prostitution and sexual assaults committed against the victim of this crime. A correct interpretation of the application of these criminal offences makes it possible to punish not only the pimp but also the client who knows that he/she is having sexual intercourse with a victim of sexual exploitation. This provides an interpretative solution that aligns with the requirements of the European Parliament Resolution of 10 February 2021 and may be helpful for other Member States.

Born between war and peace: Situating peacekeeper-fathered children in research on children born of war

In the last two decades, academic research has made significant progress exploring the life courses of so-called “children born of war” (CBOW). Similarly, the unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations, including the experiences of victims of sexual exploitation and abuse, and children born of these interactions, have received preliminary academic attention. This paper compares peacekeeper-fathered children (PKFC) to other CBOW to determine how these two groups relate to one another. We draw on research conducted in two peacekeeping contexts where personnel have been accused of fathering and abandoning children (Haiti and the Democratic Republic of Congo) to empirically situate PKFC within the category of CBOW. We introduce 5,388 micro-narratives from Haitian and Congolese community members (Haiti n = 2,541, DRC = 2,858) and 113 qualitative interviews with mothers/grandmothers of PKFC (Haiti n = 18, DRC n = 60) and PKFC (DRC n = 35) to investigate how PKFC fit in the CBOW paradigm. Our findings demonstrate that many of the multi-level adversities faced by PKFC resemble those of the broader reference group. Given their shared developmental needs and experiences of exclusion, we conclude that PKFC constitute CBOW and ought to be included in conceptualisations pertaining to them. Acknowledging PKFC as CBOW offers new opportunities for policy development to (a) enhance protection and support of all CBOW and (b) remind states of their commitments to uphold the rights of all children.

Current Practices and Nurse Readiness to Implement Standardized Screening for Commercially and Sexually Exploited Individuals in Emergency Departments in Western Washington Hospitals.

Approximately 80% of trafficked individuals access health care during their victimization. The emergency department is a frontline of care. This study examines current screening practices of Western Washington emergency department nurses to determine nurse and facility readiness for improved identification. Interviews were conducted with nurses to understand their current screening practices for identifying potential victims of sexual exploitation; the acceptability of existing screening questions for use in their settings; and their opinions about the utility of a standardized screening tool for identifying victims and improving care. There is an absence of formal protocols and screening tools, limited clarity regarding roles and responsibilities in the identification and care of trafficked persons among the health care team, and a desire to provide improved care quality to patients. Standardized processes and screening may lead to more efficient and effective identification of, care for, and linkage to vital support services and resources.

Inability Formulation of Perpetrators to Pay Restitution to Children Victims of Sexual Exploitation

This study aims to determine, analyze, and formulate whether the State can pay off restitution that cannot be paid by the perpetrators to children who are victims of the crime of sexual exploitation; and formulate the formulation of provisions regarding the provision of compensation to children victims of the crime of sexual exploitation who cannot obtain restitution because the perpetrator is unable to pay in order to comply with the principles of non-discrimination. This study is an example of normative legal research, employing a statutory and conceptual approach. In this study, the author employs a systematic and theological interpretation approach to the analysis of legal materials. According to the findings of the study, the State could compensate criminals for their inability to pay restitution by providing them with a nominal sum of money. However, this compensation is only available for heinous human rights violations and acts of terrorism. In addition to gross human rights violations and terrorism, this has led to new problems, including injustice for victims, particularly children who are victims of sexual exploitation, who do not receive compensation because the perpetrators cannot pay them.

The Child: Value or a Valuable Commodity?

Aim: This study summarises the available knowledge in the context of trafficking in human beings in the spring of 2022, especially those involving child victims. Demographic data show that the birth rate is decreasing in Hungary, with fewer children being born every year since 1981, and those who are born are even more vulnerable and need to be protected. From the moment they are born, they trust that they will be protected and cared for, which is also necessary for their healthy development. The sexual exploitation and abuse suffered at the hands of their family members have a particularly long-lasting suffering and impact, the price of which is paid not only by the victim but also by society as a whole.Methodology: The study is a review of the available international and national literature, presenting the phenomenon introducing a case study.Findings: Few domestic studies have been published on child trafficking, and there is little visibility of under-18s as victims of sexual and labour exploitation. The statistics show that the victims of sexual exploitation are mainly girls, while the victims of labour exploitation are mainly boys, but the sexual exploitation of boys should also be reported. The majority of exploitative crimes against under-18s are not mainly committed by family members, although unfortunately this still happens.Value: Few national summaries of child trafficking are available: here we discuss exploitation for labour purposes as well as sexual exploitation. This study is only the first step, and the research will continue with interviews with members of the care system.

A Novel Method to Examine Public Communications and Policy Representations: A Case Example of Hawai'i's Perspective on Juveniles Involved in Commercial Sexual Activity.

Public policy may be strongly influenced by the language used in the media to discuss issues. This language can create a policy image or policy representation that frames the issue as being either deserving or undeserving of policy aid. This policy representation, in turn, may influence the direction of public policies proposed to address the issue. This article presents the development of a codebook for systematically examining the language used in the media to create these policy representations. Framing theory and a qualitative content analysis approach were used to develop the codebook, using a 4-part taxonomy: problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and policy recommendation. The issue of juveniles involved in commercial sexual activity in Hawai'i was used as a case study to guide creation of the codebook. Pilot study data were drawn from Hawai'i's local newspapers and from testimony submitted to the Hawai'i State Legislature during 1985-2016. A set of coding schemes built on the 4-part taxonomy was based on the dichotomous attitude of juvenile criminality and juvenile exploitation. Pilot data indicated that juveniles are increasingly being represented as victims of sexual exploitation (newspaper, 45%; testimony, 90%), and the presence of thematic elements in the media strongly correlated with this overall shift. A key lesson learned was the ability of the codebook to capture episodic and thematic elements, which may have strong implications for those concerned with populations that are exploited, politically marginalized, and in need of policy aid. Another key lesson learned was the strength of the codebook to collect quantitative and qualitative data that may lie outside carefully constructed dichotomous frames (eg, a policy representation of juveniles as survivors) and the media's prevailing narratives (eg, the experience of sexual minority juveniles).