Victims Of Aggression Research Articles

The Art of Diplomacy in Modern Military Conflicts

The article reflects the process of forming a new world order in the context of the Global Hybrid War unleashed by the United States and NATO and the active use of its tools against the victims of aggression. The role of diplomacy in managing the processes of escalation and containment of modern military confl icts is shown. The author draws attention to the increasing threat of a global thermonuclear confl ict, the probability of which increases in the context of the use by Western countries of a proxy war strategy, which opens the way to large-scale aggression, including against nuclear states. The article highlights the urgent need to review the Russian strategy of nuclear deterrence in order to adapt it to the realities of our time.

Teacher-Directed Aggression: Causes Perceived vs. Aggression Experienced

Teachers as victims of aggression seldom become focus of psychological research. However, teacher-directed violence has become a socially relevant phenomenon. Revealing the causes of teacher-directed aggression should at the core of antibullying programs. To identify these causes, psychologists need to study teachers’ experience and insights. The authors compared causes of teacher-directed aggression as perceived by teachers with their accounts of students’ aggression experience. The research relied on the methods of principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The sample consisted of 5,350 teachers from nine regions of the Russian Federation. Most respondents believed teacher-directed aggression to be caused by the dysfunctional family or parents’ disrespect of the teaching staff. The causes were divided into teacher-related, environmental, and intrapersonal. These variables correlated with teachers’ experience of student aggression. The phenomenon of teacher-directed aggression should be taken into account in violence prevention programs aimed at ensuring safety and well-being of both teachers and students.

Brief report: Social comparison, hypercompetitiveness, and indirect aggression: Associations with loneliness and mental health.

Indirect aggression is commonly used in adulthood, but most researchers have focused on this behavior in romantic relationships or from an intrasexual competition perspective. Therefore, we aimed to understand the social characteristics and mental health correlates of indirect aggression by combining perspectives from developmental psychopathology and evolutionary psychology. We examined: (1) whether social characteristics (social comparison, hypercompetitiveness) contributed to indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) and (2) whether there were indirect effects from indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) to mental health difficulties through loneliness. In a cross-sectional sample of 475 young adults (57.7% women, 51.6% White, Mage = 20.2, SDage = 2.18), path analyses revealed that social comparison predicted indirect aggression victimization, which indirectly predicted mental health difficulties (depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms) through loneliness. In contrast, indirect aggression perpetration was only predicted by hypercompetitiveness. The findings highlight that reframing cognitions associated with social comparison could help prevent indirect aggression and mental health difficulties among young people.

Successful Non-Operative Management of a Patient with Grade IV Right Renal Trauma Associated with Hepatic and Right Adrenal Trauma – A Case Report

In case of a traumatic event, preservation of the injured renal and kidney function represents the goal of non-operative management (NOM) of renal trauma. The substantial benefits of non-operative management for minor blunt renal injury have already been clearly described in current literature, but its value for major blunt and penetrating renal injuries are still under debate and not clearly highlighted. We hereby fully report a case of a 64 years old male patient with a history of a thoraco-abdominal blunt trauma, victim of aggression caused by a blunt object, which resulted in grade IV injury of the right kidney and associated grade II hepatic injury and right adrenal injury – grading according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scale guidelines – evaluated through contrast enhanced emergency CT imaging. The patient was hemodynamically stable upon admission to the Emergency Department of Clinical Emergency County Hospital of Brașov, Romania. Non-operative management strategy was chosen, therefore constant and close monitorization and follow-up CT examinations were performed. The patient was subsequently discharged after 8 days, with no further complications reported.

The Misrepresentation of Muslim Community in Post 9/11 English Fiction: A Political Analysis of The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Terrorist

This study shows that Muslims tend to be negatively framed, and Islam is portrayed as a violent religion in the context of the 9\11 incident. The researchers have highlighted the issue of misrepresentation of Muslims and Islam in John Updike’s Terrorist and Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist. After 9/11, there came a transformation in the image of Muslims as they have been labelled as fundamentalists, fanatics, and terrorists. The study attempts to explore the politics of Western fiction after 9\11. The Muslims were held responsible for the happenings of 9/11, and this allegation was used as an excuse to augment the antagonism towards Muslims in the name of patriotic sentiments. Western fiction and media have been promoting this pseudo-patriotism since September 11, 2001. It has been depicted in such a biased way that it portrays America and the Western world as a victim of Islamic aggression and bigotry. Muslim bashing has become socially acceptable in the United States and European states. To carry out the analysis, the researchers chose the theory of social constructionism as a basic framework. The study is based on a qualitative research approach and has been carried out by textual analysis of the selected excerpts from the novels. The study attempts to make the world realize the fundamental reasons and core factors that perpetuate aggression and violence in Muslim states. Further, it highlights the main factors behind this intolerance and extremism worldwide. The findings reveal that the neo-colonial approach, imperialistic policies, and vested interests of the superpower breed hatred for it around the world, and such policies are not in favour of its land and people.

SOVIET DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT TO THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN 1937–1939

The article considers the issue of the Soviet Union’s diplomatic support to the Republic of China at the initial stage of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1939). It is noted that due to the outbreak of war, the Chinese government received real support neither from the League of Nations nor from the imperialist states since no one wanted to quarrel with Japan. It is emphasised that the leadership of the USSR had repeatedly unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with the imperialist powers on collective action against Japan, including, above all, the sanctions policy. Soviet diplomacy was ready to single-handedly support various foreign policy demarches of the leadership of the Republic of China. The data on numerous speeches by representatives of the USSR in the League of Nations in support of China are given. The active position of Soviet diplomacy during the so-called Brussels Conference is considered; their the Council of the League of Nations delegated the problem of Japanese aggression against China. It is emphasised that during the work of the Brussels conference, the delegations of Western countries demonstrated being uneager to aggravate relations with Japan; they only offered to search for peaceful ways to resolve the conflict, refused to accept collective sanctions against Japan or provide real international assistance to the victim of aggression – China. It is emphasised that Soviet diplomats continuously supported various initiatives of the government of the Chinese Republic in the League of Nations, only to be excluded from this organisation on December 14, 1939, after the USSR started war against Finland.

Consolation in the aftermath of violent public assaults: An interaction ethological study

AbstractAnimal ethologists suggest that non-human primates console victims of aggression in a manner similar to humans. However, the empirical basis for this cross-species comparison is fragile, given that few studies have examined consolation behavior among humans. To address this gap, we revive and apply the underappreciated ethological branch of micro-sociology, which advocates the study of human interactions by applying ethological observation techniques. We thus systematically observed naturally occurring human consolation captured by video surveillance cameras in the aftermath of violent public assaults. Consistent with prior human and non-human primate research, social affiliation promoted consolatory helping. By contrast, we found no main effect of sex. A further exploratory analysis indicated an interaction effect between social affiliation and sex, with female affiliates having the largest probability of providing consolation. We discuss implications for the cross-species study of primate consolation and advocate that micro-sociology should reappraise ethological perspectives.

Study on Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in medical residents victims of aggressions in the Medical Residency Program in the state of Paraná

Medical residency entails supervised on-the-job training, where the dual role of worker and learner subjects’ residents to constant internal tension, potentially triggering common mental disorders (CMD). This cross-sectional, quantitative study involved 165 medical residents, administering three simultaneous virtual questionnaires on sociodemographic data, aggressions, abuse, mistreatment, and CMD. A significance level of 5% was utilized. Among residents frequently subjected to aggression, abuse, and mistreatment, 89.23% were classified as possible CMD cases (p < 0.001). Preceptors and supervisors were the most reported aggressors (66.15%). "Depreciation or humiliation" (p = 0.018), "assignment of punitive rather than educational tasks" (p = 0.022), and "threat of harm" (p = 0.008) were the most associated frequent aggression modalities with the classification of possible CMD cases. Imbalance among emotional, mental, and social spheres is linked to poor technical performance and inefficiency in patient relations.

The Supply of Weapons to a Victim of Aggression: The Law of Neutrality in Light of the Conflict in Ukraine

Abstract The relationship between the customary law of neutrality and the contemporary rules of the jus ad bellum is notoriously unclear, especially when an international armed conflict stems from an act of aggression, but the United Nations (UN) Security Council has not mandated or authorized any measure pursuant to Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The issue has emerged once again during the recent international armed conflict in Ukraine, in which states not participating in the conflict have disregarded, among other things, the customary prohibition to supply weapons to either belligerent by supplying weapons to Ukraine – that is, the state victim of armed aggression – despite the deadlock in the Security Council. These acts of unilateral unneutral support have not been characterized by the supplying states as being pursuant to exceptions to the law of neutrality or by Russia or other states as being violations of it. This raises the question whether the law of neutrality still bears relevance whenever an act of aggression occurs. In the uncertainty as to the legal regime applicable in this case, the Ukrainian conflict offers an important instance of state practice that might help shed light on the applicability of the customary prohibition to supply weapons, as well as of the law of neutrality in general, when the international conflict is initiated by an act of aggression.

Trans narratives on school experiences-This is how we feel.

The school environment remains unsafe for many trans people, where they are victims of discrimination, aggression, and bullying, resulting in socioemotional and physical harm to trans individuals. Intersectionality and minority stress are contributing factors in this already challenging education environment. In many cases, the voices of trans people are not heard or listened to at school; therefore, this study aims to listen to their school experiences in order to identify key areas for improvement. This study implemented a narrative research approach where six in-depth interviews were completed with trans participants from the Basque Country, Europe, and the United States of America that focused on five dimensions: being a trans, the role of school, lack of teacher education and training, segregation by gender, and socioemotional wellbeing. The transcriptions of these interviews were coded using Nvivo software in categorical systems in a deductive and inductive way. The results clearly showed that the binary society has a negative impact on trans people. In addition, the educational environment is still hostile for most of them, in which the lack of teacher training and gender identity content in the curriculum has a negative impact on trans people and their experiences at school. The findings support the idea that socially ingrained binarism is detrimental to all those who step outside the norm. It can also be said that the earlier the transition is made, the better the effect (clinical as well as socioemotional) on their personal lives. For this early transition to occur, it is necessary to have access to information from an early age.

Teacher Responsiveness and Instruction for Verbal Aggression Victimization: Survey Results of Secondary Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Students identified with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) often have difficulty with social adjustment and academic achievement, engaging in problem behaviors such as defiance, rule-breaking, and truancy, yet one particularly challenging behavior is aggression. Researchers assert that verbal aggression (VA) is the most frequent form of aggression in schools; however, little is known about student perceptions of VA among students with EBD. We surveyed 144 secondary students with EBD finding infrequent reporting to teachers about VA victimization. According to students, the most effective teacher responses to a report of VA victimization were moving the victim away from the perpetrator, providing advice, and punishing the aggressor. Students reported that the content of teacher instruction about VA most often included reporting victimization to a teacher, avoiding the aggressor, and ignoring the verbally aggressive behavior. We discuss implications for teacher education and practice including what strategies deter VA and effective teacher responses to victimization. We conclude with recommendations for future research such as examining risk and protective factors for VA involvement, assessing whether students’ attitudes and beliefs contribute to VA, and conducting longitudinal studies.

Exploring psychological distress among psychiatric nurses in Tunisia

IntroductionNurses working in psychiatric departments regularly encounter intricate, stress-inducing, and emotionally challenging situations. The mental well-being of these nurses directly influences the quality of care they deliver.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of psychological distress among psychiatric nurses and to identify the socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with it.MethodsCross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study conducted over the course of one month from October 11th to November 8th 2023. Participants included were psychiatric nurses working in Razi Hospital, Tunisia. We collected data using pre-established questionnaire which included socio-demographic and clinical data of the participants. The assessment of psychological distress was conducted using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), validated in Arabic. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in its 25th versionResultsWe collected data from 55 nurses working in Razi psychiatry hospital during the time of the study. Among them, 80% (n=44) were female. Their median age was 35 (Min=25, Max=62). Most of participants were married (81.8%, n=45) and 70.9 (n=39) had kids. In our sample, 5.5% (n=3) and 23.6% (n=13) had respectively personal psychiatric and somatic history. Some addictive behaviors were identified among our participants, especially smoking (14.5%, n=379) and alcohol use (3.6%, n=2).Regarding working conditions, 81.8% (n=45) were assigned shift work. They worked in the men’s ward (43.6%, n=24), the women’s ward (34.5%, n=19), or in both (21.8%, n=12). Furthermore, 45.5% (n=25) reported witnessing a suicide attempt during their work, and 74.5% (n=41) were victims of aggression, primarily by patients (82.5%, n=33). Sixty percent (n=33) said expressed a desire to transfer.Moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety and stress was observed in respectively 34.5% (n=19), 61.8% (n=34) and 36.4% (n=20) of cases.A significant association was found between stress among psychiatry nurses and personal somatic history (p <10-3). No further links were found between depression, anxiety, stress and other clinical factors.ConclusionsThese results emphasize the difficult working environment within psychiatric settings, emphasizing the critical requirement for specific interventions aimed at improving the mental health and well-being of psychiatric nurses.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Exploring Burnout: A Study on Psychiatric Nurses in Tunisia

IntroductionBurnout, marked by persistent workplace stress without effective management, is particularly pertinent for psychiatry nurses, considering the nature of their work environment and its potential impact on the quality of care they deliver.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of burnout among psychiatric nurses and to identify the socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with it.MethodsCross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study conducted over the course of one month from October 11th to November 8th 2023. Participants included were psychiatric nurses working in Razi Hospital, Tunisia. We collected data using pre-established questionnaire which included socio-demographic and clinical data of the participants. The assessment of Burnout was conducted using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), validated in Arabic. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in its 25th version.ResultsWe collected data from 55 nurses working in Razi psychiatry hospital during the time of the study. Among them, 80% (n=44) were female. Their median age was 35 (Min=25, Max=62). Most of participants were married (81.8%, n=45) and 70.9 (n=39) had kids. In our sample, 5.5% (n=3) and 23.6% (n=13) had respectively personal psychiatric and somatic history. Some addictive behaviors were identified among our participants, especially smoking (14.5%, n=379) and alcohol use (3.6%, n=2).Regarding working conditions, 81.8% (n=45) were assigned shift work. They worked in the men’s ward (43.6%, n=24), the women’s ward (34.5%, n=19), or in both (21.8%, n=12). Furthermore, 45.5% (n=25) reported witnessing a suicide attempt during their work, and 74.5% (n=41) were victims of aggression, primarily by patients (82.5%, n=33). Sixty percent (n=33) said expressed a desire to transfer.According to the MBI, 49.1% (n=27) had high emotional exhaustion, 27.3% (n=15) had high depersonalization and 67.3% (n=37) had low personal accomplishment.A significant association was found between low personal accomplishment and the desire to transfer to another department (p=0.026). No further links were found with other clinical data.ConclusionsOur findings provide a thorough examination of burnout among psychiatric nursing professionals, underscoring the critical need for specific interventions tailored to their unique challenges.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Balance of Power in Peer Victimization: The Role of Rivalry and Vulnerability

This study investigated characteristics associated with two kinds of peer victimization—bullying victimization and adversarial victimization—distinguished by different balances of power between the perpetrator and victim. Specifically, we examined whether bullying victimization (victim has less power than perpetrator) would be experienced to a greater extent by vulnerable adolescents with psychosocial difficulties (fewer close friendships, emotional symptoms) and less peer esteem (physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, dating popularity, and prestige). In contrast, we investigated whether adversarial victimization, in which the victim has equal or greater power than perpetrator, would be experienced by adolescents perceived as rivals because they are held in high esteem by peers. A total of 599 adolescents aged 9 to 14 years ( M = 11.93; SD = 1.40) completed a self-report measure of emotional symptoms and peer nomination measures of victimization, close friendship, physical attractiveness, dating popularity, perceived popularity, and prestige. Bullying victimization was negatively associated with close friendships, physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, and prestige, whereas adversarial victimization was positively associated with all four indicators of peer esteem. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring the power balance between the perpetrator and victim when studying peer victimization. Findings are discussed from an evolutionary perspective suggesting that victims of bullying are selected by perpetrators to achieve adaptive benefits while minimizing retaliatory, reputational, and social costs, whereas victims of adversarial aggression are targeted as rivals in competition for status and mates.

An Examination of (Proximal Determinants of) Online Aggression Perpetration Among Adults Aged 19 to 79

ABSTRACT Online aggression is not only prevalent among adolescents, but also among adults of all ages. Most of the previous studies among adults have focused on limited age cohorts, for instance, university populations. The present study’s aim is to investigate how age is related to online aggression, as well as to potential risk factors of this behavior among adults. To this aim, a cross-sectional survey was administered among 2,000 Belgian adults aged 19–79. Results showed a negative linear association between age and online aggression perpetration. Age was also negatively linearly related to victimization and acceptance of online aggression, whereas quadratic (U-parabola) relationships were found between age and online moral disengagement strategies (OMD). Different potential risk factors of online aggression perpetration were found for different age groups. Significant associations between (some) OMD strategies and perpetration were only found in the age groups 46–55 and 56–65. Acceptance of online aggression was associated with perpetration among 18–25- and 66±year-olds. For all age groups, online victimization was associated with perpetration. This association was the strongest among 26–36- and the lowest among 66±year-olds. The results imply that for developing effective intervention and/or prevention campaigns aiming adults, a one-size-fits-all strategy should be avoided.

Is Violence Victimization Associated with the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food? A Population-Based Study with 96 K Adolescent Students Exploring the Mediating Role of Psychoactive Substance Use

AbstractThis study analyzed the association between different types of violence victimization and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and explored the mediating role of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use on these associations. Cross-sectional study with Brazilian students aged 13–17. Participants reported their UPF consumption, bullying and physical aggression victimization, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs in the last month. Generalized linear regression models and mediation analyses were adjusted for the main confounders. A total of 96,396 adolescent students (52.2% female) were analyzed. In adjusted analyses, the number of UPF consumed was higher in those experiencing bullying victimization (β = 0.18; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.09, 0.27), aggression from parents or guardians (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.38) and aggression from others (β = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.49). The adjusted mediation models showed that these associations were partially mediated by alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use. Among adolescents, exposure to violence victimization might potentially drive a rise in the consumption of UPF. Such associations are partially influenced by an increased use of psychoactive substances.

Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Cyberabuse, Sexual Aggression, and Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Young Adults.

Quarantine guidelines that arose with the COVID-19 pandemic limited opportunities for social interaction, raising concerns about increases in intimate partner violence and cyberabuse while simultaneously restricting access to help. The current study assessed increases in cyberabuse, sexual aggression, and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in a U.S. nationally representative sample of young adults ages 18 to 35, recruited from a probability-based household panel. Data were collected between November 2020 and May 2021. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess the prevalence of any self-reported increase in cyberabuse, sexual aggression, or intimate partner victimization or perpetration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression models were run for each outcome measuring any increase compared to no increase. Approximately one in ten U.S. young adults ages 18 to 35 reported experiencing an increase in cyberabuse victimization (12.6%) and cyberabuse perpetration (8.9%) during the pandemic. Similar proportions were observed for increased sexual aggression victimization (11.8%) and perpetration (9.0%). More than one in five respondents (21.4%) reported that their intimate partner was more physically, sexually, or emotionally aggressive toward them during the pandemic. Conversely, 16.2% of respondents reported that they were more physically, sexually, or emotionally aggressive themselves toward an intimate partner, compared to their behavior before the onset of the pandemic. Having an intimate partner and staying at home more than usual during the pandemic were protective factors for both cyberabuse and sexual aggression victimization. Respondent age, education, and race and ethnicity were not associated with increased victimization or perpetration of cyberabuse or sexual aggression. However, women reported lower odds of increased sexual aggression perpetration than men. These findings improve understanding of changes to interpersonal abuse and associated risk factors during a period of social disruption.

Microaggressions in everyday life: race, gender, and sexual orientation

AbstractBeing the victim of a microaggression, that is, a relatively minor act of hostility that targets someone's (marginalized) social identity, can be distressing, but so can merely being in doubt over whether one has been the victim of such aggression. To address this last problem, Regina Rini has proposed a novel understanding of microaggressions that is meant to eliminate such doubts. On her “Ambiguous Experience Account,” whenever members of marginalized groups believe they might have been subjected to a microaggression, a microaggression will have been committed even if the would‐be perpetrator was not motivated by prejudiced aggression. This article challenges this account on grounds of being incompatible with people's lived experiences, including those of the would‐be victims, and argues that we should instead accept the conventional account on which microaggressive acts must be consciously or unconsciously motivated by prejudiced aggression. At the same time, it shows that those falsely suspected of having committed microaggressions will still merit blame sometimes for having failed to signal that their behavior was respectful of others, which lessens the concerns that Rini's conceptual engineering seeks to address. I conclude by drawing out some implications for the debate on microaggressions and attributional ambiguity.

A Latent Transition Analysis of Aggression Victimization Patterns During the Transition from Primary to Middle School.

School transitions provide contexts for adolescents to reconstruct peer relationships and re-establish social positions. Scarce research has captured the transition of aggressor and victim roles during this period and examined associated factors. To investigate the stability and shifts of aggressor and victim roles following the transition to middle school, this study conducted latent transition analysis with 1261 Chinese adolescents (32.6% female, Mage in Grade 6 = 12.1 years, SD = 0.7). Three subgroups were identified across Grades 5 to 8: aggressive-victims, victims and uninvolved. Adolescents were more likely to transition from aggressive-victim and victim roles to the uninvolved group during the transition to middle school compared to the transitions within the same educational phase. Males and those with insecure parental attachment were at higher risk of being and remaining in the involved groups. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of adolescent aggression and victimization and highlight the transition to middle school as a critical window for interventions aimed at helping adolescents disengage from aggression and victimization.

Використання природних рекреаційних ресурсів для потреб відпочинку в умовах війни

The article is devoted to the study of natural recreational resources and the infrastructure available for this purpose in the Pobuzka territorial community of Kirovohrad region, as well as the possible use of these resources for recreation and recuperation during a full-scale war. The main natural resourcessuch as climatic, water and forest of the community are analyzed. It is revealed how the available resources are used or can be used to organize recreation and restore human strength, and how each of the proposed types of recreational activities affects the human body. The peculiarities of using species-based resources for local socio-economic development as one of the sources of revenue for the community budget are revealed. It is justified that rural tourism can be a promising type of tourism in this territory, taking into the ongoing war and the resources required for its development. The main possible leisure and recreation services on the territory of the studied community were analyzed and it was determined that they are suitable for various categories of visitors during the war, primarily for people living in neighboring communities, forcibly displaced persons, families and victims of military aggression on the territory of Ukraine .