Victims Of Aggression Research Articles

국내외 관계적 공격성 관련 변인 메타분석

Objectives This study conducted a meta-analysis in order to comprehensively analyze the effect size on variables related to relational aggression.
 Methods 149 studies were selected among the papers published in South Korea and other countries, from 2010 to March 2020, variables related to relational aggression were extracted. Total effect size of variables related to relational aggression was calculated, next each variables were classified into risk and protection variable groups, and into individual internal, family environment, peers and school environment, and social environment variable groups, and checked the overall effect size. Finally, the moderating effects by age, gender, culture were analyzed in each variable group.
 Results As a result of the analysis, it showed medium effect size in all variable groups. Specifically, the effect size of peers and school environment variable group in the risk variable group and the effect size of social environment variable group in the protection variable group were larger than other variable groups. Psychopathy and externalizing behavior problem in the individual internal variable group, and class environment, aggression victimization, and negative teacher relation in the peers and school environment variable group were shown to have a large effect size. In addition, individual internal variable group and family environment variable group in the risk variable group had moderating effect by age, family environment variable group in the protection variable group had moderating effect by gender. The moderating effect of culture was confirmed in individual internal variable group among the protection variable group.
 Conclusions Based on the above results, the suggestion for multilateral interventions to relational aggression and limitations of this study were discussed.

Is it my fault? The role of the feeling of guilt in adolescent peer victimization.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between feelings of guilt, peer victimization in school, and loneliness based on adolescents' gender. A total of 671 Spanish students (50.7% boys), aged 10-16 years old (M = 13.04, SD = 1.80) from six public primary and secondary schools participated in the study. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (3 × 2) was calculated. Adolescents with high levels of guilt presented greater physical, verbal, and relational victimization, as well as higher levels of loneliness. In addition, boys high in guilt had the highest scores in overt physical victimization, while girls high in guilt had the highest levels of loneliness. Results obtained suggest that adolescents with greater feelings of guilt feel responsible for being victims of peer aggression and for feeling lonely. These findings suggest the need to address the feeling of guilt, taking into account the gender perception.

Relational Aggression Victimization and Depression: Testing Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism as Moderator and Mediator

The research examined the role of self-compassion and self-criticism as moderators and mediators in the relationship between relational aggression victimization and depression. Victimization of relational aggression had various negative consequences, one of which could be depression. However, few previous studies had examined moderator and mediator variables in the relationship between victimized relational aggression and depression. On the other hand, self-compassion and self-criticism could potentially be moderators and mediators between negative experiences and depression. The research used a cross-sectional approach involving 492 adolescents aged 12-21 years who had experienced victimization of relational aggression in the last three months. Analysis of moderators and mediators was used to test the hypothesis. The result shows that self-compassion does not act as a moderator and mediator. At the same time, self-criticism also does not act as a moderator but can mediate the relationship between relational aggression victimization and depression. It indicates that adolescents who get relational aggression from their friends tend to blame themselves excessively, which triggers feelings of depression. This finding indicates that adolescents tend to blame themselves after being victims of relational aggression, which eventually causes depression. Surprisingly, adolescents in Indonesia do not use self-compassion as a strategy in dealing with relational aggression by friends.

РОСІЙСЬКА АГРЕСІЯ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ ВІД 2014 РОКУ ДОНИНІ: ПОЗИЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДИПЛОМАТІЇ

This article is devoted to the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, which began in February 2014 and is still ongoing. In this context, attention is drawn to the informational and explanatory efforts of Ukrainian diplomacy, primarily the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. The official foreign policy position of the state of Ukraine regarding the prerequisites, causes, course and consequences of Russian aggression is investigated. Mainly, the substantive activity of Ukrainian diplomacy is highlighted – the provisions, arguments, and evidence that formed the basis of the powerful support of Ukraine (as a victim of Russian aggression) by leading states and intergovernmental organizations. In order to achieve this main goal of his research, the author carefully analyzed the official portal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. The specified ministry objectively classified Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine as a pre-planned military operation that began on February 20, 2014, with the seizure of the Crimean peninsula. Ukrainian diplomats are rightly convinced that Russia’s modern war against Ukraine is a civilizational conflict – a struggle against Russian neo-colonialism. The most important current goals of Ukraine include the liberation of the occupied territories, restoration of its territorial integrity, including the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. In addition, Russia must pay compensation for the destruction caused to Ukraine, and Russian war criminals must be properly punished. At the same time, Ukraine deserves effective international legal guarantees of its security and full membership in the European and Euro-Atlantic unions. In general, informational and educational efforts remain a priority area of activity of Ukrainian diplomacy in the conditions of Russian aggression against Ukraine.

ВОЛОНТЕРСТВО ЖІНОЦТВА ЯК ЕФЕКТИВНА СКЛАДОВА БОРОТЬБИ З РОСІЙСЬКИМ АГРЕСОРОМ (СОЦІО-ФІЛОСОФСЬКИЙ ТА ФІЛОСОФСЬКО- СВІТОГЛЯДНИЙ АНАЛІЗ)

The investigation is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of volunteering in modern Ukraine. Today all kinds, types and forms of volunteering, which are involved in the public space of both the warring country and the world complimentary to it, deserve close attention, support and study. This is, in particular, because it is the large-scale volunteer movement that is important along with the activities of the Armed Forces a component of the approaching Ukrainian Victory in the fight against Putin's totalitarian regime. The authors of the article pay special attention to the female component of volunteer activity, since the women of Ukraine have become the main volunteer force in helping the Armed Forces and victims of Russia's aggression against the Ukrainian nation and state. The volunteer movement has become the main formative factor of the developed civil society on the territory of modern Ukraine. Despite of the great interest in the study of volunteering in Ukraine and abroad, existing in the domestic socio-humanitarian discourse, a certain corpus of texts has already been created. It is worth admitting that scientists do not have time to analyze all the variety of manifestations of volunteer activity, its specific characteristics in various aspects, in particular, and what concerns gender component of the problem. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the specifics of the phenomenon of female volunteerism during Ukraine's war with the Russian aggressor as an effective component of this struggle and the approach of Ukrainian Victory. The research is conducted with an emphasis on the socio-philosophical and philosophical-worldview basis. Such a phenomenon as "intellectual volunteering" deserves special attention of scientists, the analysis of which is planned to be devoted special attention in a future study.

War and peace in the critical treatises by Erasmus of Rotterdam: an explication du text

In the face of ever-ongoing war activities all over the world throughout time, such as in Ukraine as a victim of Russian aggression since February 24, 2022, it behooves us to explore parts of the historical discourse on war and peace once again as we are all directly impacted by it in ideological, religious, emotional, political, and material economic terms. One of the most important spokespersons for peace in the pre-modern world was the Humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam, who had major insights to proffer that are relevant to us as well. This article examines some of his concepts through a close reading of several of his treatises and endeavors to highlight their relevance for us today and even beyond the traditional academic discourse. This study is embedded in a wider context concerning dictatorship, hypocrisy of Christians, virtues and vices, and ethics as discussed in early-sixteenth century Humanist circles, but it is really dedicated to the timeless question of what war means in practical terms, why peace is so precious, and also why it is so tenuous in light of shortcomings of the entire humankind.

How the work of a Ukrainian journalist changed during the war

Journalism and war or journalism in the conditions of war is a special type of journalism, specific media communication aimed at covering military conflicts. Today, Ukraine is directly involved in the war, so it is very important to study the changes that took place in journalism during the military confrontation between Ukraine and Russia. The article analyzed how the work of a Ukrainian journalist changed during the war from the point of view of both the audience and the journalists themselves. The main emphasis is on the analysis of the professional skills of journalists, which are transformed under the influence of war and impose many responsibilities and restrictions on journalists, and the specifics of the information war as a second front. Journalistic activity in the conditions of war is analyzed from the point of view of social responsibility and the struggle for information space in the conditions of propaganda and fakes, which are an integral part of the struggle for victory. Disinformation and the spread of fake news, which are tools of socio-political and military confrontation, also became the subjects of this study. It is important for recipients of news messages to develop the ability to think critically, check facts, and analyze primary sources to establish true information. Such skills make the work of Ukrainian journalists much easier, and it will be more difficult for propagandists from the aggressor country to win the heads and hearts of our people who observe information hygiene. The article examines the special language of the media in the conditions of war, analyzes the change in journalists’ rhetoric, the transformation of speech, and the introduction to the modern use of war-related neologisms, which play a significant role in journalistic narratives, the correlation, and correspondence between information policy and journalistic standards, which can change in the conditions of war. Based on foreign experience, in particular Israel, examples of media models that can be applied in the Ukrainian context are given. It is important that Ukrainian experts are able to competently and professionally build the media world in the conditions of war in such a way that it does not harm either the military or the victims of Russian aggression.

Analysis of primary care of victims of interpersonal and self inflicted violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

to analyze the epidemiological profile of aggression victims admitted at the emergency room on a trauma hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, to compare these data in different restriction periods and with prepandemic data from the same service. cross-sectional study with probabilistic sampling using medical records of patients who were victims of aggression admitted at the hospital between June 2020 and May 2021. In addition to the epidemiological variables, other variables collected were the current restriction level, mechanism of aggression, resulting injuries and the Revised Trauma Score (RTS). The data was compared between the three restriction levels and the proportion of attendances during the study period was compared with the pre-pandemic study (December 2016 to February 2018). the average age was 35.5 years, 86.1% of the patients were male and 61.6% of the attendances were due to blunt injury. The highest average of attendances per day occurred during the "yellow" restriction level (2.9), however there was no significant difference when comparing the restriction periods two by two. There was also no significant difference either in the analysis of the standardized residuals of the proportions of aggressions or the mechanism of aggression in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. there was a predominance of attendances due to blunt trauma and in young male patients. There was no significant difference between the average daily attendance for aggression during the three restriction levels and between the proportion of attendances in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period.

To be or not to be is not a matter of compromise

To be or not to be is not a matter of compromise

THE IMPACT OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS ON SOVIET MIDDLE EASTERN POLICY. HOW IT LED TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1967

The widespread perception of the “Caribbean” crisis as a setback for the Soviet Union overlooks the major achievement that Moscow did score. This was Khrushchev’s success – which, unfortunately for his future in the Soviet leadership, he agreed to the Kennedys’ demand not to publicize – to gain the withdrawal of American Jupiter missiles from Turkey. But within three years, the joint French-Israeli development of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems threatened to plug the gap that had thus been created in the ring of nuclear-armed western pacts that were the subject of perennial Soviet fears. Documents and memoirs that surfaced in the early years after the USSR’s collapse, cross-checked against US and Israeli sources, reveal this motivation for, and the hitherto unknown features of, the Soviets’ response when in late 1965 an authoritative informant confirmed that despite domestic political change and US pressure, Israel was about to cross the nuclear threshold. This added urgency to Moscow’s regional considerations in favor of supporting an Arab attack on Israel, and produced what was in several respects a mirror-image of the Cuban affair. A joint plan was developed with Egypt, to provoke an Israeli first strike that would legitimize Soviet military intervention to “aid the victims of aggression” and ensure Israel’s defeat. The provocations included overflights of Israel’s nuclear facility by advanced Soviet aircraft; the intervention was to include targeting of the facility by Soviet strategic bombers. This plan’s fiasco in the Six-Day War of June 1967 shaped the Middle East as well as Soviet policy there for decades to come, as an indirect but distinct consequence of the Cuban crisis

American social media on the Russia-Ukraine war: A multimodal analysis

This research focuses on political narrative about the Russia-Ukraine war in American social media. It aims to investigate the type and configuration of multimodal semiotic resources used to present the events of this war and shape their perception by the audience, primarily American; The New York Times Telegram channel coverage of the 2022 Russian invasion as a case study. What kind of semiotic resources do American social media deploy to construct the narrative about the war? What are the dominant post formats, how they deploy information about the Russia-Ukraine war and construe its perception: the concepts of the war, of Ukraine as a victim of aggression and a fighter for independence, of Russia as a terrorist-state, and of their allies and opponents? Theoretically, this study is underpinned by a cognitive-semiotic, political linguistic and multimodal approach. In political media narrative, storytelling shapes perception of war realities: it frames and reframes the readers’ construal of the world, ascribes connotations to facts and events. A multimodal narrative involves different semiotic resources—verbal, graphic, audial, and cinematographic (in video). The configuration of these heterogeneous signs in a particular Telegram channel’s post defines its influence as predominantly rational or emotional. The findings show that the following post formats are typical for The New York Times Telegram channel: image followed by text and link to another site (the most frequent); gallery (a gallery of images) and quote (a quotation with its source/author as the title) (less frequent); video and audio (rarely used). They serve to accentuate, elaborate, and extend the information in the post. I argue that Telegram posts together with users’ emoji-reactions are a specific interactive genre of a multimodal political discourse. Emojis realize both pragmatic and cognitive functions: on the one hand, they are effective instruments to measure users’ reaction; on the other, they contribute to meaning-making by evaluating and making salient the concepts described. The dominance of rational and verified information in The New York Times Telegram channel creates the true image of Russia’s genocidal war against Ukraine and provides a fair assessment of related concepts.

Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Focus on the Argentinean context

Workplace violence is classified according to the focus of analysis: type of aggression (physical, psychological, and sexual) and according to the perpetrator (internal violence, if it is a member of the organization and external when it is a user or his/her companions). The impact on the worker's health is severe; the psychological damage is the first to be registered, with all the progressive symptoms of stress: cognitive disorders - loss of immediate memory, dispersion of attention and concentration, permanent state of alertness, self-reproach, anguish, depression, exhaustion, sensation of unreality, fantasies of annihilation, fragmentation of identity, sleep disorders and conflict with affective relationships and bonds of belonging. The studies analyzed show that the effects of aggression are varied and will depend on the frequency and severity of the episodes and the vulnerability caused by the number of episodes, which cause deterioration in the quality of care, suffering, and illness of those involved, thus affecting not only the personnel involved but also having repercussions on their families and the environment outside the workplace. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and analyze the factors involved in the different situations that arise and thus be able to intervene promptly. Statistics show that violence is more frequent the younger the staff is and more frequent in the case of women. It is also evident that not only age and sex are the factors that have the most significant impact on acts of violence, but other variants, such as nationality, place of work, and position held, influence the moment of being victims of aggression in the work environment.

Autonomous Weapons Systems and Force Short of War

Though war is never a good thing, all things considered, there are times when it is arguably justified. Most obviously, providing direct military assistance to a victim of unjust aggression would constitute a rather clear case for military intervention. However, the providing of direct military assistance may in some cases be a prospect fraught with risks and dangers, rendering it politically (and possibly even morally) difficult for states to adequately justify such action. In this article I argue that autonomous weapons systems present a way past this dilemma, providing a method for delivering direct military assistance, but doing so in a way that is less politically overt and hostile than sending one’s own combat units to aid a beleaguered state. Thus, sending autonomous weapon systems (AWS) presents an additional forceful measure short of war which states may employ, adding to the political options available for combating unjust aggression, and allowing one to provide direct assistance to victim states without necessarily bringing one’s own state into the conflict. In making this argument I draw on the current Russian invasion of Ukraine as a running example.

Effects of the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons on Women Security in Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon

The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of small arms and light weapons proliferation on women's security in Cameroon's Adamawa region. The study used a mixed-method approach and a descriptive research design. The total population of target population was 290,000 people. The sample size was 400 people. Because Ngaoundere is densely populated, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used. A questionnaire and key informant interviews were used to collect data, which included both qualitative and quantitative information. The collected data was keyed and analyzed with the most recent version of SPSS. According to the findings, the population of Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon is diverse, with nationals primarily from the country's far north, but also from the country's North West and South West regions. Several expatriates, mostly humanitarian workers and refugees, live in the area of study. Aggression with SALW has increased in Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, over the last decade. The majority of victims of aggression caused by the use of SALW are women, making them more vulnerable to threats using small arms and light weapons. The study recommends that a national commission on small arms and light weapons be established. The study also recommends that more women be encouraged to participate in discussions about security and disarmament. Keywords: Small Arms, Light Weapons, Women Security, Adamawa region, Cameroon

Peer correlates of conduct problems in girls.

Conduct problems are increasingly prevalent in girls and they uniquely predict negative outcomes. Yet, few reliable risk factors for aggression and violence in girls and women have been identified. Although preliminary evidence suggests peer relationships may be central to the development of youth conduct problems, especially in girls, rigorous interactive models of peer risk and protective factors for conduct problems are lacking. Based on 3104 10-13-year-old girls in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study, we tested the independent associations of separate peer risk factors (i.e., relational aggression victimization, physical aggression victimization, and deviant peer affiliation) with multidimensional conduct problems, including their moderation by peer support. Being the victim of relational aggression, being the victim of physical aggression, and deviant peer affiliation were each positively associated with conduct problems and perpetration of aggression whereas peer support was negatively associated with youth report conduct problems and perpetration of physical aggression. Further, elevated peer support significantly attenuated the association of being the victim of relational aggression with teacher-rated conduct problems. These results highlight the sensitivity of conduct problems to peer risk factors and suggest that peer support designates important configurations of risk that differentially relate to conduct problems in girls.

Oral and maxillofacial trauma in women assaulted by men: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundViolence against women represents an urgent public health problem and has been an increasingly important topic in society's discussions and concerns. Although studies report a high prevalence of injuries to the face and head of women victims of intentional violence, this physical damage has never been investigated by grouped studies. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to research the characteristics and the overall prevalence of oral-maxillofacial trauma in women victims of physical violence caused by men. MethodsSearches were carried out on Medline (via PubMed) and Lilacs (via Virtual Health Library) and on gray literature until June 16, 2020 (updated on February 12, 2021) without restriction on the year of publication or language. ResultsA total of 27 studies involving 9,318 women victims of aggression by men and 3,738 oral-maxillofacial traumas were included. The prevalence of oral-maxillofacial trauma among all injuries in women was 51% (95% CI 28% - 74%). There was no significant difference in the chance of occurrence between soft tissue injuries (bruises, lacerations, abrasions, edema, erythema, and epistaxis) and hard tissue injuries (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.43 - 4.80). The relationship between the victims and the aggressors was mainly that of intimate partners and relatives. ConclusionsThese results highlight the need for political and ethical reflection to prevent oral-maxillofacial trauma and ensure women's health and human rights.

Implications of Russia’s war in Ukraine for Belarus and its society: what exactly is written in the EU documents?

This article provides an assessment of the relevant EU documents pertinent to the restrictive measures against Lukashenka’s regime after the 2020 fraudulent presidential elections in Belarus and since the beginning of 2022 Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The text identifies relevant concepts and provides their contextual analysis vis-à-vis their linkage with Belarus in general, its society and Lukashenka’s regime. The article reveals that Belarus did not become a priority of the EU and its pre-war critical engagement policy failed to contribute to the development of a unified EU-wide vocabulary addressing the Belarusian case. With the start of the war, it was internationalised and placed within a binarity “victim of aggression – (co-)aggressor” with little evidence of an unequivocal shift towards a primary focus on the contextual interpretation of the domestic developments in Belarus.ts in Belarus.

How Different are Girls and Boys as Bullies and Victims? Comparative Perspectives on Gender and Age in the Bullying Dynamics

Bullying involves aggressive behaviors with the intention to harm others, including manifestations of systematic abuse of power. Two types of bullying can be considered: physical and psychological. Students may get involved in bullying dynamics as bullies, victims, or both - aggressive victims. The literature defines bullying as a global phenomenon, affecting both girls and boys. Therefore, Portuguese schools are no exception, with several studies from North to South of the country demonstrating the presence of bullying in schools, both in elementary and middle schools. The aim of this study is to elaborate the differences and experiences by both genders, boys and girls, in the current dynamics of school bullying. Thus, answering the question - how different are girls and boys as bullies and victims? In addition, it intends to impart the acquired knowledge and raise awareness of the implications of this social context in which Portuguese children are currently involved. The results obtained from a sample of 1147 students attending the 1st cycle of Portuguese education (elementary schools) were in line with previous studies. In order to enrich the literature, bullies, victims, and aggressive victims were characterized in detail. Finally, the importance of the adults’ intervention, especially teachers, was highlighted.

Reaction to the Russian aggression against Ukraine: cities as international standards’ supporters

ABSTRACT Cities are taking part in enforcing international standards/law by humanitarian assistance to Ukraine and relief for Ukrainian refugees, severing sister cities’ ties with Russian cities and breaking other forms of cooperation with them. This enforcement consists of implementing sanctions against Russia and supporting the victim of illegal Russian aggression in the exercise of collective self-defense. The research goal of this article is to examine the reaction of 12 cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Geneva, London, Madrid, Munich, Paris, Stockholm, Strasbourg and the Hague, chosen as part of a broader research project that the authors are implementing) to Russian aggression against Ukraine and on that basis to catalogue or classify their actions as well as answer the question whether they are enforcing international standards only by following their states’ actions or by acting ahead of them. The cities had been chosen as part of a broader research project that the authors are implementing. The research methods include desk analysis and multiple case studies. The information has mostly been obtained from the websites of the respective city councils as well as via e-mails from the International Affairs offices/officers of examined cities.

Lethal violence against women in southern Brazil: Spatial analysis and associated factors

Objectiveestimate the risk for the occurrence of lethal violence against women and to identify the associated factors in the state of Paraná. Methodecological study of deaths of women aged between 15 and 59 years, victims of aggression. The units of analysis were the cities of Paraná. Latent Bayesian Gaussian models with negative binomial probability distribution were used. The modeling considered intercept, spatial random effects and covariates, performed with the deterministic Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations approach. ResultsThere was a positive association between lethal violence against women and the percentage of mothers who were heads of households. Finally, male homicide rates, rates of non-lethal violence against women and the cities with women mayors and councilors were also associated. ConclusionThis type of violence was associated with low education, structural violence and the participation of women in politics.