Categories Of Victims Research Articles

Female survivors’ experiences of authorities’ actions in cases of partner stalking

Previous studies have shown that civil authorities fail to understand the nature of stalking and the harmful consequences it causes victims. The aim of this study was to investigate how the victims of partner stalking had perceived the actions of civil authorities and the stalking investigation process. The data were drawn from conversations among members of an internet-based peer support group for female victims of partner stalking. We identified four main categories of victims’ experiences pertaining to authorities’ actions and the investigation process: authorities’ problems in dealing with stalking, dissatisfaction with the investigation process, trust in the authorities and expectations of future actions by the authorities. Negative experiences were clearly foregrounded in the data. The results indicate that civil authorities continue to have problems in dealing with stalking. Authorities, especially the police, representatives of the justice system and child protection personnel should be offered more comprehensive education to enable them to deal more effectively when encountering female stalking victims.

Gender and White-Collar Crime: Convenience in Target Selection

ABSTRACT We find support for the idea that gender affects target selection when committing white-collar crime. Based on the theory of convenience, we argue that male and female offenders vary in their perceptions of convenience when considering alternative categories of crime and alternative categories of victims. We obtained data from Utah’s White Collar Crime Offender Registry. Individuals in the state of Utah who are convicted of a second-degree white-collar crime felony or higher are required to register. The categories of crime included from statute HB 378 are securities fraud, theft by deception, unlawful dealing of property by fiduciary, fraudulent insurance, mortgage fraud, communications fraud, and money laundering.

Interrogation of the victims during the investigation of crimes committed by youth extremist groups

For several years in Ukraine and in other countries, the activity of informal criminal groups, in particular, of the youth groups, can be observed. Thus, there is a need for theoretical understanding of the activities of the respective criminal groups in order to make proposals for improving the current criminal procedural legislation. The article emphasizes the importance of evidential information that can be obtained during the interrogation of victims of crimes committed by youth informal groups of extremist orientation. In this connection, the authors have considered: 1) the features of the victims to be taken into account when investigating the criminal activity of informal youth extremist groups; 2) sources of information on the identification of victims of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups of extremist orientation; 3) separate questions of questioning of the specified category of victims. The scientific literature devoted to informal youth groups, fight against extremism, investigation of group crimes, etc. was analyzed during the scientific research. In addition, such scientific methods as observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, extrapolation were used. The empirical basis for the study was the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups (in particular, with extremist orientation). A promising area of scientific and applied research of the stated problem is the development of methodological recommendations on the conduct of communicative investigative (search) actions, in particular, the questioning of such a procedural figure as the victim.

Violence Victimization, Substance Use Disparities, and Gender-Nonconforming Youth

Exposure to violence victimization may help explain disparities of substance use among gender-nonconforming youth (i.e., those whose gender expression differs from societal expectations). In 2015, three large urban school districts (2 in California and 1 in Florida) conducted a Youth Risk Behavior Survey that included the assessment of gender expression among a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 6,082 high school students. Five categories of violence victimization were assessed (felt unsafe at school, threatened or injured with a weapon at school, bullied at school, electronically bullied, and forced sexual intercourse). In 2019, the effect of violence victimization on substance use disparities was examined by calculating sex-stratified prevalence ratios by gender nonconformity, adjusted for sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and grade (adjusted prevalence ratio 1 [APR1]), and comparing these with prevalence ratios adjusted for those variables plus violence victimization (adjusted prevalence ratio 2 [APR2]). Among female students, only being threatened or injured with a weapon was significantly (p<0.05) associated with gender nonconformity and there were no substance use disparities by gender nonconformity. Among male students, every category of violence victimization was more prevalent among gender-nonconforming than among gender-conforming students and most substance use categories demonstrated significant gender nonconformity disparities. After controlling for violence victimization, these disparities decreased but remained statistically significant for the use of cocaine (APR1=2.84 vs APR2=1.99), methamphetamine (APR1=4.47 vs APR2=2.86), heroin (APR1=4.55 vs APR2=2.96), and injection drug use (APR1=7.90 vs APR2=4.72). School-based substance use prevention programs may benefit from strategies that support gender diversity and reduce violence victimizations experienced by gender-nonconforming students, by providing a safe and supportive school environment.

Analysis of Sentencing Practice for Assault (Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)

The article examines the issue of sentencing for an assault under Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. 200 sentences passed by the courts of first instance in criminal proceedings under Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are analysed. It is established that mostly assaults are committed in similar legally significant circumstances, which can be classified according to certain criteria: type of violence, material damage, the category of victims, and so on. During the research it was found out that the sanction of Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides for a sentence of three to seven years in prison. However, in most cases courts impose a minimum or close to the minimum sentence (3–4 years imprisonment), in some cases — the average sentence (5 years imprisonment). At the same time, courts don’t impose a maximum or close to the maximum limit (6–7 years of imprisonment). This situation is explained by the fact that courts don’t take into account all factors that can affect the punishment: the type of violence, material damage, the consequences for the health of the victim, the category of victims, and so on. Based on the results of the analysis, it’s proposed own approach to sentencing for an assault. However, it was identified cases of unreasonable application of Article 69 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the overly lenient sentencing, not provided by the sanction of Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It’s also researched the state of release from serving a sentence of persons who committed an assault, on the basis of Article 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The analysis provides grounds for concluding that the percentage of cases of application of Article 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is excessive, as well as the tendency according to which under similar circumstances and conditions, one person is sentenced to a real punishment and another to a suspended sentence. Keywords: punishment, sentencing, assault.

Decree 0328 of 1958 and Law 975 of 2005: Reflections on changes of peace negotiated in Colombia

Amnesties and pardons in Colombia have been used as a means for political resolution to the armed conflict. The political negotiation strategy of the armed struggle has not been a determining factor to help cessation of hostilities and the protection of human rights. In 1958, Legislative Decree 0328 was issued in search of the pacification of the country’s southwest region, but later, it had to be extended to cover the entire territory due to the spreading of the effects of armed conflict to the rest of the country; its validity was short-lived and only provided benefits until 1959. Between the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, several amnesties and pardons were signed in Colombia with different organized armed groups. In 2005, Law 975 is signed, it is known as the Justice and Peace Law (Ley de Justicia y Paz) and was expected to demobilize the paramilitary groups that operated throughout the national territory and bring forth a shift in the way of negotiating peace. In addition, the appearance of the category of victim, to whom rights were granted, was configured in Law 975. The truth began to be spoken in parallel to the construction of historical memory.

Mixed migration flows into Europe: discharging state anti-trafficking obligations through the proper identification of trafficking victims

The mixed migration flows continuously moving towards Europe test the social stability and sustainability of European states, thus rendering imperative the adoption and implementation of revised measures and action plans to protect effectively the individuals involved and comprehensively address any criminality relating to this movement. Most of these displaced persons are bearers of rights, triggering state obligations, with some belonging to the category of human trafficking victims, and as such entitled to a special protection regime. Part 1 explores the challenges European states face in fulfilling the core anti-trafficking obligations, within the specific context of the current mixed migration flow, arguing that identification is the cornerstone for the successful discharge of all these obligations, as well as the most challenging task in the current 'migrant crisis' context. Part 2 then endeavours to establish some clearer parameters for the identification of trafficking victims, who qualify as such at the outset, as well as to delineate some indicators of vulnerable individuals, who can potentially become trafficking victims after arrival.

Mixed migration flows into Europe: discharging state anti-trafficking obligations through the proper identification of trafficking victims

The mixed migration flows continuously moving towards Europe test the social stability and sustainability of European states, thus rendering imperative the adoption and implementation of revised measures and action plans to protect effectively the individuals involved and comprehensively address any criminality relating to this movement. Most of these displaced persons are bearers of rights, triggering state obligations, with some belonging to the category of human trafficking victims, and as such entitled to a special protection regime. Part 1 explores the challenges European states face in fulfilling the core anti-trafficking obligations, within the specific context of the current mixed migration flow, arguing that identification is the cornerstone for the successful discharge of all these obligations, as well as the most challenging task in the current 'migrant crisis' context. Part 2 then endeavours to establish some clearer parameters for the identification of trafficking victims, who qualify as such at the outset, as well as to delineate some indicators of vulnerable individuals, who can potentially become trafficking victims after arrival.

БЛАГОТВОРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОМОЩЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ РУССКИМ ВОЕННОПЛЕННЫМ В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The main areas of charitable assistance to Russian prisoners of war by residents of Western Siberia during the First World War are identifi and analyzed. On the basis of archival documents and periodical materials, the features of organizing and holding charity events in diff periods of the war are considered. The author concludes that public charity in the region contributed to a signifi improvement in the situation of this category of war victims.

THE EXPERTISE OF THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION WITH PARTICIPATION IN WORKS FOR LIQUIDATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF CHORNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT IN REMOTE POSTACCIDENTAL PERIOD.

to optimize decision-making criteria for the expert estimation of the casual relationship between development and progression of AH under the influence of RE in clean-up workers of the Chornobyl NPP accident (CWs)in the remote postaccidental period based on the study of odds ratio (OR) of the course of the disease. A retrospective analysis of the structure of 16073 cases of victims of the Chornobyl NPP(ChNPP) accident, considered by the Central Interagency Expert Commission of Ministry of Health of Ukraine for diseases, reason of disability and death causal relationship to ChNPP accident (CIEC) during 2014-2016, allowed toform a group of 401 cases of CW with AH to determine the OR of the course of the disease. The main group consisted of 330 CWs for whom the development of AH has a causal relationship with the participation in the work for liquidation consequences of the Chornobyl NPP accident (WLAc), the comparison group - 71 CWs in respect of whoma negative expert decision was made. There were not significant differences between both groups of CWs in doseof external radiation exposure (DERE) in the main group - (0.155 ± 0.085) Sv, in CWs of the comparison group -(0.135 ± 0.086) Sv (р = 0.868). In the remote postaccidental period, HSC take the second place (39.62 %) in the structure of medicalexpertise of the causal relationship of the diseases development and progression with RE for all categories of victims of the Chernobyl accident. The share of cases of AH was 28.4% of the total number of cases considered CWs. Inthe structure of cases of relationship of diseases of CWs that led to death, the share of AH was 17.8 %. In CWs themain group the AH developed in (9.4 ± 6.2) years after participation in WLAc, which is on average 6 years earlierthan in the comparison group (р < 0.001). AH in the main group of CWs developed at the age of 5.8 years youngerthan in the comparison group (р = 0.0005). The need for inpatient treatment come 8.6 years earlier (14.6 ± 7.7years) than in CWs comparison group (р < 0.001). At DERE 0,05 Sv and over, increases the probability of developmentand progression of AH that has causal relationship with participation in the WLAc. For medical expertise of thecausal relationship of the AH development and progression with WLAc at DERE 0.20 Sv and over the significant evidence value have the next criteria: terms Somatoform Vegetative (autonomic) Dysfunction (SVD) development(within 3,5 years) and its transformation into AH (within 7 years), verification of the AH diagnosis (within 9,5 years),inpatient treatment for SVD or AH (within 15 years), vascular events (Acute Cerebrovascular Accident - Stroke(ACVA) - within 24 years after participation in the WLAc or 11 years after the AH diagnosed, myocardial infarction(MI) - within 22 years after participation in the WLAc or 10.5 years after the AH diagnosed), the establishment ofpermanent disability. Radiation factor has an evidence influence on the development and progression of AH in CWs. Criteria ofthe development and progression of AH in CWs can be used for evidence-based medical expertise for estimation of thecausal relationship of the disease with the WLAc in the remote post accidental period at DERE more than 0.20 Sv.

Survival Strategies of Nigerian Victims of Trafficking in Paris

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation of Nigerian women in France is a phenomenon addressed by the abolitionist movement and national security policies. Both currents have created the category of ideal victim, generating that many Nigerian women have been expelled from the country as illegal migrants or prostitutes guilty of pimping. In this way, this paper presents the difficulties that Nigerian women face and the strategies they develop to remain in France. At the same time, I present my results of an investigation into the racialization interactions and processes that occur within a social assistance association for Nigerian women in situations of sexual exploitation. In conclusion, Nigerian women are not defined based on their trajectories or the identities they build, but instead categories defined by the public policies of victims, pimps and illegal migrants are imposed.

Discriminant Analysis: Classifying and Predicting Sexual Offenders

Crimes or offences against women have their major contribution to spoil the physical and mental health of women. There are varieties of techniques and methods exists, through which crime against women can be analysed and predict for preventing and controlling it. In this paper a model has been proposed to classify and predict sexual offenders for two categories of victim namely major and minor using multiple discriminant analysis. IBM SPSS 21, statistical software has been used to build model with 85.3% of accuracy rate to classify and predict the cases. Dataset of sexual offenders has been extracted from the Chicago police portal system. After the compilation of the dataset four attributes have been used in the current analysis namely age, height, weight and victim_type. Three variables are taken as independent variables and one variable namely victim_type used as a target variable as it has two categories i.e. minor and major. All the three independent variables have their contribution in the model building but with different contribution rates. By using the standardized beta and wilk’s lambda, ranking of contribution of independent variables has been generated. Age of the sexual offenders has contributed the most to predict sexual offender. The second ranked variable found as weight, its contribution towards prediction is higher than “Height” but lower than “Age”. The variable “Height” got third rank as low predictor to predict sexual offenders for victim types. The proposed model is very effective and would be used to implement or taken the different security measures in the various public or private places to prevent and control the various kind of sexual offences.

Tracking and analyzing dynamics of news-cycles during global pandemics

How does the tone of reporting during a disease outbreak change in relation to the number of cases, categories of victims, and accumulating deaths? How do newspapers and medical journals contribute to the narrative of a historical pandemic? Can data mining experts help history scholars to scale up the process of examining articles, extracting new insights and understanding the public opinion of a pandemic? We explore these problems in this paper, using the 19thcentury Russian Flu epidemic as an example. We study two different types of historical data sources: the US medical discussion and popular reporting during the epidemic, from its outbreak in late 1889 through the successive waves that lasted through 1893. We analyze and compare these articles and reports to answer three major questions. First, we analyze how newspapers and medical journals report the Russian flu and describe the situation. Next, we help historians in understanding the tone of related reports and how they vary across data sources. We also examine the temporal changes in the discussion to get an in-depth understanding of how public opinion changed about the pandemic. Finally, we aggregate all of the algorithms in an easy to use framework GrippeStory to help history scholars investigate historical pandemic data in general, across chronological periods and locations. Our extensive experiments and analysis on a large number of historical articles show that GrippeStory gives meaningful and useful results for historians and it outperforms the baselines.

A multidisciplinary approach to skin plastic of skull defects formed after implantation

At the present time in connection with the growth craniotomies interventions cranioplasties operations is widespread. The introduction of a significant number of heterogeneous implants to restore the integrity of the structures of the skull is accompanied by an increase in the frequency of complications in the area of their installation (up to 34 % of cases), which first and foremost must include the formation of ulcers of the skin and purulent inflammation. The basic principles of surgical treatment of such category of victims now provide implant removal, long-term conservative preparation of wounds and repeated reconstructive intervention in the long term. The article presents an analysis of four clinical observations of successful treatment of patients with defects of the skin of the skull over the implants using a number of methods of combined skin plastics. It is shown that surgical interventions using skin-fascial flaps and free split grafts can prevent implant removal, preserve foreign structures and avoid complications in the early postoperative period.

Современные ювенальные технологии в уголовном процессе России

The article deals with the implementation of international and domestic law in the field of juvenile criminal justice as well as norms aimed at protecting the rights and legal interests of juvenile victims. The concept of juvenile technologies is briefly analyzed, the conclusion is made about the need to expand its content in terms of the coverage of the interests of the minor victim. In the course of the study gaps in the regulatory framework were identified, and some problems of law enforcement were highlighted. There are analyzed the novels of the criminal procedure legislation of recent years. Emphasis is placed on the need to prioritize the protection of juvenile victims and the humanization of criminal procedural policies in relation to them. Among the most pressing issues are questions about the procedural capacity of minors when applying for a crime, expanding the categories of victims under the age of 18 who are eligible for legal assistance from the federal budget. The issues of mediation in criminal cases involving minors are addressed. The experience of individual subjects of the Russian Federation on the application of specific juvenile technologies that are relatively new to the domestic legal system is analyzed and summarized. Also on the basis of statistics of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation an assessment has been made of the use of traditional measures applied to minors in the framework of criminal justice.

The Category of Victim \u201cFrom Below\u201d: the Case of the Movement of Victims of State Crimes (MOVICE) in Colombia

In this article, I focus on the work of the Movement of Victims of State Crimes (Movice) in Colombia. The work of Movice, I suggest, is an example of how the category of “victim” from international law discourse is adopted and used from below by victims of mass atrocities. I show that, through this category, Movice attempts to introduce an alternative narrative of the internal armed conflict in which the state is a perpetrator of violence against civilian population as part of a practice of elimination of political opposition through violent means. To do this, I focus on three political opportunities in which Movice deployed the category of victim between 2005 and 2016. I suggest that Movice is an example of how a movement of victims can adopt categories of international law to frame their struggles and, in doing so, infuse them with new contents.

Polyvictimization, Psychological Distress, and Trauma Symptoms in College Men and Women

This study examined the relationship between polyvictimization, psychological distress, and trauma symptoms in college men and women. Childhood victimization was common among participants. Regression analyses revealed that polyvictimization (i.e., high cumulative levels of victimization) is a better predictor of psychological distress and trauma symptoms than is any individual category of victimization (i.e., sexual, physical, peer/sibling, child maltreatment, witnessing/indirect, or property crime). Gender did not moderate the relation between victimization and distress and trauma symptoms. Implications for counselors are discussed.

Odebranie osoby małoletniej podlegającej władzy rodzicielskiej w związku z przemocą w rodzinie

In the light of critical remarks and opinions with respect to the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of domestic violence, issues relating to how to protect children against abuse by parents and guardians have been regulated in recent amendments therein. It was considered that children form a special category of victims of domestic violence, and violence against children, in its various dimensions, should be treated as the greatest cruelty. It does not matter in which aspect of life the violence occurs, whenever it is given the attribute of unlawfulness, it should be meticulously eliminated through the introduction of measures that would prevent it in the future. In addition, the obligation to consider the good of the child is a basic interpretative rule in the interpretation of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code governing relations between parents and children. The importance of the principle of protecting the best interests of the child goes beyond the order of national law and has its source in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, applicable in Poland since 7 July 1991. Supreme Court case law emphasizes the importance of Art. 3 of this Convention as a general directive applied when considering conflicts of parents regarding the provision of childcare. In view of the above, on 25 June 2010, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted an amendment to the Act, under which an effective fight against the phenomenon of violence against children was started, and protection against child abuse was provided. One of the provisions effective since 1 August 2010 is the regulation contained in Art. 12a in a new wording, according to which, in the event of a direct threat to the child’s health or life due to domestic violence, a social worker, together with a policeman and a health care worker, may remove a child from their family and place the minor in a safe place. It should be noted that the adopted provision should apply only in such special situations, when a social worker, while performing official activities, is a witness to a situation that threatens the life or health of the child, including carers who are unable to care for the child due to drunkenness, or show aggression towards the child, or where the child’s carers have left them alone. In such circumstances, there is a fear that the lack of intervention will result in irreversible consequences that can lead to tragedy. In addition, during the police intervention pursuant to Article 72 of the Polish Constitution, a child may be taken away from his family in crisis situations requiring immediate child care, in which the child is seen as a victim of violence or whose parents, being intoxicated, are not able to take care of the child. The article discusses the procedure of a child being taken from their parents by a social worker due to the occurrence of domestic violence, and a child being taken from their relatives in crisis situations encountered during police intervention.

Victimario: la víctima desconocida del conflicto armado colombiano. Análisis de su reparación en torno al principio de igualdad

El presente artículo de investigación es de tipo descriptivo, de análisis documental y jurisprudencial. Busca responder a la situación problemática en la cual un mismo sujeto ostenta la calidad de víctima y de victimario, en particular, cuando ha sido víctima de reclutamiento forzado, siendo menor de edad, y a la vez es victimario desmovilizado, siendo mayor de edad, en el contexto de los acuerdos de paz suscritos por el Gobierno colombiano y las farc-EP, tomando como base normativa la Ley 1448 de 2011. Con el objeto de enfrentar esta situación problemática, se analizaron teórica y conceptualmente las categorías de víctima y victimario, para, paso seguido, construir una categoría independiente, denominada víctima-victimario. Se revisaron la doctrina y la jurisprudencia en relación con el principio de igualdad, concretándolo en el juicio de proporcionalidad en relación con aquellos menores de edad que fueron reclutados e incorporados a las filas de un grupo armado al margen de la ley y que se desmovilizaron siendo aún menores de edad, los cuales, de acuerdo con la Ley 1448 de 2011, ostentan la calidad de víctimas, en contraste con aquellos que se desmovilizaron siendo ya mayores de edad y que, por tal motivo, de acuerdo con la misma normativa, pierden la condición de víctimas. A partir del análisis en torno a los mecanismos de reparación a las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano, se concluye con la autoría mediata como solución a la vinculación del víctima-victimario en el proceso de reparación a las víctimas del conflicto armado.

Victimization from Peer Aggression and/or Bullying: Prevalence, Overlap, and Psychosocial Characteristics

ABSTRACTBullying and peer victimization are overlapping concepts related to aggressive behaviors by peers, prevalent among children and adolescents worldwide. Bullying has been suggested to be particularly harmful for the victim, yet few studies have empirically explored the differences between peer victimization and victimization from bullying. In the present study, a multinomial approach was applied to examine the prevalence and psychosocial profiles of teenagers that reported frequent peer victimization and/or episodes of being bullied, in a sample of 3,447 Finnish middle school students (1,757 girls and 1,690 boys; mean age 14.3 years). Convergent, multi-identified victims were found to be most likely to show high levels of depressive symptoms, but all categories of victims showed increased levels of depressive symptoms compared to non-victims. Notably, victims of bullying and victims of peer aggression differed in terms of aggressive behavior and perceived peer support. The results are discussed in terms of victim identity and identification.