Age Of Victims Research Articles

Left out in the cold: Homicide amongst persons experiencing homelessness

BackgroundThere is no American population-level study comparing the characteristics of homicides involving victims who were vs were not experiencing homelessness at time of death. We aim to identify variables surrounding homeless homicide that are unique, and intervenable. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) from 2003 to 2018 and compared the characteristics surrounding homicides of victims who were not-homeless (cohort 1) vs experiencing homelessness (cohort 2) at death. We utilized the available perpetrator data to characterize the average perpetrator for each cohort. We considered housing status to be our primary predictor and recorded NVDRS variables, such as age of victims and likelihood to know perpetrators, to be our primary outcomes. Results81,212 Homicide Victims and 60,982 Homicide Perpetrators were included in analysis. Homeless cohort victims were more likely younger, White, male, and to have a known mental health or substance abuse disorder. PEH were also more likely to have co-morbid mental health and substance abuse disorders but were roughly half as likely to be getting treatment for said disorders. Circumstances surrounding incidents, including geographic location, mechanism of injury, and premeditation, varied; homeless cohort victims were more likely to die in random acts of violence, but were less likely to die via firearm. ConclusionsThere is room for targeted interventions against homeless homicides. Level of evidenceEpidemiological, Level IV.

Victimization and abuse among children with disabilities: Age adjusted rates in a US national sample

BackgroundResearch has indicated that children with disabilities are at higher risk for victimization although the literature on this topic is limited. ObjectiveWe examined rates of assault, sexual victimization, peer-sibling victimization, property crime, maltreatment, and poly-victimization among youth in the United States with and without disabilities. We examined these rates for three age groups (children ages 0–4 years, ages 5–11 years, and ages 12–17 years). Participants and settingWe use data from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), waves I (2008), II (2011), and III (2014). These are cross-sectional nationally representative samples of children and youth ages one month to 17 years (N = 12,634). ResultsConsidering children of all ages together, children in all disability categories, except for physical disability, were at higher risk for poly-victimization. Victimization exposure overall is higher among older children (except for assault among very young children with developmental or learning disabilities), though the disparity between children with and without disabilities generally narrows as children get older. Age of the child impacted the relationships between disability and victimization. Very young children with physical disabilities were at heightened risk for most types of victimization while children with internalizing disabilities were at heightened risk for assault, property crime, and maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence. Children with externalizing disabilities were at heightened risk for most types of victimization across all ages while developmental disabilities appeared to be risk factor for very young children and a potentially protective factor at later ages though these varied by type of victimization. ConclusionVictimization risk varied by victimization and disability types. This study demonstrates the importance of controlling for demographic characteristics, especially age of the child in estimating the prevalence of victimization among children with disabilities and establishes the importance of type-specific analyses by victimization type, disability type, and age of the child.

Scams, Cons, Frauds, and Deceptions

ABSTRACT The following Thematic Issue presents new research on the nature and extent of a wide range of scams, cons, frauds, and deceptive activities, including sextortion, the use of ransomware, phishing, identity theft, Ponzi schemes, online shopping fraud, gift card scams, and health care fraud targeting elderly victims. Are Americans particularly vulnerable to these scams? And does the public actually admire individuals who get involved, in large part due to the positive portrayal of scammers, fraudsters, and con artists in both literature and cinema? The potential impact of literary and cinematic depictions of these scams on the public’s view of both offending and victimization are considered, along with the government’s ongoing attempts to censure a wide range of books and films that may influence the public’s view of morality–and more recently, the public’s view of our government– due to their content.

A Community-based Epidemiological Study on non-fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Puducherry, South India

Introduction: Road traffic accidents are the sixth leading cause of death in India with a greater share of hospitalization, disabilities, deaths and socio-economic losses. Objective: To identify the pattern of non-fatal road traffic accidents, socio-demographic profile of accident victims and antecedent factors influencing these road traffic injuries. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted for six months in Puducherry. From existing 27 wards of Lawspet, six wards were selected by simple random sampling technique and all the households in selected wards were included. The minimum required sample size was estimated to be 165 by considering prevalence of non-fatal road traffic accidents in Puducherry as 5.6%. Face-to-face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry and analysis were performed using Epi-data manager 4.2.0. Results: Total 169 accident victims were included in the study from the households of selected wards. Mean age of the accident victims was found to be 36.2 (11.4) years. Two‑wheeler accidents accounted for 144 (85.2%) and 123 (72.7%) accident victims were drivers at the time of accident. Majority (95.1 %) of the victims did not wear helmet while driving two-wheelers and none of the four-wheel drivers/pillions wore seat belts. Majority of the accidents occurred on usual tar roads 116 (68.6%) and 42 (24.9%) on highways. 102 (60.4%) accidents occurred in bi-directional roads.Conclusion: Simple or minor injuries were high compared to serious injuries requiring hospitalization. Majority of the accidents occurred during Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. The accidents exhibited a bimodal distribution with day and night time.

Comparison of deep learning classification models for facial image age estimation in digital forensic investigations

There has been a significant rise in digital forensic investigations containing Indecent Images of Children (IIoC), and one of the major challenges faced by investigators is the time-consuming task of manually investigating images for illicit content. In the UK, law enforcement maintains and uses a standard national repository of IIoC, known as CAID (Child Abuse Image Database), to identify known illegal images by matching their image hashes and metadata. The CAID plays a significant role in making IIoC investigations faster and more effective. However, all images that are not matched through using CAID require manual analysis. Every image has to be viewed and verified as IIoC by investigators. The victim age estimation in the images (i.e., determining whether they are juvenile or adult as this would change the course of the investigation) is a crucial part of this verification process and takes time due to a large number of images to inspect, therefore impacting the speed of the investigation, and consequently victims. This is a time-consuming and challenging task for human investigators.Previous work has demonstrated that deep learning has the capability to estimate age with high accuracy in images. This reduces the number of images that will need to be manually processed, thereby finishing the investigation faster. However, in terms of practical implementation in IIoC investigations, there is an absence of a comparative study using the same datasets to establish the most appropriate deep learning model and classification approach to use. This is important as different models have different capabilities and previous works utilise various binary, multi-class, and regression approaches. It is not yet known which is the most accurate for use in digital forensic investigations. In this paper, we construct an extensive dataset before experimenting with four pre-trained deep learning models: VGG16, ResNet50, Xception, and InceptionV3. We have identified that binary classification works best for the identification of images as a child or adult, with the ResNet50 obtaining the best results in terms of accuracy (91.70%) on unseen images.

Why victim age and co-offending status matter in sexual offending: An analysis of Data First Ministry of Justice Crown Court data

ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of victim age and co-offending status classification systems in distinguishing between diverse sexual offenders/offences. This can aid in enhancing comprehension of the correlates and aetiologies of these offences and inform the development of more effective criminal justice policy.
 MethodsThe current study uses Data First Ministry of Justice Crown Court Data from England and Wales between 2013 and 2019 to compare offender and offence characteristics between different typologies of sexual offending categorised using: (1) victim age (child sexual abuse v adult sexual abuse); (2) co-offending status (lone v duo v group); and (3) a combination of victim age and co-offending status (group child sexual abuse v group adult sexual abuse).
 ResultsSignificant differences between the typologies were found across a variety of variables for all three categorisation systems. These included the age, sex, ethnicity, and prosecution histories of offenders; age and ethnic composition of co-offending groups/duos; and the nature of the offences committed. While some findings support previous studies, some diverge from what has previously been reported in the literature. Furthermore, some of the findings provide information on areas which, until now, have received very little attention in the literature (i.e., comparisons of group perpetrated child sexual abuse and group perpetrated adult sexual abuse).
 ConclusionThis study provides support for the application of victim age and co-offending status classification systems to sexual offending as a means of disentangling heterogeneous groups of offenders/offences.

A taxonomy of groomer profiles: Comparisons of in-person, online, and mixed groomers through the examination of Canadian judicial decisions

BackgroundSexual grooming in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) has captured the attention of researchers over the past decades. While early research focused on offenders who groomed children in person, our knowledge of online groomers has begun to increase. However, there has not been a concomitant increase in understanding of groomers who use both in-person and online grooming strategies (i.e., mixed groomers); it is not clear if mixed groomers more closely resemble in-person groomers, online groomers, or if they are their own distinct groomer type. ObjectiveThe current study creates the first taxonomy of in-person, online, and mixed groomer profiles through the empirical analysis of Canadian judicial decisions. Participants, setting, and methods180 Canadian judicial decisions from 153 cases of CSA involving grooming were extracted from the Canadian Legal Information Institute and coded for information related to grooming strategies, the accused, the complainant, and the alleged offence. ResultsMixed groomers used more grooming strategies per case than in-person and online groomers. Mixed groomers initiated contact online with complainants less often than online groomers, but identified more vulnerable victims, engaged in more non-sexual yet inappropriate conversations, and used more gain cooperation strategies than in-person groomers. Online groomers were older and had shorter delays to criminal proceedings than mixed and in-person groomers. Complainants groomed in person were younger and abused for longer durations than mixed and online complainants. ConclusionsThe proposed taxonomy of groomer profiles can inform education and prevention programs about the heterogeneous nature of grooming. Those who groomed children in-person, online, or using a mixture of both methods varied greatly in their grooming strategies, victim age preferences, relationship to the child, and pathways to disclosure.

Paraphilias, Sociodemographic and Forensic Profiles of Men Convicted of Sexual Offenses in Turkey.

This study investigated the psychiatric, paraphilic, and forensic profiles of men who were convicted of sexual offenses. It also examined childhood trauma exposure in the group with potential paraphilia. The study was performed in the closed prison located in the Istanbul Silivri Penal Institutions Campus. The interview data of 100 men convicted of sexual offenses were obtained from the psychiatric interview notes based on the DSM-5 criteria, the results of the 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire administered to the participants with paraphilia, and the forensic profiles from examination files. It was found that 39% of individuals were drug users and 36% were alcohol users. Considering the crime scenes, 42% of men convicted of sexual offenses committed the offense in their own house. Pedophilia was the most common among men with paraphilia (59%). The victim age was significantly lower (p < .001), and the male victim ratio was higher (p < .05) in the group with paraphilia than in the group without paraphilia. Sexual offenses against children aged 10years and below and against males may be suggestive of paraphilia and an increased risk of recidivism.

Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Physical Intimate Partner Violence Against Pregnant Women in Ankara (Turkey): A Hospital-Based Study.

A significant increase in physical intimate partner violence (IPV) cases has been reported from many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, and particularly during lockdown periods. The current study's objectives are to define the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on physical IPV against pregnant women in Ankara. During the one-year pre-pandemic and two-year pandemic, records of patients who sent by the judicial authorities to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Emergency Room (ER) at Ankara City Hospital were reviewed, and pregnant women who had been subjected to IPV were identified. Of pregnant women 19.1% in the pre-pandemic period, 29.4% in the first year and 51.5% in the second year of the pandemic period exposed to IPV. The mean age of IPV victims was 28.8 ± 6.5 years. Most ER applications were in the evening hours (48.5%), and majority of assailants were the victim's husband (77.9%). Vast majority of victims were multigravida women (89.7), and most of the traumas were localized in abdomen and genitalia (50%). Three of the women (4.4%) had miscarriage. The increase in cases of IVP against pregnant women during the pandemic was striking, according to the current study. We think that this first study from Turkey on the IPV that pregnant women are exposed to during the pandemic can lead to extensive research focused on measures against IPV during pandemics, such as dissemination of telephone applications for IPV victims, increasing home visits by marriage therapists, and intensifying of education campaigns against violence.

Description of the Psychological Dynamics of Male Victims of Sexual Abuse (Case Study of Pedophilia among Children in Makassar City)

Pedophilia is a sexual disorder that involves sexual attraction towards children. Pedophilia is committed by adults against children. This study aims to find out how the psychological dynamics of male victims of pedophilia are described and what are the impacts of pedophile victims. The respondents of this study were adult men (victims of pedophilia). This study uses qualitative methods with semi-structured interview techniques. Research data techniques using driven data analysis. The results of the data show that the victim would not be aware of expressing it directly. This was motivated by the victim's age and knowledge of sexuality. Sexual abuse will affect the victim's life in the next development. The impact felt by the victim is that the respondent experiences psychological sexual pathological disorders such as post-incident trauma, and deviations in appetite. Other psychological changes felt by respondents such as withdrawing from the environment, changes in sexual orientation, to negative feelings and thoughts about oneself. The negative impact of understanding on children can be suppressed through support from the social environment and also partners. The results of this study are expected to contribute in the form of references, information, data, about the psychological dynamics of male victims of pedophilia.

Evaluation of Clinical Profile and Complications Associated with Snake Bite among Such Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Snakebite occurs in Pakistan ofently mostly an occupational infection like farmers, plantation workers, fishers, and even among wildlife park rangers and military personnel. Monsoons are essential to farming, and most farmers are from lower-income backgrounds. Snake bite morbidity and fatality rates are species- and time-specific. The sufferers are often from lower socioeconomic classes, despite the absence of evidence to support their usage in the treatment of snake bite poisoning. Snake bites may be fatal if not treated quickly, thus having accurate data on the frequency and severity of these incidents is crucial for both diagnosis and policymaking. So, the study focuses on the evaluation of clinical profile and complications associated with snake bite among such patients at a tertiary care hospital. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify potential contributors to snake bite occurrences and also to determine the mortality and morbidity rates associated with snakebites and how they vary by snake species, venom type, bite location, and anti-venom use. Study Design: Observational Retrospective Study. Settings: This study is conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan. Duration: One year from Jan 2022 to Dec 2022. Methods: Both sexes from any age group and only suspected of snake bite were included. The poison illness other than snake bite were excluded from the study. Tertiary care facilities located in Pakistan included 150 snake bite cases were studied retrospectively between (study period). Using hospital records, researchers were able to learn specifics about snakebite-related mortality and morbidity, such as the species of snake if known, the method of envenomation, the victim's age, sex, residence, occupation, bite site, bite location, clinical manifestations of snakebite, initial treatment, and antivenom use. The admission and death registry were used to compile the historical record of data. Results: There were 96 male and 57 female enrolled in the study. The afternoon had the highest rate of bites (47% during the day), followed by the morning (28%), for a total of 78.5% during the day and 26.5% during the night. Seventy-five percent of the victims were alert when they were taken to the hospital, and most stayed there for between three and ten days as part of their surveillance, improvement, and recovery. The ages have been divided into different groups and we found that majority were from between 30 to 40 years. Pain, swelling, bleeding, tingling, numbness, and a blackened discoloration of the skin were all seen locally in 92 percent of the cases. Conclusion: Surveillance of envenomation’s is crucial for defining standards, arranging therapeutic supplies, and teaching medical personnel on Snakebite treatment since under-reporting of Snake bite occurrences has led to variances in observed rates of it. In addition, it has been noted that snake bites continue to be a significant occupational (farming) danger for people of working age, particularly men, in rural areas.

The Crime of Sexual Assault of Persons with Care Duties from The Perspective of Legal Doctorine in China

From the perspective of legal doctrine, whether the perpetrator constitutes this crime should be judged strictly from the legal right protected by this crime. The sexual assault by person with care duties protects the right to sexual autonomy and the right to physical health of minor females aged 14 to 16 under care, rather than simply assuming that a person with care responsibilities constitutes this crime as long as he has sexual relations with a female under care. "Sexual relations" is an inherent expression of Chinese law, the scope of which must be determined not only according to the law but also according to the level of social development. In addition, the act of indecent assault should also be included in the scope of sexual relations. This crime is a pure identity offense, in which the perpetrator must formally have special care duties and substantially use the advantageous position arising from the special duties to have sexual relations with a minor female between the ages of 14 and 16. In the situation that the perpetrator is mistaken, the victim's age and the will of the perpetrator must be accurately determined in order to properly convict and punish.

Bivariate-Logit-Based Severity Analysis for Motorcycle Crashes in Texas, 2017–2021

Due to the number of severe traffic collisions involving motorcycles, a comprehensive investigation is required to determine their causes. This study analyzed Texas crash data from 2017 to 2021 to determine who was at fault and how various factors affect the frequency and severity of motorcycle collisions. Moreover, the study tried to identify high-risk sites for motorcycle crashes. Utilizing bivariate analysis and logistic regression models, the study investigated the individual and combined effects of several variables. Heat maps and hotspot analyses were used to identify locations with a high incidence of both minor and severe motorcycle crashes. The survey showed that dangerous speed, inattention, lane departure, and failing to surrender the right-of-way at a stop sign or during a left turn were the leading causes of motorcycle crashes. When a motorcyclist was at fault, the likelihood of severe collisions was much higher. The study revealed numerous elements as strong predictors of catastrophic motorcycle crashes, including higher speed limits, poor illumination, darkness during the weekend, dividers or designated lanes as the principal road traffic control, an increased age of the primary crash victim, and the lack of a helmet. The concentration of motorcycle collisions was found to be relatively high in city cores, whereas clusters of severe motorcycle collisions were detected on road segments beyond city limits. This study recommends implementing reduced speed limits on high-risk segments, mandating helmet use, prioritizing resource allocation to high-risk locations, launching educational campaigns to promote safer driving practices and the use of protective gear, and inspecting existing conditions as well as the road geometry of high-risk locations to reduce the incidence and severity of motorcycle crashes.

Risk Factors Associated with Fatality in Road Traffic Accidents in Lahore

Background: The objective of the study was to analyze the epidemiology of risk factors associated with fatal road traffic accidents in Lahore-Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: An Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, between July 2019 and September 2019. Data of 290 road traffic accidents was collected from office of Rescue 1122. To collect data systematic Random Sampling technique was used. Data was collected on preformed pretested questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 23. Chi-square test of significance was applied, p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean age of victims of RTA was 31.4±14.7. About 28.3% of the total accidents were observed among 20-29 years age group. Out of total 290 victims, 239 (82.4%) were males. Majority, 228(78.6%) of the accidents involved Motorcyclists. Significant association was found between fatal accidents and injury to head (p-value = 0.00), Concussion (p-value=0.00), with No fractures of limbs (p-value= 0.04) and critical condition of victim (p-value=0.00). Conclusion: Road Traffic Accidents were more common among males of 20-29 years age. Most of the victims were motorcyclists. Head Injuries, concussion and critical conditions of victims has significant association with fatality.

Compressed gas diving fatalities in Australian waters 2014 to 2018.

This study aimed to investigate compressed gas diving deaths in Australia from 2014-2018 and make comparison to those from 2001-2013 to identify ongoing problems and assess countermeasures. Media reports and the National Coronial Information System were searched to identify scuba diving deaths for 2014-2018, inclusive. Data were extracted from the witness and police reports, medical histories, and autopsies. An Excel® database was created and a chain of events analysis conducted. Comparisons were made with the earlier report. Forty-two fatalities were identified, 38 using scuba and four using surface-supplied breathing apparatus involving 30 males and 12 females. The mean age of victims was 49.7 years, six years higher than the previous cohort. Fifty-four percent were obese. Six victims were unqualified, three were under instruction and at least 28 were experienced divers, significantly more than in the previous cohort. Health-related predisposing factors, predominantly obesity and cardiac-related, were identified as likely contributory to 26 incidents, and planning shortcomings to at least 22 deaths. One-third of the disabling conditions were primary drowning and one-quarter were cardiac. Three divers died subsequent to carbon monoxide poisoning and three likely from immersion pulmonary oedema. Advancing age, obesity and the associated cardiac disease have become increasingly prevalent in diving fatalities and the need for appropriate assessment of fitness to dive is evident.

Use of various research methods in forensic practice to determine lifetime and age of injury: A review

From the 19th century to the present, forensic physicians have been interested in the subject of damage formation prescription. After reviewing the literature on the problem of traumatic hemorrhage prescription, it is clear that there is no single position, approach to the study of this issue, or an unambiguous time frame that accurately determines the period from injury to the victims death. Forensic doctors in the 19th and 21st centuries initially focused on the macroscopic picture of the injury, followed by microscopic examination. When studying micropreparations, they are guided by the cellular composition of the hemorrhage, based on previously known data, their own experience and knowledge in this field, the brief circumstances of the incident (if any are indicated in the direction of forensic histological examination), and the victims age. Researchers have determined approximations and developed approximate time frames for the formation of damage throughout the years, now taking into account the above characteristics and the victims condition during and after the injury, with the acquired experience and accumulated knowledge. However, scientists have not come to a consensus. Medicine, achievements, progress, and perseverance of scientists strive forward, involving related sciences in the study of antiquity. As a result, methods, such as molecular genetics, biophysical, biochemical, and immunohistochemical, have found use, allowing researchers to analyze cellular composition and enzymatic and hormonal changes in damaged tissues. Ultrasound is one of the instrumental methods being developed. This problem remains completely unresolved when both laboratory and instrumental methods and their combination are used.

Exploring changes in violence across two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Richmond, VA.

The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic carried with it an increase in violence in the United States and abroad. The proportion of violence cases involving firearms also increased during this time, yet little research has examined these effects using data from the second wave of COVID infections. Explanations for these documented increases in gun violence put forward by scholars include increased firearm purchases, alcohol consumption, unemployment, and organized crime activity. The current work examined these trends in Richmond, VA.We collected data on patients (N = 1744) presenting with violent injuries from 2018 to 2022 from the emergency department of a Level-1 Trauma Center in Richmond, VA. Data were coded on the basis of whether they presented before the pandemic, during the first wave, or during the second wave.Logistic binomial regressions revealed that the risk of gunshot wounds increased by 32% during the first wave and 44% during the second wave, relative to the pre-COVID period, but that the increase between the first and second wave was not significant. These findings held after controlling for victim age, race, sex, and injury severity. Further analyses revealed that these effects were specific to violent injury, as we found no increase in firearm use among self-injury cases.The heightened violence reported during the COVID-19 pandemic was also observed in Richmond, VA. Gun violence in particular increased over time as other forms of violence (i.e., assaults, stabbings, and self-harm) decreased.

(317) Lay People´s Myths Regarding Pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction The term “paedophilia erotica” was first coined in 1886 by the psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing and it was considered a “psycho-sexual perversion”. It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that the term “pedophilia” was adopted and it started to appear in medical dictionaries. Sexual abuse is legally defined as the engagement in sexual contact with a person below a specified age or who is incapable of giving consent. Both, pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) are worldwide phenomena requiring deep scientific knowledge in order to improve prevention strategies. Individuals’ misconceptions of pedophilia and CSA may legitimize sexual violence, which can influence prevention strategies and policies. Objective This review aimed to summarize existing research to help answer the question: “What are laypeople´s myths regarding pedophilia and child sexual abuse?”. Methods This systematic review followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to identify as many relevant articles as possible. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost databases for articles published before January 2022. Sixty-one articles were included in the current review. Results Overall, findings revealed a significant number of myths regarding pedophilia and CSA, organized into the following categories: 1) blame diffusion, 2) denial of abusiveness, 3) restrictive stereotypes, 4) victim age and consequences, 5) social stigma, 6) punitive attitudes, and 7) treatment. Conclusions Findings suggested that laypeople’s perceptions should be taken into account when devising prevention policies. Additionally, perceptions should also be a target of prevention since there is evidence of social stigma and prejudice involving individuals with pedophilia. Such phenomena can contribute to social, emotional, and cognitive problems, amongst said individuals as well as causing these individuals to exhibit a higher risk for abusive behavior and less help-seeking. Disclosure No

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in the conditions of a metropolis

Background. The problem of traffic injuries remains relevant, both in peacetime and in wartime; this problem is of particular importance in the conditions of a metropolis. At the moment, there are practically no scientifically based protocols (Clinical Pathways) for the provision of medical care to the victims with road accident injuries. The main cause is the lack of clinical and epidemiological analysis data as a fundamental basis for creating protocols and clinical routes. Materials and methods. We analyzed 1,139 cases of road traffic injuries among victims in the conditions of a metropolis, they were selected by the method of irreversible randomization from an array of more than 12,000 patients. The main clinical and epidemiological signs and their correlation were studied. Particular attention was given to the sign of participation in the traffic. All results of the analysis are within the range of probability. Results. It was found that the specific weight of affected men is almost twice as high as the specific weight of women; moreover, the mortality rate among affected women is half that of men. Men predominate among active road participants (drivers and pedestrians), women — passive ones (passengers). In both gender groups, persons of working age predominate, while the dissipation of the distribution is less pronounced in women. Drivers of working age have the highest specific weight. Active road users theoretically have a lower chance of survival when injured in a road accident than passive road users. In addition, pedestrians also have the highest risk of dying as a result of a road accident. Conclusions. 1. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in the conditions of a metropolis is a rather complex component of the general characteristics of road traffic injury rate in the conditions of a metropolis as a whole. 2. The results of the analysis of gender and age characteristics of the array of victims due to road traffic accidents in the conditions of a metropolis indicate that 63.65 % of them are males aged 21–60 years, which is an important characteristic of the medical and social phenomenon of road traffic injury rate. 3. It was found that active road users (drivers and pedestrians) are injured most often, 77.53 % in total, which determines a certain risk of trauma depending on participation in the traffic. 4. The relationship was revealed between the age of victims and their participation in the traffic when forming the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in the conditions of a metropolis. 5. The influence of clinical and epidemiological characteristics, namely age, gender and participation in the traffic, on the outcome of the traumatic process in the victims was determined. In addition, the nature of this impact needs further verification. 6. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in the conditions of a metropolis require further risk-oriented assessment.

Perceived Dangerousness Mediates Punitive Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders: Results From a Vignette Experiment

The current study used an experimental vignette ( n = 1,093) to examine the effects of perpetrator sex and age, and victim sex and age, on simulated juror sentencing recommendations for individuals convicted of sexual offenses (ICSO). Path analyses were used to see if differences in punitive attitudes could be explained by perceptions of dangerousness participants attached to experimentally manipulated variables, as hypothesized by attribution theorists. Results show that participants consistently recommended longer sentences, higher fines, and indicated greater support for post-release sanctions for male offenders, older perpetrators, and for offenders who victimized younger adolescents. Path analysis demonstrated that perceptions of dangerousness partially mediated the relationship between experimentally manipulated predictor variables and recommended sentence length, providing partial support for attribution theory.