Vicinity Of Lake Research Articles

Searching for a Place in Between: The Autobiographies of Three Canadian Métis Women

Autobiography and Identity As many critics have noted, mixed-blood Indian's search for an identity, community, and place constitutes major theme twentieth-century Native American literature. This search is also particular focus of virtually every autobiography written or narrated by mixed-blood Indian women since beginning of last century. Louise Erdrich explains, One of characteristics of being mixed blood is searching. You look back and say, 'Who am I from?' You must question. You must make certain choices. You are able to. And it's blessing and it's curse. All our searches involve trying to discover where we are from (Bruchac 83). The system of categorization that operates most of North America creates this particular dilemma for mixed-bloods. They are faced with choice of sacrificing or denying one part of their identity order to connect with other. As their narratives indicate, mixed-blood women rarely gain full acceptance white society, while Indian society is only pa rtially responsive to their mixed-blood identities. In United States, mixed-blood, depending on blood quantum and tribal status, is legally defined as Indian, but Canada, status of mixed-blood is far more complex. Canada employs patrilineal and androcentric system to determine legal status of Indians; thus child's status is determined by status of his or her father, and wife's status is determined by her husband's. By law, an Indian woman who marries white man becomes white, and all resulting children are deemed white. Conversely, white woman who marries an Indian becomes Indian, and all resulting children are deemed Indian. Legal status denies majority of mixed-bloods any recognition of their Indian heritage and, more often than not, white society denies them acceptance within white community. Legally they are Whites, but socially they are or Halfbreeds--to many an even mote pejorative demarcation because of its connection with miscegenation. In addition to defining Non-status or White-status Indi ans, Canadian Indian Act of 1867 designated official Indians--treaty Indians or registered Indians: These were Indians who had band number and were on band list Ottawa. Treaty Indians were registered Indians who resided areas whose treaties were entered into with government as opposed to those Indians who were registered Ottawa but lived areas where no treaty had been signed (Redbird 1-2). Julia D. Harrison defines Nonstatus Indians as men, their families, and descendants who did not take treaty or were forced out, or as Indian women who married white men (and children of these marriages), or as Metis (14). For most mixed-bloods, there is no place in between; they exist kind of no-man's-land. Historically, only Metis of Canada and United States have offered distinctive culture that validates complex racial identities of mixed-bloods. The term Metis originally referred to the children of fur trade, offspring of marriages between Indian women (primarily Cree) and European men who participated fur trade. As early as late seventeenth century, Metis began to develop as distinctive group; however, a fully unified sense of ethnic consciousness would not develop until late 18th and early 19th century (Burley, Horsfall, and Brandon, 15). Metis culture was distinctive synthesis of Indian and European cultures terms of language, religion, living arrangements, design, etc. (23-39). The Metis first concentrated vicinity of Great Lakes and then expanded by migrating into Red River area of what became Manitoba, Northwest Territories, and areas bordering Hudson's Bay. The peak of Metis cohesiveness, economic stability, and land ownership occurred period leading up to Red River (1869) and North West (1885) Rebellions. …

Lead Concentrations and Isotopic Ratios in the Sediments of the Sea of Galilee

The isotopic composition and concentrations of Pb in the sediments of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) were measured. The studied sediments have been deposited in the lake since the early 1900s (ca. 1920), hence Pb data record the transition from a period when the lake vicinity was sparsely populated to the present (approximately 100,000 people living in the area around the lake). In general, there is either a constant or a relatively slow increase in Pb concentrations from 40 cm depth (3.5-4.4 microg/g; ca. 1920) to 17 +/- 2 cm below the sediment-water interface (3.7-7.2 microg/g;), which was deposited in the mid-1960s. From 17 +/- 2 cm below the surface, there is a much faster increase up to 7 +/- 2 cm below the surface (from 6.5 to 11.5 microg/g; 1982-1983), and from 7 +/- 2 cm there is a gradual decrease in Pb concentrations toward the sediment-water interface. At station G, near the outlet of the Jordan River, Pb concentrations drop between 29 and 25 cm below the surface, probably reflecting changes in the particulate load of the Jordan River due to the drying out of the Hula Swamp in the early 1950s. 206Pb/207Pb values in all the stations record most of the shifts displayed by Pb concentrations in the sediment. The estimated value of total Pb deposited annually in the lake sediment in the early 1990s is very close to the value obtained from measurements of Pb fluxes to the lake from eolian and fluvial sources. On the basis of the linear relationship between 206Pb/207Pb (or 208Pb/207Pb) and 1/[Pb], we argue that two end-members contribute most of the Pb to the lake sediments. Sources of Pb to the lake include (i) the weathering of basalt from the eastern Galilee and the Golan Heights contributing 2.6 +/- 0.5 microg/g Pb to the sediment and (ii) anthropogenic Pb that is affecting both surface and deep (from 30 to 40 cm) lake sediments. At station S, a third source, Pb released from soils developed on carbonates, should be considered as well.

Late Quaternary vegetational history of the Howard Pass Area, northwestern Alaska

Palynological records from Tukuto and Etivlik Lakes contribute to an improved understanding of the late Quaternary history of vegetation in the Howard Pass area of northern Alaska. During the Itkillik II glaciation (24-14 ka BP), the vegetation of the western Arctic Foothills was sparse, xeric tundra, as evidenced by taxa indicative of dry, rocky substrates (e.g., Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring, Chenopodiaceae, and Encalypta cf. rhaptocarpa) and very low pollen accumulation rates in this interval of the 30-ka-old Tukuto Lake record. Mesic tundra dominated by non-Sphagnum (Bryidae) mosses, Cyperaceae, and Salix species expanded near Tukuto Lake during the late-glacial period, followed by the establishment of Sphagnum moss and increased shrub cover at ca. 10 ka BP. Landscapes around both lakes supported stands of Populus cf. balsamifera during the early Holocene, and Alnus crispa expanded in the Howard Pass area during the middle Holocene. Local variation in plant communities is illustrated by the comparison of the Tukuto and Etivlik pollen records. During the early Holocene, Populus cf. balsamifera was more common near Etivlik Lake than Tukuto Lake, and Juniperus cf. communis was present only in the vicinity of Etivlik Lake. Throughout the middle to late Holocene, Sphagnum, mesic tundra shrubs (Betula nana L., Salix, and Ericaceae species), and minor herbaceous taxa (e.g., Rubus chamaemorus L., Thalictrum, and Caryophyllaceae) were more prevalent at Tukuto Lake than at Etivlik Lake. These differences are likely related to the influence of local landform and soil characteristics near the two sites.Key words: Alaska, Arctic Foothills, Brooks Range, pollen analysis, Quaternary.

Characterizing a Ground Water Basin in a New England Mountain and Valley Terrain

AbstractA ground water basin is defined as the volume of subsurface through which ground water flows from the water table to a specified discharge location. Delineating the topographically defined surface water basin and extending it vertically downward does not always define the ground water basin. Instead, a ground water basin is more appropriately delineated by tracking ground water flowpaths with a calibrated, three‐dimensional ground water flow model. To determine hydrologic and chemical budgets of the basin, it is also necessary to quantify flow through each hydrogeologic unit in the basin. In particular, partitioning ground water flow through unconsolidated deposits versus bedrock is of significant interest to hillslope hydrologic studies. To address these issues, a model is developed and calibrated to simulate ground water flow through glacial deposits and fractured crystalline bedrock in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. Tracking of ground water flowpaths suggests that Mirror Lake and its inlet streams drain a ground water recharge area that is about 1.5 times the area of the surface water basin. Calculation of the ground water budget suggests that, of the recharge that enters the Mirror Lake ground water basin, about 40% travels through the basin along flowpaths that stay exclusively in the glacial deposits, and about 60% travels along flowpaths that involve movement in bedrock.

Egg Production of the Copepod Acartia tonsa in Florida Bay during Summer. 1. The Roles of Food Environment and Diet

The diet and egg production rate ofAcartia tonsa were measured during the thermally stable period between June and October 1995 at four locations in inner and outer Florida Bay. We sought to characterize the role ofA. tonsa in the bay’s pelagic food web, which has been changing since 1987, when the dominant submerged vegetation began shifting from benthic seagrasses to planktonic algae. At Rankin Lake, a shallow basin on the north side of the inner bay, where extensive seagrass mortality and persistent cyanobacteria blooms have occurred, microplankton biomass was relatively high and dominated by heterotrophic protists and dinoflagellates. Nanoplankton at Rankin, Lake, while numerically abundant, usually contributed only a small portion of the biomass. The ingestion rate ofA. tonsa in Florida Bay varied independently of food concentration (i.e., total microplankton biomass), but rates were higher (mean±SD =3.88 ± 0.73 μg C copepod−1 d−1) on the north side of the bay than on the south side (0.78 ±0.11 μg C copepod−1 d−1). Microzooplankton and dinoflagellates were important dietary constituents, especially in the vicinity of Rankin Lake. Egg production in this region (mean ± SD = 14.2 ± 7.7 eggs female−1 d−1) was considerably high than the baywide mean (5.8±0.81 eggs female−1d−1), and principal components analysis revealed associations between egg production and both dietary microzooplankton and dinoflagellate biomass. However, although grazing rates were relatively high in the inner bay,A. tonsa removed only 1–6% of the primary production from the water column during the summer and its egg production rates were low relative to typical rates for the species.

Maximatization of the frequency of recombinants in the hybrid zones of Sorex araneus in northern Poland

Authors studied populations of Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 in the upper Drwęca River valley and in the vicinity of Lake Szeląg Wielki. Authors found that the cline of frequency of metacentric np decays in the Drwęca River valley, which results in a smooth transition between the Stobnica race (karyotype hi, ko, gm, np) and the Laska race (hi, ko, gm). However, on the west shore of Lake Szeląg Wielki the cline of frequency of metacentric gm disappears. Reduction of frequencies of autosome np and gm makes possible broadening of the clines of metacentrics gr and mn, originating from the Łęgucki Młyn race. This results in a reduction of the number of hybrids and maximalization of frequency of recombinants (hi, ko, gr, mn), which reaches the value of 1.0 in the populations located on the west shore of the lake. Authors compared studied populations with those in the Pasłęka River valley, and those between the Pasłęka and Drwęca Rivers valleys. Authors also discussed the maximization of the frequency of recombinants as a mechanism enhancing fertlility of hybrid populations.

The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere: estimate based on stable isotope data

The isotopic composition of precipitation and river runoff in the vicinity of the North American Great Lakes is characterized by a higher deuterium‐excess value than observed in the advecting air masses. It is suggested that this indicates that evaporated moisture from the surface waters is mixed with the atmosphere waters. A preliminary estimate of the atmospheric water balance during summer and autumn indicates that between 4.6%–15.7% of the atmospheric water content downwind from the Great Lakes is derived from lake evaporation during summer.

An Assessment of Bison Habitat in the Mills/Mink Lakes Area, Northwest Territories, Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Data

Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data were used to classify and map wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) habitat in an area of 3383.5 sq/km in the vicinity of Mills and Mink lakes, Northwest Territories. Digital image analysis techniques were used to enhance and classify satellite data acquired 31 August 1986 to determine the distribution and extent of forage habitats. Visual interpretation of cover types was carried out using a radiometric enhancement, consisting of a power contrast stretch, applied to spectral bands 5 (shortwave), 4 (near infrared), and 3 (red) and displayed as a colour composite image (red/green/blue). A DIPIX Technologies ARIES III image analysis system was used to perform an unsupervised classification of 16 spectral classes using a maximum likelihood classifier. The resultant thematic map was used during the summer of 1988, when aerial and ground surveys of the study area were carried out. Colour infrared photographs (1:20,000 scale) obtained in 1988 were also used as part of the reference data set to assist in selecting training areas for use in a supervised classification. Ground data were also collected during the summer of 1989 to increase the number of training areas and provide test sites for an accuracy assessment. In the final habitat classification, the ten physiognomic cover types were water, aspen forest, coniferous/mixed forest, sedge meadow, willow savanna, hordeum meadow, wetland complex, peat plateau/burned meadow, burned peat plateau, and burn-aspen regeneration. The Thematic Mapper data was geometrically corrected and smoothed using a post-classification filter. Results of the digital image analysis were produced as hard copy thematic maps and tabular summaries. Overall accuracy of the classification was 91% with the two important winter forage habitats - sedge meadow and willow savanna - having accuracies of 95% and 75% respectively. These forage habitats collectively represent 4.6% of the study area, or 153.3 sq/km. Digital image analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper data proved to be an effective and cost efficient method of mapping bison habitat in a large area of the boreal forest.Key words: bison habitat, boreal forest, digital image analysis, supervised classification, Landsat Thematic Mapper data, habitat mapping, Bison bison athubuscue, remote sensing

Late Quaternary history of the Lake O'Hara region, British Columbia – an evaluation of sedimentation rates and bulk amino acid ratios in lacustrine records

Lake O'Hara (subalpine) and Opabin Lake (alpine) are situated directly adjacent to a high section of the Continental Divide in the central Canadian Rocky Mountains. Core samples recovered from the lakes show a consistent stratigraphy comprising gyttja and underlying inorganic clastic sediments. The gyttja contains Bridge River (2350 years BP) and Mazama (6800 years BP) tephras and is separated from the lower clastic sediments by a sharp, conformable contact. Radiocarbon dates obtained from conifer needles, extracted from directly above the contact, indicate that deglaciation had proceeded upvalley from the O'Hara basin priorto ca. 10 100 years BP. Preliminary palaeobotanical and macrofossil data suggest that a Pinus–Abies forest with lesser Picea was established in the vicinity of Lake O'Hara by this time. Consequently, the minimum age of moraine systems situated downvalley from Lake O'Hara is Late Wisconsinan.Mean annual sedimentation rates were derived from sediment thickness data from 14 Lake O'Hara and 2 Opabin Lake cores. Averaged total sedimentation rate values from the Lake O'Hara cores are 0.13 mm/year (post-Bridge River), 0.13 mm/year (Mazama – Bridge River) and 0.05 mm/year (11 000 years BP – Mazama). Averaged total sedimentation rate values from the Opabin Lake cores are 0.19 mm/year (post-Bridge River), 0.07 mm/year (Mazama – Bridge River), and 0.06 mm/year (8530 years BP – Mazama). Higher total sedimentation rates in post-Bridge River sediments of Opabin Lake are presumably related to climatic conditions associated with more extensive upvalley ice during the last ca. 2300 years. Highly variable sedimentation rate data obtained from the Lake O'Hara cores suggest that the use of sedimentation rate data as a proxy record of upvalley glacial activity is inappropriate in the Lake O'Hara setting where inflowing glacial stream systems are interrupted by upvalley lake basins.Aspartic acid D/L ratios were derived from bulk gyttja samples of known age from seven Lake O'Hara and one Opabin Lake core. In all but two cases, aspartic acid D/L ratios increase consistently with respect to sediment age. The increasing downcore trends in the aspartic acid D/L ratios suggest the possibility of using amino acid data from bulk gyttja samples as a check for reworking in cases where chronostratigraphic markers are absent.

Productivité comparée des deux étangs situés à proximité du lac Saint‐Jean, au Québec

The Comparative Productivity of Two Ponds in the Vicinity of Lake St‐John, QuébecIn 1980 and 1981, the productivity of two ponds near Lake St. John were evaluated. One, the pond of Desbiens, did not communicate with Lake St. John and the other, the pond of St‐Gédéon, was connected to the lake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution that a pond could make to the increase in productivity of Lake St. John which is a reservoir. The pond of Desbiens is more productive than Lake St. John but two to three times less than the pond of St‐Gédéon. The pond of Desbiens shows an advanced degree of eutrophication whereas the pond of St‐Gédéon is similar to the northern lakes by its physico‐chemistry, zooplankton, sediments and benthic fauna. If we want to create artificial ponds, for a better productivity of reservoirs, it is important that they be connected to each other.

The present status of reservoir induced seismicity investigations with special emphasis on Koyna earthquakes

The status of Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) has been reviewed periodically (Rothé, 1968, 1973; Gupta and Rastogi, 1976; Simpson, 1976; Packer et al., 1979). In the present paper, the significant work carried out during the last three years on RIS is reviewed. An earthquake of magnitude 5 1 2 occurred on November 14, 1981 in the vicinity of Aswan Lake, Egypt, 17 years after the filling started in 1964. This event occurred 4 days after the seasonal maximum in the reservoir water level and was followed by a long sequence of aftershocks. Another event of magnitude 4 1 2 occurred in the vicinity of Aswan Lake on August 20, 1982. Results of preliminary investigations indicate that this seismic activity is reservoir induced. Recent analyses of induced seismic events at Nurek Reservoir U.S.S.R., show that the second stage of filling during August to December 1976, increasing the maximum depth from 120 m to 200 m, was accompanied by an intense burst of shallow seismic activity. An outward migration from the centre of the reservoir, possibly associated with diffusion of pore pressure, is revealed by the temporal distribution of earthquake foci. A variety of investigations including the in situ measurement of tectonic stress, pore pressure, permeability, distribution of faults, etc., in addition to monitoring seismicity, have been undertaken in the vicinity of the Monticello Reservoir, South Carolina. The largest reservoir induced earthquake is predicted not to exceed magnitude 5. The Koyna Reservoir, India, continues to be the most outstanding example of RIS. Three earthquakes of magnitude $ ̃ 5 occurred in September 1980. Earthquakes of magnitude 4 occur frequently in the vicinity of Koyna, the latest being on February 5, 1983. Events that occurred during the period 1967–1973 have been relocated using better procedures and are found to be much shallower and the epicentres less diffused. Location of 12 earthquakes of M s ⩾ 4.0, their foreshocks and aftershocks, that occurred during 1973–1976, composite focal mechanism solutions and related studies are consistent with the delineation of a N-S trending fault through the reservoir area. In a couple of interesting studies it has been demonstrated that earthquakes of magnitude ⩾ 5.0 in the Koyna region are usually preceded by several magnitude ⩾ 4 earthquakes in the preceding fortnight. Also, a rate of loading of Koyna reservoir of at least 40 ft/week appears to be a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for the occurrence of magnitude ⩾ 5 earthquakes. Smooth filling/emptying appears to be the key to reduce the hazard of RIS. A map and a table of the reported cases of reservoir induced changes in seismicity through 1982 have been compiled.

Crust and upper mantle structure in the northwest Basin and Range province

abstractSeismic waves from nuclear explosions and from well-located local earthquakes have been recorded along several profiles through western Nevada, southeast Oregon, and eastern California. Pn delay times from these data and from additional travel times of NTS explosions recorded across the western Nevada seismic network have been interpreted in terms of varying crustal thickness of the western Great Basin. Our interpretation of these data implies that the crust thins from greater than 32 km thick in the vicinity of Mono Lake to 20 to 22 km thick over a broad region in northwest Nevada. The Pn headwave propagates to a distance of about 550 km with a velocity of 7.8 km/sec. At distances greater than 600 km a low velocity (7.44 km/sec), larger amplitude phase is observed. This phase may result from long-period energy diffracting into a shadow zone. A prominent, high-velocity second arrival following Pn by 1 to 2 sec in the distance range 340 to 475 km, is interpreted as a reflection from the base of the lithosphere at 60 to 70-km depth.

A MOUNTAIN SNOWCOVER MODEL FOR CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK OREGON AND VICINITY

Streamflow forecasters, climatologists, and wildlife researchers have expressed a need for a snowcover model which uses easily obtained point-source snow data to generate synthetic mountain snowfields on a monthly and historical basis. This paper describes a method by which snowcover elements (snow depth, snow-water equivalent, and areal extent of snowcover) can be modeled at high areal, temporal, and historical resolution. Forty-five snow courses located at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon and vicinity, were sampled weekly for the 1977–1978 snow year. Snow-core site topographic data were regressed against snowcover data to yield best-fit linear equations. These equations were grouped into various temporal-spatial sets and entered into a time-series reduction procedure. This process generated snowcover questions which produced synthesized snowcover values for a specific month and year given site topographic information.

Inclusion of Sensible Heating in Convective Parameterization Applied to Lake-Effect Snow

Abstract A method has been designed for including the surface fluxes of water vapor and sensible heat from water surfaces in a convective parameterization scheme for a primitive equation numerical model of the atmosphere. The grid size is 48 km. Application of the model to Lake Huron and vicinity in the simulation of three lake-effect storm cases resulted in predictions of vertical transport of heat and moisture and the consequent alteration of air mass properties, as well as precipitation. The maximum grid-square-average observed precipitation over 6 h was 0.75, 0.86 and 0.54 cm for the three cases. These values may be compared to maximum predicted values for those grid squares where observations were available. The predicted maxima were 0.60, 0.76 and 0.57 cm, respectively. The model was also employed to isolate the various physical influences on precipitation. While model results were not clear-cut, they indicated that for near-lake points, heat and moisture from the lake were the principal causes of p...

Recurrent faulting in the vicinity of Reelfoot Lake, northwestern Tennessee

Reelfoot Lake in northwestern Tennessee was the site of considerable ground motion at the time of the 1811 to 1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Thirty-two kilometers of conventional seismic-reflection profiling in the vicinity of the lake has revealed the existence of many faults. Most significant are two high-angle faults with 0 to 60 m of vertical offset at the contact of the Late Cretaceous embayment sediments and Paleozoic bedrock. One fault is associated with the scarp on the western edge of Reelfoot Lake, and the other, with a major northeast-trending lineament that passes through the town of Ridgely, Tennessee, and near the southeast edge of Reelfoot Lake. The nature of the observed vertical offsets suggests recurrent motion on faults of Late Cretaceous, or older, age. 5 figures, 1 table.

Late Quaternary Vegetation History at Waits Lake, Colville River Valley, Washington

A 10.6-m section of mostly calcareous sediments at Waits Lake, Washington, reveals a multizoned history of vegetation change since recession of Pinedale (P-2) glacial ice from the Colville River Valley. The oldest unit with high percentages of Artemisia, Gramineae, and Shepherdia canadensis-type pollen characterizes vegetation in which trees were not major components and the climate was cooler and moister than today. Pollen Zone II (ca. 10,000-6,700 yr before present [BP]) records a warmer period in which diploxylon pine was prominent. Concomitant with the Mazama ash fall (6,700 yr BP), Artemisia became particularly prominent (Pollen Zone II); but by about 5,000 yr BP, diploxylon pine was conspicuous. This comparatively short-term vegetation change probably indicates the advance of drought-tolerant Artemisia-dominated steppe northward in the Colville River Valley. The modern climax vegetation in the vicinity of Waits Lake (Pseudotsuga-dominated forest) appears to have emerged around 2,300 yr BP, although more detailed documentation of this event is hampered by the low pollen production of Pseudotsuga menziesii. The 14C dates from these calcareous sediments were corrected through use of the Mazama and Glacier Peak ash layers as time-stratigraphic marker horizons.

Dall Sheep Reproduction

I studied the reproductive cycle of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in 3 herds in the Kenai Mountains, Alaska. The rut was predicted to extend from 16 November through 19 December 1970, and from 18 November through 18 December 1971. All adult ewes collected throughout the winter were pregnant. Three of 4 yearling ewes were pregnant and no female lambs had reached puberty. Although some long yearling rams appeared physiologically capable of reproduction, they were unlikely to participate in breeding activities because of behavioral constraints. The mean gestation period was 171 days. Fetal growth curves are presented. Lambing dates were not uniform between years or herds. Peak dates of lambing for the 3 herds over 4 yr ranged from 20 May to 31 May. Lambing success averaged 31.8 lambs per 100 ewes and was not significantly different from the statewide average of 36.6. There were negative correlations between increasing winter snow depth and lambing success and between average maximum winter winds and snow depth. Positive correlation was found between average maximum winter temperatures and snow hardness, which, in turn, was negatively correlated with lambing success. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 42(3):570-580 The reproductive biology of Dall sheep is poorly documented in the scientific literature. Although several papers deal with phases of the reproductive cycle (Dixon 1938, Murie 1944, Murphy 1974), the only definitive studies available are Geist's (1968, 1971) excellent works on breeding behavior of mountain sheep (primarily concerned with 0. canadensis but including some data on O. dalli stonei and 0. dalli dalli) and Pitzman's (1970) study on birth behavior of Dall sheep. This study examines several aspects of the reproductive cycle in 3 herds, including: chronology of the rut, breeding age, reproductive potential, fetal development, prenatal sex ratio, gestation period, lambing chronology, and reproductive success. It is part of a larger study involving 3 adjacent but distinct herds of Dall sheep occupying mountains in the vicinity of Kenai Lake and Kenai River near the village of Cooper Landing, Alaska. The Crescent Mountain and Surprise Mountain herds, each with about 150 animals, are almost entirely restricted to their respective mountain complexes by physiographic barriers. The 3rd herd has over 250 sheep occupying Cooper Landing Closed Area. It is centered primarily on Slaughter Mountain but ranges over a considerably larger area during the summer. No significant contact is known to occur between herds. The Slaughter Mountain herd has been protected from hunting for many years and represents a nearly natural herd, with many old rams. A small number of these are taken annually beyond the boundaries of the closed area. The other herds are relatively accessible and have long been open to hunting. Nearly all rams with horns of 3/ curl or larger have been removed each hunting season. Since 1970 the Crescent Mountain herd has been subjected to experimental reduction by selective removal of ewes, lambs, and young rams. Older rams have received almost complete protection. The Surprise Mountain herd continues to be hunted for rams and few with horns of 3/? curl or larger survive the August-September season. Although these 3 herds occupy areas only about 32 km apart, winter habitats are dissimilar (Nichols 1976). Forage proI A contribution of Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-17-R, Alaska. 570 J. Wildl. Manage. 42(3):1978 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.153 on Fri, 05 Aug 2016 05:14:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DALL SHEEP REPRODUCTION* Nichols 571 duction is greatest on Slaughter Mountain and least on Crescent Mountain, while winter climate is most severe on Crescent and least severe on Slaughter Mountain. Surprise Mountain was intermediate in both respects. I would like to thank the following Alaska Department of Fish and Game employees for field and laboratory assistance: W. Heimer, A. Johnson, N. Johnson, E. Klinkhart, R. LeResche, P. LeRoux, C. Lucier, C. McIlroy, K. Neiland and N. Steen. Mr. H. Hamilton, of Chugach Electric Association, kindly made available rainfall data collected at Kenai Lake over the years of this study. R. Rausch and K. Schneider assisted with direction to the study, and D. McKnight and S. Harbo generously reviewed this manuscript.

Palaeoecology of the Rajasthan desert during the last 10,000 years

In the light of fresh and exhaustive information now available on the ecology of vegetation of the Rajasthan desert, the reinterpretation of the published pollen diagrams reveals that there was increasing trend towards dryness until 5,000 years ago and thereafter between 5,000-3,000 years ago the environment was characterized by maximum warmth and dryness and by high velocity winds and dust storms. The precipitation which was within the range of 150-400 mm showed a gradient from the extreme west of the desert to its east. The renewed sand dune activity during the hypsithermal period had encroached upon the eastern tracts of the desert.
 The salt lakes which had originated about 10,000 years ago had already high salt content in their waters and during a continuous phase of recession in the entire Holocene rose once between 6,000-5,000 years B.P.
 The vegetation had comprised of Calligonum series and Prosopis-Capparis-Ziziphus series in the vicinities of Lunkaransar, Didwana and Sambhar and of Anogeissus-Acacia series in the vicinity of Pushkar lake.
 The earliest farming episode did not precede 5,000 years B.P. though inexplicable evidence of burning and disturbance of vegetation preceded it perhaps caused by natural means and grazing of animals.
 The subsequent desertification was caused by combined effect of climatic and biotic factors.

Conidiobolus Thromboides Isolated in Maryland

(1976). Conidiobolus Thromboides Isolated in Maryland. Mycologia: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 939-942.

Permian and Carboniferous Stratigraphy Wapiti Lake Area, Northeastern British Columbia

ABSTRACT The late Paleozoic succession in the vicinity of Wapiti Lake, northeastern British Columbia, 90 mi (150 km) southwest of Grand Prairie, Alberta, consists of strata referable to the Permian Ishbel Group that rest unconformably on the eroded surface of the Mississippian Rundle Group, the contact being marked by a spectacular basal limestone/chert submarine talus breccio-conglomerate. An unusual light grey to white porous dolomite unit which caps the fossiliferous Rundle succession was the primary prospective reservoir rock in an anticlinal trap believed to exist beneath folded and overthrust lower Paleozoic strata near Window Lakes; it was tested by the wildcat well Texas Gulf Sulphur et al. Narraway C-86-G in 93-I-7. The Permian Ishbel group consists of three formations. In ascending order these are: 1) the Belcourt Formation, a cherty dolomite with Schwagerinid foraminifera of Wolfcampian to Lower Leonardian age; 2) the feature-forming Ranger Canyon Formation chert rock, here of Guadalupian age on the basis of brachiopod content, which is found in virtually every Permian section from the Liard and Tetsa Rivers in the north to the Crowsnest area 1500 km to the south, and resting here, as elsewhere, on a thin phosphatic chert conglomerate and regional unconformity within the Permian; and 3) the Mowitch Formation, a porous brown sandstone, also of Late Permian age, which is paraconformably overlain by recessive dark grey siltstones of the Triassic Spray River Group. The Belcourt Formation carbonate facies is unique to this area, being the age equivalent of fine-grained clastic phosphatic sequences elsewhere, such as the Mt. Greene Beds on Peace River, correlative strata in Pine Pass, the Johnston Canyon Formation of the Banff area and further south, and the lower part of the fossiliferous phosphatic succession west of the Elk Valley in southeastern British Columbia.